兰科 lan ke

Chen Xinqi (陈心启 Chen Sing-chi), Zhu Guanghua (朱光华), Ji Zhanhe (吉占和 Tsi Zhan-huo), Lang Kaiyong (郎楷永), Luo Yibo (罗毅波); Phillip Cribb

Herbs perennial or rarely vines; terrestrial, epiphytic, or saprophytic; terrestrial and saprophytic plants often with tubers or thick rhizomes, epiphytic plants mostly with pseudobulbs, fleshy stems, or cordlike roots with a layer of velumen. Leaves basal or cauline, linear to orbicular, sometimes subterete, leathery, membranous, or succulent, simple. Scape or inflorescence terminal or lateral; inflorescence a spike, raceme, or panicle, sometimes reduced to a solitary flower. Flowers usually bisexual, zygomorphic, mostly resupinate at anthesis due to 180° twist or 90° curve in ovary or pedicel. Perianth usually of 6 segments in two whorls; outer three (sepals) often colored, inner ones composed of two lateral petals and one central labellum (lip); labellum usually larger and complex in structure, sometimes extended at base to form a spur or saccate nectary. Style, stigmas, and stamens united to form a column (gynostemium); column with one anther (rarely two or three anthers) at or near summit, adaxially producing in front a small outgrowth (rostellum) above stigma, sometimes extending at base into a column-foot, to which lateral sepals adnate at base to form a mentum (chinlike sac); anther resting in clinandrium (bed), 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 3-carpellate, 1-celled or rarely 3-celled; pollen grains usually agglutinated into mealy, waxy, or bony masses (pollinia); pollinia usually 2--8, either tapering below into a stalk (caudicle) or attaching to one (or two) strap-shaped tissues of stigmatic origin (stipe), both ending in a sticky viscidium; pollinia (often with caudicle) and viscidium (often with stipe) constituting pollinarium. Fruit a capsule or rarely a fleshy pod. Seeds numerous, minute, generally fusiform, without endosperm.

Approximately 700 genera and 20,000 species worldwide, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions; 173 genera and 1247 species in China (# endemic??).

Lang Kai-yong, ed. 1999. Orchidaceae: Neuwiedia-Satyrium. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 17: 1--551; Chen Sing-chi, ed. 1999. Orchidaceae: Vanilla-Polystachya. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 18: 1--463; Tsi Zhan-huo, ed. 1999. Orchidaceae: Eria-Malleola. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 19: 1--485.

What about the following names: [from provincial floras, in other parts of FOC Orchidaceae??]

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz

E. helleborine subsp. ohwii (Fukuy.) H. J. Sun = E. ohwii Fukuy.

E. mairei Schlecter

E. palustris (L.) Crantz

E. papillosa Franchet & Savatier

E. thunbergii A. Gray

E. xanthophaea Schlecter

Gastrodia appendiculata C. S. Leou & N. J. Chung

G. autumnalis T. P. Lin

G. confusa Honda & Tuyama

Goodyera elata Blume

G. flavilabella S. S. Ying

G. fontinalis T. P. Lin

G. gracilis Blume

G. javanica (Blume) Lindley

G. publilabiata Sawa

1. Neuwiedia Blume, De Nov. Fam. Expos. 12 Aug (sero). 1833.

三蕊兰属 san rui lan shu

Herbs subshrubby, erect, usually with a retrose rhizome and several thick aerial roots. Stem often stiff, not branched. Leaves several to many, plicate, base stalked, clasping. Raceme terminal, erect, not branched; bracts green, relatively large. Ovary 3-loculed. Flowers actinomorphic. Perianth segments often +/- connivent, not opening fully. Sepals 3, similar or lateral ones slightly oblique. Petals 3, similar, but labellum often slightly different in shape and slightly larger. Column often short, with 3 fertile stamens; central stamen sometimes longer or shorter; lateral ones sometimes with anther cells unequal in length; filaments attached above base of anther abaxial surface; pollen not cohering to form pollinia; style thinly cylindrical, apex with slightly dilated stigma. Fruit either a berry or dry capsule dehiscent at maturity. Seeds black, with rigid testa, sometimes both ends with dilated elongate appendages.

About ten species distributed from S China through SE Asia and New Guinea to the Pacific Islands; one species in China.

??what is Neuwiedia veratrifolia Blume - Hainan

1. Neuwiedia singapureana (Wallich ex Baker) Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1907: 412. 1907.

三蕊兰 san rui lan

Tupistra singapureana Wallich ex Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 581. 1874; Neuwiedia balansae Baillon ex Gagnepain; N. curtisii Rolfe; N. zollingeri Reichenbach var. singapureana (Wallich ex Baker) E. F. de Vogel.

Plants 40--50 cm tall. Rhizomes several cm or sometimes longer than 10 cm, 1--1.5 cm in diam., with nodes bearing slightly lignified proplike roots. Leaves many, nearly tufted on short stem; petiole 5--10 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 25--40 X 3--6 cm, abaxially with conspicuous convex veins, base contracted into a conspicuous stalk, base slightly dilated and clasping, margin membranous, apex long acuminate. Raceme 6--8 cm, more than 10-flowered, with glandular hairs; floral bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1--1.5 cm, abaxially with glandular hairs, especially along veins. Ovary elliptic, +/- glandular-hairy. Flowers not opening widely. Sepals oblong or narrowly elliptic, 1.5--1.8 cm X ca. 4 mm, abaxially with glandular hairs, apex aristate, abaxial sepal usually slightly smaller than lateral sepals. Petals greenish white, obovate or broadly cuneate-obovate, ca. 1.6 cm X 5--6 mm, abaxially with glandular hairy midvein, apex mucronate; labellum similar to lateral petals, but with a thick midvein. Column nearly erect; filament and style connate, ca. 8 mm; lateral stamens with flat costate filaments ca. 3.5 X 0.7 mm; central stamen with a long slender costate filament; anthers linear, 5--6 mm, with two chambers unequal at base; style ca. 7 mm. Immature fruit elliptic. Fl. May-Jun, fr.??.

Forests; ca. 500 m. Hainan (Baoting Xian, Ding'an Xian), Hong Kong, SE Yunnan (Hekou Yaozu Zizhixian) [Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].

2. Apostasia Blume, Bijdr. 8: 423. 1825.

拟兰属 ni lan shu

Adactylus (Endlicher) Rolfe.

Herbs subshrubby, erect or proximal part creeping. Rhizomes sometimes producing a few proplike roots. Stem rather slender, sometimes branched, leafy throughout. Leaves often dense, plicate; petiole with an enlarged base clasping stem; leaf blade usually recurved at margin forming a tubular awn at apex, contracted into a stalk at base. Inflorescences terminal or subterminal, often arching or sometimes pendulous, racemose or paniculate, branched; bracts relatively small. Ovary 3-loculed, slender. Flowers actinomorphic. Sepals similar. Petals yellow to white, similar or sometimes central one (labellum) slightly larger. Column erect or curved, with 2 fertile stamens; filament often short, attached above base of anther abaxially; anthers with two chambers equal or unequal in length; staminode, if present, opposite to abaxial sepal; pollen not cohesive into mass [pollinia]; style cylindrical; stigma terminal, capitate. Fruit a capsule, thinly cylindrical, slightly longitudinally 3-ribbed. Seeds black at maturity, with rigid testa.

About eight species distributed in tropical Asia to Australia, north to the Ryukyu Islands and S China; three species in China (one endemic).

1. Apostasia odorata Blume, Bijdr. 423. 1825. [is this okay?? - looks like a nom. nud.]

拟兰 ni lan

Apostasia platystylis J. J. Smith??; A. selebica J. J. Smith??; A. thorelii Gagnepain.

Plants 15--40(--50) cm tall. Rhizomes elongate, stemlike, sometimes producing few proplike roots, 1--3 mm in diam. [the rhizome or the roots??] Stem erect or prostrate towards base, usually not branched, with several cylindrical sheaths in proximal part. Leaves many; petiole 1--2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 6--18 cm X 0.7--1.9 cm, base contracted into a stalk, apex with an awn 3--11 mm. Inflorescence terminal, often nodding, with 1--3 lateral branches, conical, usually more than 10-flowered; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4--9 mm. Pedicel and ovary 1.5--2.2 cm, glabrous. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Sepals narrowly oblong, 6--9 mm X 1.5--2.4 cm, usually 3-veined, margin crisped, apex short cuspidate. Petals pale yellow, similar to sepals, but midvein thicker. Column (connate part) ca. 2 mm, abaxial side with 2 projecting wings below staminode; wings subsquare, ca. 0.7 mm, centrally longitudinally sulcate; filaments of fertile stamens ca 1 mm; anthers sublinear, 4--5 mm, base sagittate, apex apiculate, with chambers unequal in length; staminode subcylindrical, slightly shorter than style, completely adnate to style except ca. 1 mm of upper part separate; free style 5--6 mm, slightly higher than anther, apex with slightly dilated stigma. Capsule cylindrical, 1.5--2 cm, 2--3 mm in diam.; fruiting pedicel 2--3 mm. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jun-Jul.

Forests; ca. 700 m. N to S Guangdong (Wengyuan Xian, Zengcheng Xian), SW Guangxi (Longzhou Xian), Hainan, S Yunnan (Mengla Xian, Simao Xian) [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].

