Orchidaceae: Cypripedioideae [Draft]
3. CYPRIPEDIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1. 2: 951. 1753.
杓兰属 shao lan shu
Calceolus Mill.; Criosanthes Raf.; Arietinum Beck; Sacodon Raf.; Corisanthes Steud.; Hypodema Rchb.; Fissipes Small.
Terrestrial herbs, with short or long rhizomes and many thickened fibrous roots. Stem erect, elongate or short, clustered or well-spaced, often with several sheaths at base. Leaves 1 to several, alternate to opposite, sometimes prostrate on the substrate, sheathing and amplexicaul at base; leaf blade often elliptic to ovate, rarely cordate or flabellate, with parallel, radiating or 3-5 prominent veins, adaxially green or sometimes marked with black-purple spots. Inflorescence terminal, with a single or rarely many flowers; floral bracts often leaf-like, usually smaller than leaves, rarely absent; ovary unilocular; flowers usually large and showy; dorsal sepal erect or hooded over the labellum; lateral sepals usually united to form a synsepal, but free in C. plectrochilum; petals spreading horizontally, at at an angle below the horizontal, or enfolding the sides of the labellum, sometimes spirally twisted; labellum deeply pouched and inflated, subglobose or ellipsoid-shaped, with incurved side-lobes and usually also apical margin, hairy within on the bottom; column short, with 2 lateral fertile stamens, a terminal staminode above and a stigma below; anthers 2-locular, with very short filaments; pollen powdery or glutinous; staminodes often elliptic to ovate, base stalked or not, very rarely ligulate or linear; stigma +/- papillose, inconspicuously 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule.
About 50 species: the north temperate zone, mainly in temperate Asia and N America, south to the Himalayan regions and Central America; 36 species in China (26 endemic).
1a. Leaves 3 or more, glabrous or hairy 2
2a. Staminodes subligulate to linear-oblong, conspicuously narrower than the stigma.
3a. Plant more than 100 cm tall, with 9-10 leaves; inflorescence with many flowers; flowers yellow with purple spots on the lip 1. C. subtropicum
3b. Plant 10-20 cm tall, with 2-3 leaves; inflorescence reduced to one or two flower; flowers white with puprle spots on the lip 2. C. wardii
2b. Staminodes usually, elliptic to ovate, as wide as or wider than the stigma.
4a. Flowers with 2 lateral sepals completely separate; labellum obconical, pointed at apex, pubescent around the mouth ... ........19. C. plectrochilum
4b. Flowers with 2 lateral sepals connate by different degrees into one synsepal; labellum never obconical, glabrous around mouth.
5a. Petals shorter than dorsal sepal, suboblong, apex obtuse; flowers yellow, sometimes with red spots . ... 3. C. flavum
5b. Petals usually longer than dorsal sepal, attenuate toward apex, apex acute or acuminate; flowers variously colored.
6a. Ovary glandular-pubescent; flowers yellow, green or white, sometimes with maroon sepals and petals or purple veined sepals and petals.
7a. Staminodes stalked at base; petals longer than the labellum, often twisted; flowers 1-3.
8a. Labellum pure white; sepals green ... ... .8. C. cordigerum
8b. Labellum not pure white; sepals maroon, yellow or green, sometimes veined with purple.
9a. Sepals and petals maroon, quite different in color from yellow labellum .. . ..4. C. calceolus
9b. Sepals and petals similar in color to labellum.
10a. Flowers bronzy-brown to purplish-brown .....7. C. shanxiense
10b. Flowers green or yellow.
11a. Flowers often 2-3, greenish to green; petals nearly twice as long as the labellum .. 5. C. henryi
11b. Flowers often solitary, yellowish to yellow; petals not twice as long as the labellum; labellum sometimes red-spotted.. .. . 6. C. segawai
7b. Staminodes not stalked at base; petals usually nearly as long as the labellum, mostly not twisted; flower usually solitary.
12a. Flowers greenish-yellow to yellow, marked with maroon stripes or spots on the sepals and petals.
28a. Labellum 5-7 cm long; staminode 1.5-2 cm long ..9. C. fasciolatum
28b. Labellum 1.6-4 cm long; staminode 6-10 mm long.. .. ..10. C. farreri
12b. Flowers greenish yellow; sepals and petals without maroon stripes or spots as above, glabrous abaxially; mouth of labellum not grooved-toothed along margins . ... 14. C. ludlowii
29b.
6b. Ovary pubescent or glabrous, never glandular-hairy; flowers pink, red, purple or dark purple, rarely white;.
13a. Ovary densely hairy or villose.
14a. Stem densely villose, especially in upper part; dorsal sepal 4-5.5 cm long; lip with a smooth rim 17. C. franchetii
14b. Stem sparsely pubescent; dorsal sepal 2.4-2.7 cm long; lip with a toothed rim .18. C. himalaicum
13b. Ovary glabrous, sparsely hairy or hairy only along ribs.
15a. Labellum 2.2-3.2 cm long; petals 2.2-3.2 cm long.
16a. Ovary glabrous or slightly pubescent in upper half; synsepal much narrower than dorsal sepal; flowers usually pink to purplish-reddish . 12. C. yunnanense
16b. Ovary pubescent at least along ribs; synsepal slightly narrower than dorsal sepal; flowers purple-red .. .13. C. taibaiense
15b. Labellum 3.5-6 cm long; petals 3.5-6.5 cm long.
17a. Flowers red, pink or occasionally white, not becoming dark purple when dried; petals with inconspicuous veins; staminodes not carinate abaxially ..... .11. C. macranthum
17b. Flowers dark purple to deep red, becoming dark purple when dried; petals with very conspicuous veins; staminodes carinate abaxially.
18a. Labellum with a white-margined rim to its mouth, lacking translucent windows on back 15. C. tibeticum
18b. Labellum without a white-margined rim to its mouth, with translucent windows on back .. .16. C. calcicolum
1b. Leaves 1 or 2, in the former case, the bract subtending the flower is leaf-like.
19b. Leaves two, subopposite, quite distinct in size from the bract subtending the flower; leaves never spotted with blackish-purple; pedicel not elongating after fertilization of flower.
20a. Leaves fan-shaped, with many radiating veins ending at the margins of their apical half.
21a. Stem below leaves brown-tomentose; sepals and petals greenish-yellow; labellum strongly grooved-margined around the mouth ...20. C. japonicum
21b. Stem below leaves glabrous or puberulous; sepals and petals whitish or pinkish; labellum slightly grooved-margined around the mouth. .. .. ...21. C. formosanum
20b. Leaves cordate to elliptic, with subparallel, arcuate or 3-5 prominent veins ending at their apex.
22a. Leaves more or less opposite; stems clustered; lip with incurved margins.
23a. Peduncle (above leaves) and ovary glabrous .. . 23. C. debile
23b. Peduncle (above leaves) and ovary hairy.
24a. Flowers plum-purple; stem below leaves glabrous; leaves not ciliate; dorsal sepal lanceolate, 3-4 mm wide . . .....24. C. palangshanense
24b. Flowers green, sometimes marked with purple; stem below leaves densely villose; leaves ciliate; dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, 6-10 mm wide .. ..25. C. elegans
22b. Leaves, alternate; rhizome slender, elongate; petals usually subspatulate or pandurate, rounded at apex; labellum pitcher-shaped, without an incurved apical margin . ...22. C. guttatum
19b. Leaf solitary, often prostrate on the ground; bract leaf-like and also often prostrate; both sometimes spotted with blackish-purple; pedicel elongating after fertilization of flower.
25a. Leaf blade 2.5-6 cm wide; plants with slender rhizomes underground;
26a. Leaves with dark purple or black spots adaxially .. ...28. C. forrestii
26b. Leaves without dark purple or black spots.
27a. Sepals glabrous .. ... ..26. C. bardolphianum
27b. Sepals densely villose on abaxial surface ... .27. C. micranthum
25b. Leaf blade 6.5-16 cm wide; plants with thick and short rhizomes underground;.
28a. Stem to 10 cm long; leaf and bract not prostrate on the substrate; staminode wider than long . 35. C. wumengense
28b. Stem 2.5-7 cm long; leaf and bract prostrate on the substrate; staminode longer than wide.
29a. Petals glabrous on abaxial surface ..30. C. sichuanense
29b. Petals more or less hairy on abaxial surface.
30a. Petals nearly twice as long as the labellum .. .33. C. lentiginosum
30b. Petals shorter, as long as or longer than, but not twice as long as, the labellum.
31a. Petals densely covered with white long hairs on upper side of abaxial surface, densely marked with small maroon spots ......34. C. fargesii
31b. Petals more or less pubescent or purple-hairy on upper side of abaxial surface, marked with maroon spots or tripes.