2. Apostasia wallichii R. Brown in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 75. 1830.

剑叶拟兰 jian ye ni lan

Plants ca. 40 cm tall. Roots arising from proximal part of stem, proplike, 1.5--2.5 mm in diam. Stem suberect or prostrate towards base, not branched, with several cylindrical sheaths; sheaths up to 1 cm, several veined. Leaves many, usually on distal half of stem, somewhat crowded; petioles enlarged beneath into clasping sheaths; leaf blade linear or sublinear, 10--15(--18) X 0.7--1.2 cm, base contracted into a stalk, apex acuminate and with an awn 2--20 mm. Inflorescence arising from distal leaf axil, recurved, pendulous, or suberect, racemose or with a few lateral branches, 4--7 cm, many flowered; floral bracts lanceolate, 3--4 mm, veined. Pedicel and ovary 1.3--1.8 cm. Flowers 7--10 mm wide. Sepals linear or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 4--6 mm, with 3--5 veins, apex mucronate. Petals yellow, similar to sepals, but central one (labellum) often slightly broader. Column (connate part) 1--1.5 mm; filaments of sterile stamens ca. 0.5 mm; anthers 1.5--2.5 mm; staminode subcylindrical, completely adnate to style except upper part +/- separate; style slightly higher than anther, apex with slightly dilated stigma. Capsule?? Fl. Aug, fr.??.

Crevices in tropical forests; ca. 1000 m. ??Hainan, SW Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian) [Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, ??Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; ??Australia].

3. Apostasia ramifera S. C. Chen & K. Y. Lang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 349. 1986.

多枝拟兰 duo zhi ni lan

Plants ca. 13 cm tall. Rhizomes elongate, stemlike. Stem suberect or +/- prostrate towards base, much branched, with several cylindrical sheaths beneath; branches 1--3 cm. Leaves many; petiole basally dilated into clasping sheaths conspicuously veined [the sheaths or the leaf blade??]; leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.4--2.6 X 0.4--0.8(--1.2) cm, base contracted into a short stalk, apex with an awn 1--2 mm. Inflorescence arising from near apex of stem and branches, arching or +/- pendulous, 1--2 cm, racemose, 1--4-flowered; floral bracts ovate or lanceolate, 2--4 mm, 3--5-veined. Pedicel and ovary 8--11 mm. Flowers small, ca. 5 mm wide. Sepals spreading, oblong, 4--5 X ca. 1 mm, 3-veined, margin undulate, apex shortly cuspidate. Petals yellow, similar to sepals, but slightly shorter and broader, central one (labellum) slightly different from lateral ones (petals). Column (connate part) ca. 0.5 mm, abaxially dilated and 2-ridged below staminode; filaments of sterile stamens ca. 0.5 mm; anthers 2.5--2.8 mm; staminode slightly shorter than style, nearly completely adnate to style; style ca. 3 mm, apex with slightly dilated stigma. Capsule?? Fl. May, fr. Jun.

* Dense forests, elevation unknown. S W [S and W or SW??] Hainan (Ledong Xian).

3. Cypripedium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 951. 1753.

杓兰属 shao lan shu

add synonym: ??Calceolus P. Miller.

Herbs terrestrial, with short or long transverse rhizomes and many thickened fibrous roots. Stem erect, rarely slightly bent, long or short, tufted or separate, glabrous or hairy, often with several sheaths at base. Leaves 2 to several, alternate, subopposite, or opposite, sometimes nearly spreading on ground; leaf blade often elliptic to ovate, rarely cordate or flabellate, with plicate veins, radiate veins, or 3--5 main veins, sometimes with black purple dots. Inflorescence usually a terminal, solitary flower, rarely 2- or 3(or 5--7)-flowered; floral bracts often leaflike, conspicuously shorter than leaves, rarely not leaflike or absent. Flowers large, usually beautiful. Abaxial sepal erect or ascending above labellum; 2 lateral sepals often connate into a synsepal, only separate at apex, below labellum rarely wholly separate. Petals spreading horizontally, pendulous, or embracing labellum, sometimes resupinate; labellum deeply saccular, spherical, elliptic, or of various shapes, usually with broad mentum, sac mouth with incurved lateral lobes and front margin, sac inside often hairy inside; column often downcurved, cylindrical, short, with 2 lateral fertile stamens, with 1 staminode on top and 1 stigma below; anthers 2-loculed, with very short filaments; pollen mealy or sticky, not cohesive into pollinia; staminodes often flat, elliptic, ovate, or of various shapes, with stalk or not, very rarely ligulate or linear; stigma thick, slightly inconspicuously 3-lobed, surface with papilla. Fruit a capsule.

About 50 species distributed mainly in temperate and subtropical regions of SE Asia, North America, Europe, S to the Himalayas and Central America [Guatemala]; thirty-two species in China (# endemic??), including those of high mountains in Taiwan.

Most of the species are valued horticulturally.

1. Cypripedium Sect. subtropica S. C. Chen & K. Y. Lang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 317. 1986. [are sections and subsections necessary in treatment??, see FOC guidelines]

狭蕊组 xia rui zu

Stem long, with 2 to many alternate leaves. Leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, with parallel veins, +/- pubescent. Flowers many in a raceme or solitary. Ovary with glandular hairs. Synsepal present. Petals short and wide. Staminodes narrower than stigma.

* Two species in China (Xizang and Yunnan).

1. Cypripedium subtropicum S. C. Chen & K. Y. Lang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 317. 1986.

暖地杓兰 nuan di shao lan

Plants to 1.5 m tall, with short, thick rhizomes 2--3 mm in diam., with fleshy roots. Stem ca. 1 cm in diam., pubescent, with several sheaths at base, with 9 or 10 leaves above middle; sheaths 2.5--9.5 cm, pubescent. Leaf blade elliptic-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 21--33 X 7.7--10.5 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base contracted into a 1--2 cm stalk, margin +/- ciliate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, 7-flowered; peduncle ca. 21 cm; rachis ca. 15 cm, with pale red hairs; floral bracts +/- reflexed, linear-lanceolate, 1--2.8 X 1.5--3 cm, with pale red hairs. Pedicel and ovary ca. 4.5 cm, densely glandular hairy and pale brown pubescent. Flowers yellow, labellum with purple spots; abaxial sepal ovate-elliptic, 3.5--3.9 X 2.2--2.5 cm, abaxially with pale red hairs, apex cuspidate-acuminate; synsepal broadly ovate-elliptic, slightly broader than abaxial sepal, abaxially hairy, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals suboblong-ovate, 3--3.6 X 9--11 cm or wider, abaxial surface and adaxial veins pale red hairy; labellum deeply saccate, obovate-elliptic, 4--4.6 X ca. 3 cm, sac outside glabrous, inside hairy at base; staminodes subligulate, ca. 5 X 1.5 mm, base with a stalk, apex obtuse, slightly upcurved. Fl.??, fr.??

* Older [mature??] forests; ca. 1400 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian). (type locality).

2. Cypripedium wardii Rolfe, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 128. 1913.

宽口杓兰 kuan kou shao lan

Cypripedium guttatum Swartz var. wardii (Rolfe) P. Taylor.

Plants 10--20 cm tall, with somewhat slender rhizome. Stem somewhat thin and weak, pubescent, with several sheaths at base, above sheaths with 2 or 3(or 4) leaves. Leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5--10 X 2.5--3.5 cm, both surfaces pubescent, base contracted and sheathlike, margin thinly ciliate, apex acute or subacuminate. Inflorescence terminal, a solitary flower; peduncle slender, pubescent; floral bracts leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, 1.5--2.7 X 6--9 cm or wider, pubescent. Ovary 1--1.2 cm, densely pubescent. Flowers small, slightly tinged with pale yellowish white, labellum sac and sac mouth with purplish spots. Abaxial sepal elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 1.4--1.7 X 8--10 cm or wider, abaxially sparsely pubescent, apex obtuse or subacute; synsepal broadly elliptic, slightly shorter than abaxial sepal, abaxially pubescent, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals subovate-rhombic or ovate-oblong, 9--12 X ca. 6 mm, apex obtuse; labellum deeply saccate, subobovate-globose, 1.2--1.6 cm, with broad sac mouth; staminodes narrowly ligulate to obovate-elliptic, 1--3 mm X 1--2.5 cm or wider, narrower than stigma.

* Dense forests, limestone cliffs, streamside rocks; 2500--3500 m. SE Xizang (Zayü Xian), NW Yunnan (Dêqên Xian).

The type specimen is from SE Xizang.

According to our observations of the type, the staminodes of the species are elliptic or obovate-elliptic; however P. J. Cribb (1997, reference??), notes that they are narrowly ligulate.

2. Cypripedium sect. Obtusipetala (Pfitzer) P. J. Cribb, Genus Cypripedium 135. 1997.

钝瓣组 dun ban zu

Cypripedium sect. Eucypripedium subsect. Obtusipetala Pfitzer in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV(50) Heft 12: 29. 1903.

Stem long, with glandular hairs, with many leaves. Leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, with parallel veins, pubescent. Flowers solitary or rarely 2. Ovary with glandular hairs or villous. Synsepal present. Petals not resupinate, obtuse at apex. Staminodes flattened, broad.

Three species distributed in North America and W China; one species in China.

3. Cypripedium flavum P. F. Hunt & Summerhayes, Kew Bull. 20: 51. 1966.

黄花杓兰 huang hua shao lan

Cypripedium luteum Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., ser. 2, 10: 88. 1887, not Rafinesque (1828).

Plants often 30--50 cm tall, with short, thick. Stem densely pubescent especially on upper part near nodes, with several sheaths at base, sheaths with 3--6 leaves above. Leaves somewhat separate; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 10--16 X 4--8 cm, both surfaces pubescent, margin thinly ciliate, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, usually a solitary flower, rarely 2-flowered; peduncle pubescent; floral bracts leaflike, elliptic-lanceolate, 4--8 X ca. 2 cm, pubescent. Pedicel and ovary 2.5--4 cm, densely brownish to rust-colored barbellate. Flowers yellow, sometimes tinged with red, labellum occasionally with chestnut spots. Abaxial sepal elliptic to broadly elliptic, 3--3.5 X 1.5--3 cm, base and abaxial midvein sparsely puberulous, margin thinly ciliate, apex obtuse; synsepal broadly elliptic, 2--3 X 1.5--2.5 cm, similarly puberulous and ciliate, apex nearly unlobed [entire??]. Petals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, slightly oblique, 2.5--3.5 X 1--1.5 cm, adaxially pubescent at base, margin thinly ciliate, with inconspicuous teeth, apex obtuse; labellum deeply saccate, elliptic, 3--4.5 cm, both sides and front margin with broad incurved margin, sac inside villous at base; staminodes orbicular or broadly elliptic, 6--7 X ca. 5 mm, base nearly sessile, +/- auriculate, abaxially slightly keeled, adaxially with conspicuous reticulate veins. Capsule narrowly obovate, 3.5--4.5 cm, hairy. 2n = 20*.

* Forests, forest margins, scrub, stony places in grasslands; 1800--3500 m. S Gansu, W Hubei (Fangxian), ??Qinghai, Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.

The type specimen is from Sichuan.

3. Cypripedium sect. Cypripedium

杓兰组 shao lan zu

Stem long or short, with 2 to many alternate leaves. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate to lanceolate, often pubescent, with parallel veins. Flower solitary or inflorescence with 2 or 3 flowers on a base. Ovary with glandular hairs or pubescent, rarely glabrous. Synsepal present. Petals resupinate or not, often long, narrow. Staminodes flattened, base with stalk or nearly sessile.

Eighteen species distributed in N temperate areas, mostly in North America and E Asia; 15 species in China.

1. Cypripedium subsect. Cypripedium [are sections and subsections necessary in treatment??, see FOC guidelines]

杓兰亚组 shao lan ya zu

Ovary with glandular hairs. Inflorescence 1--3-flowered. Petals often resupinate, rarely not resupinate; staminodes often with stalk at base.

Eleven species distributed in N temperate areas, mainly in E Asia and North America; seven species in China.

4. Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 951. 1753.

杓兰 shao lan

Plants 20--45 cm tall, with somewhat robust rhizome. Stem glandular hairy, with several sheaths at base, with 3 or 4 leaves above middle. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 7--16 X 4--7 cm, abaxially sparsely pubescent, with more hairs at veins and near base, margin thinly ciliate, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, usually 1- or 2-flowered; floral bracts leaflike, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 4--6(--10) X 1.5--4 cm. Pedicel and ovary ca. 3 cm, with short glandular hairs. Flowers with chestnut or purplish red sepals and tepals, labellum yellow. Abaxial sepal ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5--5 X 8--15 cm or wider, abaxial midvein sparsely pubescent, apex acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate; synsepal similar to abaxial sepal, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals linear or linear-lanceolate, 3--5 X 4--6 cm or wider, resupinate, adaxial base and abaxial veins pubescent; labellum deeply saccate, elliptic, 3--4 X 2--3 cm, sac inside hairy at base, sac outside glabrous; incurved lateral lobes 3--4 mm wide; staminodes suboblong-elliptic, 7--10 mm X 5--7 cm or wider, abaxially carinate, base with a ca. 1 mm stalk, apex obtuse. 2n = 20.

Forests, forest margins, meadows in scrub, forests; 500--1000 m. ??Hebei, Heilongjiang (Yichundai Shan), E Jilin, Liaoning, NE Nei Mongol (Anling, Daxing) [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia); Europe].

The lectotype is by Dodoens (Stirpium Historiae Pemptades ed. 2; 180. fig. 1. 1616).

Reports of this species in Sichuan (Finet, Rev. Gén. 8: 498. 1901) and in Hebei (Rolfe, ref.?? 1903) could be misidentifications of Cypripedium shanxiense.

5. Cypripedium henryi Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1892: 211. 1892.

绿花杓兰 lu hua shao lan

Cypripedium chinense Franchet.

Plants 30--60 cm tall, with somewhat stout rhizome. Stem pubescent, with several sheaths at base, sheaths with 4 or 5 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 10--18 X 6--8 cm, glabrous or abaxially pubescent near base, apex acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, usually 2- or 3-flowered; floral bracts leaflike, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 4--10 X 1--3 cm, usually glabrous, occasionally pubescent abaxially at veins, apex cuspidate-acuminate. Pedicel and ovary 2.5--4 cm, densely white glandular hairy. Flowers green to greenish yellow; abaxial sepal ovate-lanceolate, 3.5--4.5 X 1--1.5 cm, apex acuminate, abaxially with veins and near base slightly pubescent; synsepal similar to abaxial sepal, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals usually slightly resupinate, linear-lanceolate, (3.5--)4--5 X 5--7 cm or wider, adaxially at base and abaxial midvein pubescent, apex acuminate; labellum deeply saccate, elliptic, ca. 2 X 1.5 cm, sac inside hairy at base, sac outside glabrous; staminodes elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 6--7 mm X 3--4 cm or wider, abaxially carinate, base with 2--3 mm stalk. Capsule subelliptic or narrowly elliptic, to 3.5 X ca. 1.2 cm, hairy. 2n = 22*.

* Open forests, forest margins, humid and humus-rich places on scrubby slopes; 800--2800 m. S Gansu (Wudu Xian), Guizhou, ??Henan, W Hubei (Badong Xian, Yichang Xian), S Shaanxi (Yang Xian), S Shanxi (Qin Xian), Sichuan, NW Yunnan.

Type specimen from Hubei.

6. Cypripedium segawai Masamune, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 23: 209. 1933.

宝岛杓兰 bao dao shao lan

Cypripedium guttatum Swartz var. segawai (Masamune) S. S. Ying; C. reginae Walter var. segawai (Masamune) S. S. Ying.

Plants with slightly stout, creeping rhizome often spreading. Stem glandular hairy, with 1 or 2 sheaths at base, sheaths with 3 or 4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5--10 X 1.5--3 cm, both surfaces pubescent, apex subacute. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle slender, glandular hairy; floral bracts leaflike, lanceolate, 2.5--3.5 cm. Flowers 5--6 cm in diam., with pale greenish yellow sepals and petals and yellow labellum, rarely with fine red dots. Abaxial sepal ovate-lanceolate, 2--4 X 8--14 cm or wider, glabrous, apex acuminate; synsepal ovate, 2--3.5 X 1--1.5 cm, glabrous, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals not resupinate, linear-lanceolate, 2.3--4 X 6--8 cm or wider, adaxially densely pubescent at base, apex acuminate; labellum deeply saccate, subglobose, 2--2.5 X ca. 1.7 cm, sac mouth small with dentate margin; staminodes oblong, 6--7 mm, base with 1--2 mm stalk. 2n = 20*.

* Mountain forests, stream beds, meadows, alpine grassy slopes; ca. 3000 m. NE Taiwan (Dayuling, Tianchang).

Type specimen from Taiwan (Tianchang).

7. Cypripedium shanxiense S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 21: 343. 1983.

山西杓兰 shan xi shao lan

Plants 40--55 cm tall, with slightly robust, creeping rhizome. Stem pubescent and glandular hairy, with several sheaths at base, sheaths with 3 or 4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 7--15 X 4--8 cm, veins of both surfaces and abaxial base sometimes hairy, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, usually 2-flowered, rarely 1- or 3-flowered; peduncle and rachis pubescent and glandular hairy; floral bracts leaflike, 5.5--10 X 1--3 cm, both surfaces pubescent at veins. Pedicel and ovary 2.5--3 cm, densely glandular hairy and pubescent. Flowers brown to purplish brown, with deep colored venation, labellum often dark spotted, staminodes white with a few purplish brown spots. Abaxial sepal lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5--3.5 X ca. 1 cm, abaxially often hairy, apex cuspidate-acuminate; synsepal similar to abaxial sepal, apex deeply 2-lobed, sinus 5--10 mm deep. Petals not or slightly resupinate, narrowly lanceolate or linear, 2.7--3.5 X 4--5 cm or wider, apex acuminate; labellum deeply saccate, subglobose to elliptic, 1.5--2 X ca. 1.3 cm, sac inside hairy at base, sac outside glabrous; staminodes oblong-elliptic, 7--9 mm X 3.5--5 cm or wider, base with a conspicuous short stalk. Capsule subspindle-shaped or narrowly elliptic, 3--4 X ca. 1 cm, sparsely glandular hairy or glabrous. 2n = 20.

Forests, slopes; 1000--2500 m. S Gansu, Hebei W (Fang Shan, Xiao Wu Tai Shan), S Nei Mongol (Yinshan Zhou), E Qinghai, Shanxi, NW Sichuan [N Japan, Russia].

Type specimen from Shanxi.

8. Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 37. 1825.