32a. Dorsal sepal yellowish distinctly marked with longitudinal maroon stripes, shortly hairy along abaxial veins 29. C. margaritaceum
32b. Dorsal sepal liver-colored or greenish, without longitudinal maroon stripes, glabrous on abaxial surface.
33a. Dorsal sepal liver-colored; petals 1.4-2.1 cm wide, obviously longer than the labellum ... .32. C. lichiangense
33b. Dorsal sepal yellowish-green; petals 2.4-2.8(-3.5) cm wide, as long as or slightly longer than the labellum .. 31. C. daweishanense
1. Cypripedium subtropicum S. C. Chen & K. Y. Lang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24(4): 317. 1986.
暖地杓兰 nuan di shao lan
Plants to 1.5 m tall, with a thick, rather short rhizome 2-3 mm in diam. Stem erect, ca. 1 cm in diam., pubescent, with several sheaths at base and 9-10 leaves above; sheaths 2.5-9.5 cm long, pubescent. Leaf blade elliptic-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 21-33 Χ 7.7-10.5 cm, apex acuminate, pubescent abaxially, more or less ciliate, base contracted into a petiole 1-2 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, a raceme with 7 flowers; peduncle ca. 21 cm long; rachis 15 cm long, with reddish hairs; floral bracts linear-lanceolate, 1-2.8 Χ 0.2-0.3 cm, more or less reflexed, with reddish hairs; pedicel and ovary ca. 4.5 cm, densely glandular-hairy and brownish-pilose; flowers yellow, with purple spots on labellum; dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic, 3.5-3.9 Χ 2.2-2.5 cm, apex cuspidate-acuminate, abaxial surface with reddish hairs; synsepal broadly ovate-elliptic, slightly wider than dorsal sepal, apex shallowly 2-lobed, abaxial surface also hairy; petals suboblong-ovate, 3-3.6 Χ 9-11 mm, reddish-hairy on adaxial veins and abaxial surface; labellum deeply pouched, obovoid-ellipsoid, 4-4.6 cm long, ca. 3 cm in diam., hairy toward inner base, glabrous on outside surface; staminode subligulate, 5 Χ 1.5 mm, apex obtuse, slightly upcurved, base stalked. Fl. Jul.
Alnus forests; 1400 m. SE Xizang (Medog Xian).
2. Cypripedium wardii Rolfe, Notes Bot. Gard. Edinb. 8: 128. 1913.
宽口杓兰 kuan kou shao lan
Cypripedium guttatum Swartz var. wardii (Rolfe) P. Taylor.
Plants 10-20 cm tall, with a rhizome 3-6 cm long and 2-5 mm thick. Stem erect, rather slender, pubescent, with several sheaths at base and 2-3(-4) leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5-10 Χ 2.5-3.5 cm, apex acute or subacuminate, pubescent on both surfaces especially along the veins, ciliate, base contracted and sheathing. Inflorescence terminal, with 1or 2 flowers; peduncle slender, pubescent; floral bracts foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.7 cm long, pubescent and ciliate; pedicel and ovary 1-1.2 cm long, densely pubescent; flowers small, white or creamy-white with purple spots on inside of labellum and around its mouth; dorsal sepal elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 14-17 Χ 8-10 mm, apex obtuse or subacute, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent; synsepal broadly elliptic, slightly shorter than dorsal sepal, apex shallowly 2-lobed, abaxial surface pubescent; petals subovate-rhombic or ovate-oblong, 9-12 Χ 6 mm, apex obtuse; labellum deeply pouched, subobovoid-globose, 1.2-1.6 cm long, with a broad mouth; staminode narrowly ligulate to linear-oblong, 1-3 Χ 1-2.5 mm, narrower than stigma. Fl. Jun-Jul.
Dense forests, limestone cliffs or rocks by streams; 2500-3500 m. W Sichuan (Dadu valley), SE Xizang (Zayu Xian), NW Yunnan (Deqin Xian).
3. Cypripedium flavum P. F. Hunt & Summerhayes, Kew Bull. 20: 51. 1966.
黄花杓兰 huang hua shao lan
Cypripedium luteum Franchet.