白唇杓兰 bai chun shao lan

Plants 25--50 cm tall, with short stout rhizome. Stem usually pubescent or glandular-hairy, especially on upper part, with several sheaths at base, sheaths with 2--5 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or broadly elliptic, 10--15 X 4--10 cm, margin sparsely ciliate, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal solitary flower, rarely 2-flowered; peduncle +/- glandular hairy, especially on upper part; floral bracts leaflike, elliptic to lanceolate, 6--9 X 2--4 cm, abaxially pubescent at veins, apex acuminate. Pedicel and ovary 2--4 cm, densely glandular hairy. Flowers 9--10 cm in diam., usually with pale green to pale yellowish green sepals and petals and white labellum, staminodes often yellow and red spotted. Abaxial sepal broadly ovate, 2.5--3 X ca. 1.5 cm, adaxial base and abaxially pubescent, apex acuminate; synsepal elliptic-ovate, slightly narrower than abaxial sepal, abaxially pubescent, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals not resupinate, linear-lanceolate, 2.5--3.5 X 7--9 cm or wider, adaxially pubescent at base, apex acuminate; labellum deeply saccate, elliptic, dorsiventrally compressed, 2.5--3.5 cm, sac mouth small, sac inside hairy at base, sac outside glabrous; staminodes suboblong, ca. 1 X ca. 5 mm, base with a conspicuous short stalk. 2n = 20.

Pinus forests, meadows at roadsides; 3000--3400 m. S Xizang (YadongXian) [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].

Type specimen from Nepal.

9. Cypripedium fasciolatum Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 8: 232. 1894.

大叶杓兰 da ye shao lan

?Cypripedium lang-rhoa Gattefosse, nom. prov. [Costantin 1919, nom. provis.??]; C. wilsonii Rolfe.

Plants 30--45 cm tall, with short, thick rhizome. Stem glabrous or upper part pubescent near nodes, with several sheaths at base, sheaths with 3 or 4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or broadly elliptic, (8--)15--20 X (4.5--)6--12 cm, both surfaces glabrous, ciliate, apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, usually a solitary flower, rarely 2-flowered; peduncle pubescent on upper portion; floral bracts leaflike, elliptic or ovate, 7--10 X 3--6.5 cm, abaxially with veins occasionally pubescent near base, apex acuminate. Ovary 1.5--3 cm, densely pale reddish brown glandular hairy. Flowers large, to 12 cm in diam., fragrant, yellow, sepals and petals with conspicuous chestnut longitudinal veins, labellum with chestnut spots. Abaxial sepal ovate-elliptic or oval, 5--6 X 2.8--3.5 cm, abaxially slightly puberulous at veins, margin sometimes slightly undulate, apex acuminate; synsepal similar to abaxial sepal, but only 2--2.5 cm wide, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals linear-lanceolate or broadly linear, 5.5--8 X 8--15 cm or wider, pubescent adaxially at base and abaxially at midvein, apex acuminate; labellum often +/- ascending, deeply saccate, subglobose, 4--7 cm, sac mouth +/- dentate at margin, sac inside hairy at base, sac outside glabrous; staminodes ovate-elliptic, 1.5--2 X ca. 1 cm, abaxially carinate, base with a auricle and short stalk, margin slightly incurved.

* Open forests, scrubby slopes, high mountain meadows; 1600--2900 m. W Hubei (Shennongjia, Xing Shan), NE to S, W Sichuan.

Type specimen from ______________________.

10. Cypripedium farreri W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 102. 1916.

华西杓兰 hua xi shao lan

Cypripedium zhongdianense Z. D. Fang, nom. inval.

Plants 20--30 cm tall, with short, stout rhizome. Stem nearly glabrous, with several sheaths at base, often with 2 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 5.5--9 X 2.5--3.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, margin slightly thinly ciliate, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle pubescent on upper portion near apex; floral bracts leaflike, narrowly ovate-elliptic or ovate, 3.5--5 X 1--1.5 cm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Pedicel and ovary ca. 2.5 cm, slightly glandular hairy. Flowers fragrant; sepals and petals greenish yellow with dense chestnut longitudinal stripes, labellum waxy yellow, sac inside with chestnut spots. Abaxial sepal ovate or ovate-elliptic, 3--3.5 X ca. 1.5 cm, abaxially sparsely barbellate at veins, apex acuminate; synsepal ovate-lanceolate, ca. as long as abaxial sepal, ca. 1.1 cm wide, abaxially slightly puberulous, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals lanceolate, 2.3--4.2 X 6--7 cm or wider, pubescent adaxially at base and abaxially at midvein, apex acuminate; labellum pendant, deeply saccate, urceolate, 2.5--3.5 X 1.5--2 cm; sac mouth near labellum base, sac mouth dentate at margin because of concave veins around; staminodes suboblong-ovate, ca. 1 cm X ca. 5 mm, base with a short stalk.

* Grassy places in stony areas, shaded cliffs in open forests; 2600--3400 m. S Gansu, W to NW Sichuan, Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian).

Type specimen from Gansu.

2. Cypripedium subsect. Macrantha (Kraenzlin) P. J. Cribb, Genus Cypripedium 190. 1997.

大花亚组 da hua ya zu

Cypripedium sect. Calceolaria group 2. Macrantha Kraenzlin, Orchid. Gen. Sp. 1: 24. 1901.

Ovary pubescent or glabrous. Flower solitary. Petals often not resupinate; staminodes often without conspicuous stalk at base.

Seven species distributed from W China to the Himalayas; all in China.

11. Cypripedium macranthum Swartz, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 251. 1800, as "macranthon."

大花杓兰 da hua shao lan

Cypripedium macranthum f. albiflorum (Makino) Ohwi; C. macranthum var. albiflorum Makino; C. macranthum var. taiwanianum F. Maekawa; C. speciosum Rolfe; C. taiwanianum Masamune, nom. nud.

Plant 25--50 cm tall, short, thick rhizome. Stem slightly pubescent or glabrescent, with several sheaths at base, sheaths with 3 or 4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 10--15 X 6--8 cm, both surfaces with veins somewhat pubescent or glabrescent, margin thinly ciliate, apex acuminate or subacute. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower, rarely 2-flowered; peduncle pubescent or glabrous; floral bracts leaflike, usually elliptic, rarely elliptic-lanceolate, 7--9 X 4--6 cm, both surfaces often puberulous at veins, apex shortly acuminate. Pedicel and ovary 3--3.5 cm, glabrous. Flowers large, purple, red, or pink, usually with dark stripes, very rarely white. Abaxial sepal broadly ovate-elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 4--5 X 2.5--3 cm, glabrous, apex acuminate; synsepal ovate, 3--4 X 1.5--2 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals not resupinate, lanceolate, 4.5--6 X 1.5--2.5 cm, adaxially villous at base, apex acuminate; labellum deeply saccate, subglobose or elliptic, 4.5--5.5 cm; sac mouth small, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., sac inside hairy at bottom; staminodes ovate-oblong, 1--1.4 X 7--8 cm or wider, abaxially not carinate, base sessile. Capsule narrowly elliptic, ca. 4 cm, glabrous.

Forests, forest margins, humus soils and well-drained places on grassy slopes; 400--2400 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, ??Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, ??Qinghai, Shandong, Taiwan, ??Xizang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].

The lectotype is an illustration by Gmelin (Florae Sibirica, 1747).

12. Cypripedium ×ventricosum Swartz, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 251. 1800.

东北杓兰 dong bei shao lan

Cypripedium macranthum Swartz var. ventricosum (Swartz) Reichenbach f. [thru-out should this be H. G. Reichenbach??]; C. manshuricum Stapf; C. manshuricum var. virescens Stapf.

Plants to 50 cm tall. Stem usually with 3--5 leaves. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 13--20 X 7--11 cm, both surfaces glabrous or occasionally puberulous at veins. Inflorescence terminal, usually 2-flowered, rarely a solitary flower. Flowers reddish purple or pink to white, different in size. Petals often +/- resupinate; labellum deeply saccate, elliptic or obovate-globose, usually with light colored circle around sac mouth; staminodes to 1 cm. [other characters??]

Open forests, forest margins, meadows; elevation unknown. NW Heilongjiang, NE Nei Mongol (Da Xinganling Shan) [Korea, Russia (Sakhalin)].

The lectotype is an illustration by Gmelin (Florae Sibirica, 1747).

This species is reportedly a hybrid between Cypripedium calceolus and C. macranthum according to P. J. Cribb (The Genus Cypripedium 272--273. 1997).

13. Cypripedium yunnanense Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot). 8: 231. 1894.

云南杓兰 yun nan shao lan

Cypripedium amesianum Schlechter 1919, [not Williams 1887??].

Plants 20--37 cm tall, with short, thick rhizome. Stem glabrous or upper part sparsely pubescent near nodes, with several sheaths at base, sheaths with 3 or 4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 6--14 X 1--3.5 cm, abaxially puberulous, more so at veins, adaxially glabrous or sparsely puberulous, apex acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle sparsely pubescent on upper portion; floral bracts leaflike, ovate-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 4--6 X ca. 1.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely pubescent, apex acute or acuminate. Pedicel and ovary 2--3.5 cm, glabrous or upper part slightly hairy. Flowers slightly smaller, pink, pale purplish red, or occasionally grayish white, with deep colored veins, staminodes white with 1 purple stripe at center. Abaxial sepal ovate-elliptic, 2.2--3.2 X 1.2--1.6 cm, apex acuminate; synsepal elliptic-lanceolate, ca. as long as abaxial sepal, 8--10 cm or wider, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals slightly resupinate or not, lanceolate, 2.2--3.2 X 7--8 cm or wider, adaxially hairy at base, apex acuminate; labellum deeply saccate, elliptic, 2.2--3.2 X 1.5--1.8 cm, sac mouth with light colored circle around, sac inside hairy at bottom, sac outside glabrous; staminodes elliptic or ovate, 6--7 mm X 3--4 cm or wider, base nearly sessile.

* Pinus forests, scrub, grassy slopes; 2700--3800 m. SW to W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan (Eryuan Xian, Lijiang Naxizu Zizhixian, Zhongdian Xian).

The type specimen is from Yunnan.

14. Cypripedium ludlowii P. J. Cribb, Genus Cypripedium 204. 1997.

波密杓兰 bo mi shao lan

Plants 25--38 cm tall. Stem glabrous, with several sheaths at base, with 3 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic-ovate or elliptic, 6--13 X 3.6--7.5 cm, veins sparsely pubescent, near apex and base occasionally glandular hairy, apex acuminate or acute. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; floral bracts ovate or ovate-elliptic, 6--8 X 3--4 cm, sparsely pubescent, apex acuminate or acute. Pedicel and ovary 3.5--4.1 cm, occasionally glandular hairy near apex. Flowers pale greenish yellow. Abaxial sepal ovate-elliptic, 3.3--3.8 X 1.5--1.7 cm, apex acuminate; synsepal ovate to lanceolate, ca. as long as abaxial sepal, 1.2--1.5 cm wide, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals not resupinate, obliquely lanceolate, 3--4 X 9--12 cm or wider, adaxially pubescent at base, margin slightly undulate, apex acuminate; labellum saccular, subelliptic, 3--3.6 cm, sac inside hairy at bottom; incurved lateral lobes to 1 cm wide; staminodes subovate-oblong, ca. 1 cm, central part slightly longitudinal notched, glabrous.

* Shaded and humid places of forest understories; ca. 4300 m. SE Xizang (Bomi Xian). (type locality).

Type specimen not seen, based on original description. The apical part of the ovary is sometimes glandular hairy. Because its staminodes are sessile, this cannot be a hybrid between Cypripedium henryi or C. cordigerum and C. yunnanense or C. tibeticum. Its pale greenish yellow flowers are unique in this section.

15. Cypripedium tibeticum King ex Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 320. 1892.

西藏杓兰 xi cang shao lan

Cypripedium compactum Schlechter; C. corrugatum Franchet; C. corrugatum var. obesum Franchet; C. lanuginosum Schlechter; C. macranthum Swartz var. tibeticum (King ex Rolfe) Kraenzlin.

Plants 15--35 cm tall, with rather short, stout rhizome. Stem glabrous or upper part pubescent near nodes, with several sheaths at base, often with 3 leaves above, rarely with 2 or 4 leaves. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or broadly elliptic, 8--16 X 3--9 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulous, margin thinly ciliate, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; floral bracts leaflike, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 6--11 X 2--5 cm, apex acute or acuminate. Pedicel and ovary 2--3 cm, glabrous or upper part occasionally pubescent. Flowers nodding, large, purple, purplish red, or dark chestnut, usually with pale greenish yellow spots and stripes, petals with especially clear veins, labellum with surrounding white or light colored circle. Abaxial sepal elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 3--6 X 2.5--4 cm, abaxially glabrous or occasionally sparsely puberulous, margin +/- thinly ciliate, apex acuminate, acute, or mucronulate; synsepal similar to abaxial sepal, but slightly shorter and narrower, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3.5--6.5 X 1.5--2.5 cm, adaxially densely pubescent at base, margin sparsely thinly ciliate, apex acuminate or acute; labellum deeply saccate, subglobose to elliptic, 3.5--6 cm, similar in width or slightly narrower, outer surface often crisped, especially obvious later, saccrinite on bottom; staminodes ovate-oblong, 1.5--2 X 8--12 cm or wider, abaxially +/- keeled, base nearly sessile. 2n = 20*.

* Open places in forests, forest margins, scrubby slopes, grassy slopes, stony places; 2300--4200 m. S Gansu, W Guizhou, W Sichuan, E to S Xizang, W Yunnan [Bhutan, Sikkim].

The lectotype is from Sichuan.

16. Cypripedium smithii Schlechter, Acta Horti Gothob. 1: 129. 1924.

褐花杓兰 he hua shao lan

Cypripedium calcicola Schlechter.

Plants 15--45 cm tall, with rather short, stout rhizome. Stem usually glabrous, rarely upper part pubescent, with several sheaths at base, with 3 or 4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic, 5--16.5 X 4--5.5 cm, both surfaces nearly glabrous, margin thinly ciliate, apex acuminate or acute. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle pubescent; floral bracts leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, to 9.5 X 2--2.5 cm. Pedicel and ovary 3--3.5 cm, sparsely hairy. Flowers deep purple or purplish brown, only abaxial part of labellum with numerous pale yellow, thinly transparent windows, sac mouth without white or light colored circle. Abaxial sepal elliptic-ovate, 3.5--5 X 1.9--2.2 cm, apex acuminate; synsepal elliptic-lanceolate, 3.2--4.2 X 1.5--2 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals ovate-lanceolate, 4.4--5.2 X 8--9 cm or wider, adaxially pubescent at base, apex acuminate; labellum deeply saccate, elliptic, 3.5--4.2 X 2.5--2.8 cm, sac mouth same color as other parts, sac inside hairy at bottom; staminodes suboblong, 1.3--1.5 cm X ca. 1 cm wide, base nearly sessile.

* Forests, forest margins, scrub, grassy slopes, damp stony places along streamsides; 2600--3900 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.

The type specimen is from W Sichuan.

17. Cypripedium franchetii E. H. Wilson, Horticulture (Boston) 16(5): 145. 1912 [not Rolfe 1912??].

毛杓兰 mao shao lan

Cypripedium macranthum Swartz var. villosum Handel-Mazzetti; C. pulchrum Ames & Schlechter.

Plants 20--35 cm tall, with rather short, stout rhizome. Stem densely villous, especially on upper part, with several sheaths at base, with 3--5 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 10--16 X 4--6.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely pubescent at veins, margin thinly ciliate, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle densely villous; floral bracts leaflike, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 6--8(--12) X 2--3.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely hairy, margin thinly ciliate, apex acuminate or shortly acuminate. Pedicel and ovary 4--4.5 cm, densely villous. Flowers pale purplish red to pink, with deep colored veins. Abaxial sepal elliptic-ovate or ovate, 4--5.5 X 2.5--3 cm, abaxially sparsely pubescent at veins, margin thinly ciliate, apex acuminate or shortly acuminate; synsepal elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5--4 X 1.5--2.5 cm, abaxially pubescent at veins, margin thinly ciliate, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals lanceolate, 5--6 X 1--1.5 cm, adaxial surface villous at base, apex acuminate; labellum deeply saccate, elliptic or subglobose, 4--5.5 X 3--4 cm; staminodes ovate-sagittate to ovate, 1--1.5 X 7--9 cm or wider, abaxially somewhat carinate, base with a short auricle and very short stalk.

* Open forests, damp places in scrub, in humus and well-drained places, wet grassy slopes; 1500--3700 m. S Gansu, W Henan (Xixia Xian), W Hubei (Xing Shan), ??Qinghai, S Shaanxi, S Shanxi (Jiexiu Xian, Qinyuan Xian, Yuanqu Xian), NE to NW Sichuan.

The type specimen is from Hubei.

18. Cypripedium himalaicum Rolfe ex Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 319. 1892.

高山杓兰 gao shan shao lan

Plants 25--28 cm tall, with relatively slender rhizome. Stem sparsely pubescent, with several sheaths at base, with 3 leaves above. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to broadly elliptic, 5--10 X 2.5--4 cm, abaxially glabrous or slightly hairy at veins, adaxially sparsely pubescent or glabrous, margin ciliate, apex acute. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle +/- pubescent, especially on upper part; floral bracts leaflike, narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 3--5 X 6--12 cm or wider, abaxially +/- hairy at veins, apex acuminate. Pedicel and ovary 1.8--2.2 cm, densely pubescent. Flowers fragrant, background pale greenish yellow, with dense purplish brown or reddish brown longitudinal stripe. Abaxial sepal broadly elliptic or broadly ovate, to 2.8 X 2.1 cm, slightly concave, apex acute; synsepal narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slightly shorter than abaxial sepal, only ca. 7 mm wide, concave, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals narrowly oblong or linear-lanceolate, 2.3--3.4 cm X ca. 6 mm, adaxially villous at base, apex acute; labellum deeply saccate, subelliptic, slightly doriventrally compressed, ca. as long as petals; sac mouth small, at labellum base, with conspicuous channels around and obtusely dentate, saccrinite on bottom; staminodes broadly ovate-cordate, ca. 7 mm X 5--6 cm or wider, base somewhat with a short stalk.

Meadows in forests, forest margins, open rocky slopes; 3600--4000 m. S to SE Xizang (De Mo, Jilong) [Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Sikkim].

The type specimen is from Sikkim.

4. Cypripedium sect. Arietinum (L. C. Beck) C. Morren, Belgique Hort. 1: 177. 1851.

离萼组 li e zu

Arietinum L. C. Beck, Bot. North. Middle States [Beck] 352. 1833; Coriosanthes Rafinesque; Cypripedium sect. Coriosanthes (Rafinesque) Pfitzer; Cypripedium subgen. Criosanthes (Rafinesque) Szlach.??

Stem long, with several leaves. Leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, with parallel veins. Flower solitary. Ovary pubescent or glandular hairy. Lateral sepals completely free, not forming synsepal; labellum subobconical, sac mouth often hairy around; staminodes flattened.

Two species distributed in W China and North America; one species in China.

19. Cypripedium plectrochilum Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 32: 27. 1885.

离萼杓兰 li e shao lan

Plants 12--30 cm tall, with rather short, stout, rhizome. Stem pubescent, with several sheaths at base, often with 3 leaves above, rarely with 2 or 4 leaves. Leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5--6 X 1--3.5 cm, abaxially occasionally puberulous at veins, adaxially nearly glabrous, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle slender, pubescent; floral bracts leaflike, elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2--3 X 7--8 cm or wider, margin slightly ciliate, apex acuminate or acute. Pedicel and ovary 1.5--2.5 cm, densely pubescent. Flowers relatively small within the genus; sepals chestnut brown or pale greenish brown, petals pale reddish brown or chestnut brown with white margin, labellum white tinged with pink. Abaxial sepal ovate-lanceolate, 1.6--1.8 X 7--8 cm or wider, apex acute, slightly hairy adaxially and abaxially at base, margin thinly ciliate; lateral sepals completely free, linear-lanceolate, 1.6--1.8 X only ca. 2 mm, base and margin with hairs similar to abaxial sepal, apex acuminate or acute. Petals linear, 1.6--2.1 X 1--2 cm or wider, adaxially pubescent at base; labellum deeply saccate, obconical, slightly oblique, 1.6--2.4 X ca. 1 cm, apex obtuse, sac mouth pubescent, sac inside hairy at bottom; staminodes obovate or square obovate, 5--6 mm, abaxially carinate, base with very short stalk. Capsule narrowly elliptic, ca. 2 X 5--6 cm or wider, ridged, ridge sparsely pubescent.

Forests, forest margins, scrub, stony places on grassy slopes; 2000--3600 m. W Hubei (Badong Xian), W Sichuan, SE Xizang, C to NW Yunnan [Myanmar].

The type specimen is from Sichuan.

5. Cypripedium sect. Flabellinervia (Pfitzer) Hennessy ex P. J. Cribb, Genus Cypripedium 225. 1997.

扇脉组 shan mai zu

Cypripedium ser. Flabellinervia Pfitzer in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1: 97. 1897; C. sect. Cypripedium subsect. Flabellinervia (Pfitzer) S. C. Chen.

Rhizomes long and transverse. Leaves 2, subopposite; leaf blade flabellate, with radiate veins. Flowers solitary. Synsepal present; labellum pendulous, sac mouth at front, without conspicuous incurved lateral lobes; staminodes flattened.

Two species distributed in China and Japan; both in China.

20. Cypripedium japonicum Thunberg ex Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14: 817. 1784.

扇脉杓兰 shan mai shao lan

Cypripedium cathayenum S. S. Chien.

Plants 35--55 cm tall, with relatively slender, transverse rhizome; rhizomes 3--4 mm in diam., with rather long internode. Stem brown villous, with several sheaths at base, with leaves at apex. Leaves often 2, subopposite, near middle of plant, rarely with 3 alternate leaves; leaf blade flabellate, 10--16 X 10--21 cm, with flabellate veins reaching margin, both surfaces villous near base, margin thinly ciliate, base subcuneate, upper half of margin bluntly waved. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle brown villous; floral bracts leaflike, rhombic or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5--5 X 1--2(--3) cm, both surfaces glabrous, margin thinly ciliate. Pedicel and ovary 2--3 cm, densely villous. Flowers pendulous; sepals and petals pale yellowish green, base +/- spotted purple, labellum pale yellowish green to pale purplish white, +/- with purplish red spots and stripes. Abaxial sepal narrowly elliptic or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5--5.5 X 1.5--2 cm, glabrous, apex acuminate; synsepal similar to abaxial sepal, 4--5 X 1.5--2.5 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals obliquely lanceolate, 4--5 X 1--1.2 cm, adaxially villous at base, apex acuminate; labellum pendulous, saccular, subelliptic or obovate, 4--5 X 3--3.5 cm; sac mouth slightly narrowly long and on front, with conspicuous channels around and undulate; staminodes elliptic, ca. 1 X 6--7 cm or wider, base with short auricle. Capsule subfusiform, 4.5--5 X ca. 1.2 cm, sparsely puberulous. 2n = 20.

Forests, scrub, forest margins, streamsides, damp and humus-rich soils of shaded slopes; 1000--2000 m. Anhui, S Gansu, Guizhou, ??Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan].

The type specimen is from Japan.

21. Cypripedium formosanum Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 66. 1916.

台湾杓兰 tai wan shao lan

Cypripedium japonicum Thunberg ex Murray var. formosanum (Hayata) S. S. Ying.

Plants 30--40 cm tall, with relatively slender rhizome; rhizomes transverse, bifid. Stem glabrous or thinly hairy, with several sheaths at base, with leaves at apex. Leaves 2, subopposite, at apex of plant; leaf blade flabellate, 10--13 X 8--11 cm, both surfaces sparsely puberulous or adaxially glabrous, with flabellate veins reaching margin, margin thinly ciliate, base cuneate, upper half of margin obtuse and +/- waved, apex mucronate. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle nearly glabrous or sparsely pubescent; floral bracts leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, 2.2--3 X ca. 1 cm, sparsely puberulous, apex acute. Pedicel and ovary 1.8--2 cm, densely pubescent. Flowers pendulous, white to pale pink, sepals and petals spotted pale purplish red at base, labellum somewhat with pale purplish red short stripes and spots. Abaxial sepal often nodding, narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4.5--5 X 1.6--2 cm, near base somewhat pubescent, apex acute or shortly acuminate; synsepal elliptic-ovate, 4.5--5 X 2.5--3 cm, near base somewhat hairy, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5 X 1.2--1.8 cm, adaxially villous at base, apex acuminate or acute; labellum pendulous, saccular, obovate or elliptic, 4--6 X 3.5--4 cm; sac mouth slightly narrowly long and on front, slightly with or without conspicuous channeled concaveness; sac inside hairy at bottom; staminodes ovate-triangular or ovate-sagittate, ca. 1 X 6--7 cm or wider. 2n = 20*.

* Forests, scrubby forests; 2400--3000 m. Taiwan (Gaoxiong Xian, Taipei, Taizhong Shi).

The type specimen is from Mt. ____________.

6. Cypripedium sect. Bifolia (Lindley) C. Morren, Belgique Hort. 1: 178. 1854.

双叶组 shuang ye zu

Cypripedium group Bifolia Lindley, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 529. 1838, p.p.

Rhizomes slender and transverse. Leaves often 2; leaf blade subopposite or alternate, ovate to elliptic, with parallel veins. Flower solitary. Synsepal present. Petals often subpandurate or spatulate, apex rounded; labellum basinlike, with broad sac mouth, front without incurved margin; staminodes flattened.

Two species distributed in NE and N Asia to the Himalayas, and North America; one species in China.

22. Cypripedium guttatum Swartz, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 251. 1800.

紫点杓兰 zi dian shao lan

Cypripedium orientale Sprengel.

Plants 15--25 cm tall, with slender, transverse rhizome. Stem pubescent and glandular hairy, with several sheaths at base, apex with leaves. Leaves 2, rarely 3, often opposite or nearly so, occasionally alternate, latter 1--2 cm apart, often at middle of plant or above, often turning black or light black when dry; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 5--12 X 2.5--4.5(--6) cm, apex acute or acuminate, abaxially sparsely pubescent or subglabrous at veins. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle densely pubescent and glandular hairs; floral bracts leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, usually 1.5--3 cm, margin thinly ciliate, apex acute or acuminate. Pedicel and ovary 1--1.5 cm, glandular hairy. Flowers white, with pale purplish red or pale brownish red spots; abaxial sepal ovate-elliptic or broadly ovate-elliptic, 1.5--2.2 X 1.2--1.6 cm, abaxially often sparsely puberulous at base, apex acute or shortly acuminate; synsepal narrowly elliptic, 1.2--1.8 X 5--6 cm or wider, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals often subspatulate or pandurate, 1.3--1.8 X 5--7 cm or wider, apex often slightly extended and oblate, adaxially hairy at base; labellum deeply saccate, bowl-shaped, +/- subglobose, ca. 1.5 X 1.5 cm, with broad sac mouth, sac mouth front nearly without incurved margin, sac inside hairy at bottom; staminodes ovate-elliptic, 4--5 mm X 2.5--3 cm or wider, abaxially with broad keeled protrusions, adaxially with small, thin ridged projections, apex emarginate or subtruncate. Capsule pendant, nearly narrowly elliptic, ca. 2.5 X 8--10 cm or wider, puberulous. 2n = 20.

Forests, scrub, grasslands; 500--4000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, ??Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, ??Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia); Europe, W North America.

The type specimen is from E Siberia, not seen.

Cypripedium yatabeanum Makino is recorded in NE Key from Heilongjiang and Jilin, and differs from C. guttatum in having sepals, petals, and labellum with dark brown spots, and the labellum is more than 2 cm.

7. Cypripedium sect. Retinervia (Pfitzer) S. C. Chen, Proc. 12th World Orch. Conf. 145. 1987.

网脉组 wang mai zu

Cypripedium Ser. Retinervia Pfitzer in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV(50) Heft 12: 41. 1903.

Rhizome somewhat short, slender. Leaves 2, opposite or subopposite; leaf blade cordate to ovate, with 3--5(--9) main veins, herbaceous, glabrous. Flower solitary. Synsepal present. Petals linear to lanceolate; labellum ovate to globose, small; staminodes flattened.

Three species distributed from E Asia to the Himalayas; all in China.

23. Cypripedium debile Reichenbach f., Xenia Orchid. 2: 223. 1874.

对叶杓兰 dui ye shao lan

Cypripedium cardiophyllum Franchet & Savatier.

Plant 10--30 cm tall, with somewhat short rhizome. Stem slender, glabrous, with 2 or 3 tubular sheaths at base, with 2 leaves at apex. Leaves opposite or nearly so, spreading horizontally; leaf blade broadly ovate, triangular-ovate, or nearly cordate, 2.5--7 cm, similar in width, herbaceous, with 3--5 main veins and inconspicuous net subveins, both surfaces glabrous, margin slightly thinly ciliate, base subcordate or broadly cuneate, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, pendulous or nodding, a solitary flower; peduncle bent, variable in length, usually 2--5 cm, slender, glabrous; floral bracts often +/- arching and falcate, linear, 1.5--3 cm, glabrous. Pedicel and ovary 8--14 mm, glabrous. Flowers small, often downcurved and below leaves; sepals and petals pale green or pale yellowish green, with chestnut spots at base, labellum white with chestnut spots. Abaxial sepal narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 1--2 X 5--7 cm or wider, glabrous, apex acuminate; synsepal similar to abaxial sepal, often slightly smaller, apex nearly unlobed. Petals often +/- embracing labellum, lanceolate, 1--2 X 3--5 cm or wider, apex acute; labellum deeply saccate, subelliptic, 1--1.5 cm, with broad sac mouth and broad incurved lateral lobes, sac inside thinly hairy at bottom; staminodes orbicular to ovate, 1--2 mm. Capsule narrowly elliptic, 1--1.8 X 5--6 cm or wider. 2n = 20.

Forests, sides of ditches, grassy slopes; 1000--3400 m. S Gansu (Wenxian), W Hubei (Xing Shan), NE to W Sichuan, N Taiwan (Yilan) [Japan].

The lectotype is a plate based on a Japanese plant.

24. Cypripedium palangshanense T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 7: 1. 1936.

巴郎山杓兰 ba lang shan shao lan

Plants 8--13 cm tall, with slender, transverse rhizome. Stem glabrous, mostly enclosed in several sheaths, apex with 2 leaves. Leaves opposite or nearly so, spreading horizontally; leaf blade orbicular or nearly broadly elliptic, 4--6 X 4--5 cm, herbaceous, both surfaces glabrous, with 5--9 main veins, without distinct reticulate subveins, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescence terminal, suberect, a solitary flower; peduncle slender, pubescent; floral bracts lanceolate, 1.2--1.6 X 3--4 cm or wider, glabrous, apex acute. Pedicel and ovary 4--8 mm, densely shortly glandular hairy. Flowers pendulous, sanguine or pale purplish red. Abaxial sepal lanceolate, 1.4--1.8 X 3--4 cm or wider, glabrous or abaxially pubescent at base; synsepal ovate-lanceolate, 1.5--1.7 X 5--6 cm or wider, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals obliquely lanceolate, 1.2--1.6 X 4--5 cm or wider, abaxially slightly hairy at base, apex acuminate; labellum saccular, subglobose, ca. 1 cm, with broad, rotund sac mouth; staminodes ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm.

* Forests, scrub; 2200--2700 m. SW to W Sichuan (Muli Zangzu Zizhixian, Wenchuan Xian).

The type specimen from Wen Chuan (Balang Shan).

25. Cypripedium elegans Reichenbach f., Flora 69: 561. 1886.

雅致杓兰 ya zhi shao lan

Plants 10--15 cm tall, with slender, transverse rhizome. Stem densely villous, with 2 tubular sheaths at base, apex with 2 leaves. Leaves opposite or nearly soe, spreading horizontally; leaf blade ovate or broadly ovate, 4--5 X 3--3.5 cm, herbaceous, with 3(--5) main veins, veins convex abaxially, both surfaces sparsely pubescent, rarely subglabrous, margin long ciliate, apex obtuse. Inflorescence terminal, suberect, a solitary flower; peduncle 2--4 cm, villous; floral bracts ovate, 1.5--2 X 6--8 cm or wider, slightly barbellate. Pedicel and ovary 4--5 mm, longitudinal ridges hairy. Flowers small, sepals and petals pale yellowish green, adaxially with chestnut or purplish red stripes, labellum pale yellowish green to nearly white, slightly with purplish red stripes. Abaxial sepal elliptic-ovate, 1.5--2 X 6--10 cm or wider, glabrous, apex acute; synsepal similar to abaxial sepal, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals lanceolate, 1.5--2 X 4--5 cm or wider, glabrous, apex subacute; labellum saccular, subglobose, ca. 1 cm, often ascending with sac-mouth hidden, front with 3 longitudinally arranged purple papilla; staminodes transversely elliptic, small, ca. 1.5 X 2 mm, base with a short stalk.

Forests, forest margins, scrub, humus soil; 3600--3700 m. S and SE Xizang (Jilong, Yadong Xian), NW Yunnan (Lijiang Naxizu Zizhixian, Zhongdian Xian) [Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Sikkim].

The type specimen is from Xizang.

8. Cypripedium sect. Trigonopedia Franchet, Orchidophile 8: 368. 1888.

无苞组 wu bao zu

Cypripedium Ebracteatae Ser. Nudiflorae Franchet; C. sect. Trigonopedilum (Franchet) Pfitzer.

Rhizomes stout or slender. Leaves often 2, subopposite, occasionally alternate, with parallel veins, sometimes with black purple dots. Flower solitary, without bracts (or one of 2 leaves is leaf as floral bract); peduncle (or pedicel) conspicuously elongate after flowering. Ovary often 3 ridged. Synsepal present. Petals often embracing labellum; labellum slightly dorsiventrally compressed, sometimes with small papilla, staminodes flattened.

* Seven species distributed in W China.

26. Cypripedium bardolphianum W. W. Smith & Farrer, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 101. 1916.

无苞杓兰 wu bao shao lan

Plants 8--12 cm tall, with slender, transverse rhizome. Stem relatively short, 2--3 cm, glabrous, mostly beneath loose humus layer, sheathing at base, apex with 2 leaves. Leaves spreading horizontally or ascending, subopposite; leaf blade elliptic, 6--7 X 2.5--3 cm, nearly glabrous, apex obtuse or subacute. Inflorescence terminal, erect, a solitary flower, 7--9 cm; peduncle glabrous or dust colored pubescent; floral bracts absent. Ovary ca. 1 cm, with 3 longitudinal ridges, ridge sparsely pubescent or subglabrous. Flowers small, usually sepals and petals pale green with dense brown stripes, labellum golden yellow. Abaxial sepal elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 1.5--2 X 7--9 cm or wider, glabrous or abaxially pubescent at veins, apex acute; synsepal similar to abaxial sepal, but relatively short, 1.3--1.8 mm, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals often +/- embracing labellum, oblong-lanceolate, oblique, 1.5--1.8 X 5--6 cm or wider, glabrous, apex acute; labellum saccular, dorsiventrally compressed, 1.2--1.5 cm, with small papillate in front of sac mouth; staminodes broadly elliptic-oblong, ca. 6 X ca. 4 mm, with small papilla. Capsule elliptic-oblong, 1.5--1.7 X ca. 1 cm, glabrous, fruiting peduncle continuously elongate.

* Trees or scrub on slopes, forest margins, humus-rich soils in open forests, moist, mossy places, often spreading; 2300--3900 m. S Gansu, W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.

26a. Cypripedium bardolphianum var. bardolphianum

无苞杓兰(原变种) wu bao shao lan (yuan bian zhong)

Cypripedium nutans Schlechter.

Peduncle glabrous. Ovary sparsely pubescent or subglabrous. Abaxial sepal and synsepal glabrous.

* Trees or scrub on slopes, forest margins, humus-rich soils in open forests, moist, mossy places, often spreading; 2300--3900 m. S Gansu, W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.

The type specimen is from Gansu.

26b. Cypripedium bardolphianum var. zhongdianense S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 371. 1985.

中甸杓兰 zhong dian shao lan

Peduncle and ovary densely dust-colored pubescent. Abaxial sepal and synsepal pubescent abaxially at veins.

* Habitat and elevation unknown. NW Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian). (type locality).

27. Cypripedium micranthum Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot). 8: 265. 1894.

小花杓兰 xiao hua shao lan

Plants short, 8--10 cm tall, with slender, transverse rhizome. Stem sometimes slightly bent, 2--6 cm, glabrous, with 2 or 3 sheaths at base, with 2 leaves at apex. Leaves spreading horizontally or nearly creeping on ground, subopposite; leaf blade elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 7--9 X 3.5--6 cm, glabrous, apex mucronate. Inflorescence terminal, erect, a solitary flower; peduncle 2--5 cm, densely reddish rust-colored villous, continuously elongating after anthesis, to 25 cm at fruiting; floral bracts absent. Ovary 5--6 mm, densely reddish rust-colored villous. Flowers small, pale green, sepals and petals with blackish purple spots and short stripes, labellum with long black purple stripes, but sac white around mouth spotted pale purplish red. Abaxial sepal ovate, concave, 1.2--1.7 X 8--10 cm or wider, abaxially densely purple villous, apex acute or mucronate; synsepal elliptic, 1--1.3 X 8--9 cm or wider, abaxially villous, apex shallowly 2-lobed. Petals ovate-elliptic, 1.3--1.4 X 5--8 cm or wider, glabrous, apex acute; labellum saccular, subelliptic, conspicuously dorsiventrally compressed, ca. 1 cm, sac front with papilla; staminodes broadly orbicular or subsquare, ca. 3 mm, base slightly auriculate.

* Forests; 2000--2500 m. Chongqing (Chengkou Xian), NE to SW Sichuan (Muli Zangzu Zizhixian).

The type specimen is from Cheng Kou.

28. Cypripedium forrestii P. J. Cribb, Bull. Alpine Gard. Soc. Gr. Brit. 60(2): 172. 1992.

玉龙杓兰 yu long shao lan

Plants 3--5 cm tall, with slender, transverse rhizome. Stem 1.5--3 cm, enclosed in 2 conical sheaths, apex with 2 leaves. Leaves spreading horizontally or nearly creeping on ground, subopposite; leaf blade adaxially green, with many dark purplish or black dots, elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 5--6.5 X 2.5--3.6 cm, apex mucronate. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle 1.7--2.5 cm, villous; floral bracts absent. Ovary 0.8--1 cm, villous. Flowers small, dark yellow, with thin chestnut dots. Abaxial sepal ovate, 2.2--2.4 X 1.4--1.5 cm, abaxially hairy at midvein, apex mucronate; synsepal ovate-elliptic, 1.8--1.9 X 8--10 cm or wider, abaxially slightly hairy at veins, apex shallowly 2-lobed and slightly recurved. Petals +/- embracing labellum, obliquely ovate, 1.5--1.8 X 5--6 cm or wider, apex acute; labellum saccular, suborbicular (top view), dorsiventrally compressed, ca. 1 cm, papillose; staminodes oblong, ca. 3.5 X 3 mm, papillose, apex obtuse.

* Pinus forests, scrubby slopes, open forests; ca. 3500 m. NW Yunnan (Lijiang Naxizu Zizhixian, Zhongdian Xian).

The type specimen is from Li Jiang.

29. Cypripedium margaritaceum Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, 12: 141. 1888.

斑叶杓兰 ban ye shao lan

Cypripedium daliense S. C. Chen & J. L. Wu.

Plants ca. 10 cm tall, with short, stout rhizomes. Stem relatively short, usually 2--5 cm, enclosed in many leaf sheaths, apex with 2 leaves. Leaves creeping on ground, subopposite; leaf blade adaxially dark green with blackish purple spots, broadly ovate to orbicular, 10--15 X 7--13 cm, apex obtuse or mucronate. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle 4--5 cm, glabrous; floral bracts absent. Ovary 1--1.5 cm, often +/- curved, 3-ridged, ridge sparsely pubescent. Flowers beautiful, sepals greenish yellow with chestnut longitudinal stripes, petals and labellum white or pale yellow spotted red or chestnut red. Abaxial sepal broadly ovate, 3--4 X 2.5--3.5 cm, abaxially barbellate at veins, margin papillose-ciliate, apex obtuse or mucronate; synsepal elliptic-ovate, slightly shorter than abaxial sepal, 2--2.5 cm wide, apex obtuse with 2 very small teeth, margin papillose-ciliate. Petals bent forward and embracing labellum, obliquely oblong-lanceolate, 3--4 X 1.5--2 cm, abaxially barbellate at veins, apex acute; labellum saccular, subelliptic, dorsiventrally compressed, 2.5--3 cm, sac front papillose; staminodes orbicular to subsquare, ca. 1 cm, adaxially with papillate projections.

* Grassy slopes, open forests; 2500--3600 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.

The type specimen is from NW Yunnan.

This species had long been confused with Cypripedium lichiangense, especially among specimens. In Icon. Higher Plant of China (p. 608, t. 8046), both C. lichiangense and C. fargesii are included under this species.

30. Cypripedium lichiangense S. C. Chen & P. J. Cribb, Orchid Rev. 102: 323. 1994.

丽江杓兰 li jiang shao lan

Plants ca. 10 cm tall, with rather short, stout rhizome. Stem 3--7 cm, enclosed in 2 tubular sheaths, apex with 2 leaves. Leaves creeping on ground, subopposite; leaf blade adaxially dark green with purplish black spots, margin sometimes purplish, ovate or obovate to orbicular, 8.5--19 X 7--16 cm, apex obtuse or mucronate. Inflorescence a terminal, solitary flower; peduncle 4--7 cm, glabrous; floral bracts absent. Ovary usually curved, 1.2--1.8 cm, glabrous. Flowers very beautiful, somewhat large; sepals dark yellow and densely spotted dark red or completely dark red, petals and labellum dark yellow and sparsely spotted red liver color. Abaxial sepal ovate or broadly oval, 4.2--7 X 3.8--6 cm, margin ciliate, apex acute; synsepal elliptic, 3.5--5.6 X 2--3.6 cm, margin ciliate, apex with 2 teeth. Petals incurved and embracing labellum, obliquely oblong, 4--6.5 X 1.4--2.1 cm, abaxially pubescent on upper part, margin ciliate, apex acute; labellum deeply saccate, subelliptic, dorsiventrally compressed, 3.3--4 cm, sac front papillate; staminodes suboblong, 1.3--1.5 cm, adaxially with papillate projections.

Scrub, open forests; 2600--3500 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan [Myanmar].

The type specimen is from Yunnan (Lijiang Naxizu Zizhixian).

31. Cypripedium fargesii Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot). 8: 267. 1894.

毛瓣杓兰 mao ban shao lan

Cypripedium ebracteatum Rolfe; C. margaritaceum Franchet var. fargesii (Franchet) Pfitzer.

Plants ca. 10 cm tall, with rather short, stout rhizome. Stem 3.5--9 cm, enclosed in 2 or 3 subtubular sheaths, apex with 2 leaves. Leaves creeping on ground, subopposite; leaf blade adaxially green with blackish brown spots, broadly elliptic to orbicular, 10--15 X 8--14 cm, glabrous, apex obtuse. Flower scape terminal, a solitary flower; peduncle 3--6 cm, glabrous; floral bracts absent. Ovary 1.2--1.5 cm, with 3 ribs, ridge sparsely pubescent. Flower beautiful; sepals pale yellowish green, abaxial sepal with dense thick chestnut spots at base; petals tinged with white, with pale purplish red striation adaxially, abaxially with fine dots on surface, labellum yellow and tinged with pale purplish red fine dots. Abaxial sepal ovate to broadly ovate, 3--4.5 X 2.5--5 cm, abaxially puberulous at veins; synsepal elliptic-ovate, 3--5 X 2.5--3 cm, apex subacute, with 2 inconspicuous teeth. Petals incurved and embracing labellum, oblong, 3.5--5.5 X ca. 1.5 cm, abaxially densely villous above especially near apex, apex acute; labellum deeply saccate, subglobose, dorsiventrally compressed, ca. 2.5 cm, sac front with small papilla; staminodes ovate or oblong, 1 cm.

* Scrub, open forests, rich soil on grassy slopes; 1900--3200 m. S Gansu (Wudu Xian), W Hubei, NE to W Sichuan.

The type specimen is from Sichuan.

32. Cypripedium wumengense S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 372. 1985.

乌蒙杓兰 wu meng shao lan

Plants ca. 22 cm tall. Stem completely embraced by 3 broadly tubular sheaths, upper part with 2 leaves. Leaf blade ascending, green, spotted purple, ovate-elliptic, 11--13 X 6.5--7 cm, glabrous, apex mucronate. Inflorescence terminal, with a solitary flower; peduncle nearly as long as leaf, glabrous. Flowers 6--7 cm in diam., color unknown, with purple spots and striations. Abaxial sepal broadly ovate, ca. 3.5 X ca. 2.8 cm, both surfaces glabrous, margin ciliate, apex mucronate; synsepal elliptic, ca. 4.1 X 2 cm, both surfaces glabrous, margin ciliate. Petals obliquely ovate-oblong, ca. 3.8 X 1.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, margin ciliate, apex slightly mucronate; labellum deeply saccate, subglobose, ca. 1.6 cm, sac front with small papilla; staminodes broadly ovoid, ca. 5 X 7.5 mm.

* Bamboo scrub on limestone rocks; ca. 2900 m. NC Yunnan (Luquan Xian). (type locality).

4. Paphiopedilum Pfitzer, Morph. Stud. Orchideenbl. 11. 1886, nom. cons.

兜兰属 dou lan shu

Cordula Rafinesque, nom. rej.; Stimegas Rafinesque, nom. rej.

Herbs terrestrial or semi-epiphytic; rhizomes inconspicuous or rarely slender and transverse, with fleshy, hairy fibrous roots. Stem short, enclosed in distichous leaf base, usually new seedling arising from base of old stem (or old plant), among species with slender and transverse rhizome, seedling arising from apex of rhizome. Leaves basal, several to many, in two rows, conduplicate; leaf blade with both surfaces green or mixed deep and light green squares or irregularly striped, abaxial surface sometimes spotted pale reddish purple or densely so and pale purplish red, lorate, narrowly oblong, or narrowly elliptic, basal leaf sheaths telescopic. Flower scape arising from leaf cluster, long or short, with solitary flower or rarely with several to many flowers; floral bracts not leafy; apex of ovary narrowed into beak; flowers large, bright, variable in color. Abaxial sepal often erect and large, margin sometimes curved backward; 2 lateral sepals completely connate into a synsepal, apex unlobed or slightly with fine teeth. Petals laterally spreading or pendulous, of various shapes, spatulate or oblong to tape-like; labellum deeply saccate, spherical or elliptic to obcuculliform, stalk margins broad and incurved or rarely sessile, sac mouth often large and broad, both sides of mouth often erect and auriculate and +/- with incurved lateral lobes, rarely without auricles or entire margin involute, sac inside often hairy; column often downcurved, short, with 2 lateral fertile stamens, 1 stigma below, 1 staminode on top; anthers 2-loculed, with very short filament; pollen mealy or sticky, but not cohesive into po