Plants often 30-50 cm tall, with a stout, usually rather short rhizome. Stem erect, densely pubescent, especially near upper nodes, with several sheaths at base and 3-6 leaves above. Leaves well-spaced; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 10-16 Χ 4-8 cm, apex acute or acuminate, both surfaces pubescent, shortly ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, 1- or rarely 2-flowered; peduncle pubescent; floral bracts foliaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, 4-8 Χ 1.8-2.3 cm, pubescent; pedicel and ovary 2.5-4 cm long, densely rusty-hairy; flowers yellow, sometimes tinged or flushed with red, occasionally with maroon spots on the labellum; dorsal sepal elliptic to broadly elliptic, 3-3.5 Χ 1.5-3 cm, apex obtuse, abaxial midvein and base sparsely puberulous, shortly ciliate; synsepal broadly elliptic, 2-3 Χ 1.5-2.5 cm, apex nearly unlobed, subglabrous; petals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, slightly oblique, 2.5-3.5 Χ 1-1.5 cm, apex obtuse, pubescent toward adaxial base, shortly ciliate; labellum deeply pouched, globose-ellipsoid, 3-4.5 cm long; staminode orbicular or broadly elliptic, 6-7 Χ 5 mm, subsessile and more or less auriculate, abaxial surface slightly keeled, adaxial surface with conspicuous reticulate veins. Capsule narrowly obovoid, 3.5-4.5 cm long, hairy. Fl. & Fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 20.
Forests, forest margins, thickets or stony places on grasslands; 1800-3500 m. S Gansu, W Hubei (Fang Xian), Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
4. Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1. 2: 951. 1753.
杓兰 shao lan
Plants 20-45 cm tall, with a somewhat stout rhizome. Stem erect, covered with glandular hairs, with several sheaths at base and 3-4 leaves above middle. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 7-16 Χ 4-7 cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent especially along the veins and toward the base, minutely ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, usually with 1-2 flowers; floral bracts foliaceous, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-6(-10) Χ 1.5-4 cm; pedicel and ovary ca. 3 cm long, with short glandular hairs; flowers with maroon sepals and petals and yellow labellum; dorsal sepal ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-5 Χ 0.8-1.5 cm, apex acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate, abaxial midvein sparsely pubescent; synsepal similar to dorsal sepal, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals linear or linear-lanceolate, 3-5 Χ 0.4-0.6 cm, twisted, pubescent toward adaxial base and along abaxial veins; labellum deeply pouched, ellipsoid, 3-4 cm long, 2-3 cm in diam., inner bottom hairy, outside glabrous; incurved lateral lobes 3-4 mm wide; staminode suboblong-elliptic, 7-10 Χ 5-7 mm, apex obtuse, base with a stalk ca. 1 mm long, abaxial surface carinate. Fl. Jun-Jul. 2n = 20.
Rocky places in forests or on forest margins or grasslands; 500-1000 m. Heilongjiang, E Jilin, Liaoning, NE Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Russia; Europe].
5. Cypripedium henryi Rolfe, Kew Bull. 1892: 211. 1892.
绿花杓兰 lu hua shao lan
Cypripedium chinense Franchet.
Plants 30-60 cm tall, with a rather stout rhizome. Stem erect, pubescent, with several sheaths at base and 4-5 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 10-18 Χ 6-8 cm, apex acuminate, glabrous or pubescent near abaxial base. Inflorescence terminal, usually with 2-3 flowers; floral bracts foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 4-10 Χ 1-3 cm, apex cuspidate-acuminate, glabrous or occasionally pubescent along abaxial veins; pedicel and ovary 2.5-4 cm long, densely with white-glandular hairs; flowers green to greenish; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-4.5 Χ 1-1.5 cm, apex acuminate, slightly pubescent on abaxial veins especially toward the base; synsepal similar to dorsal sepal, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals linear-lanceolate, 4-5 Χ 0.5-0.7 cm, apex acuminate, usually slightly twisted, pubescent toward adaxial base and along abaxial veins; labellum deeply pouched, ellipsoid, 2 cm long, 1.5 cm in diam., inner bottom hairy, outside glabrous; staminode elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 6-7 Χ 3-4 mm, base with a stalk 2-3 mm long, abaxial surface carinate. Capsules subellipsoid or narrowly ellipsoid, to 3.5 cm long, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., hairy. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 22.
Humid-rich places in open forests, on forest margins or on scrubby slopes; 800-2800 m. S Gansu, Guizhou, W Hubei, S Shaanxi, S Shanxi, Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
6. Cypripedium segawai Masamune, Trop. Hort. 3: 31. 1933, nom. nud.; et Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 23: 209. 1933.
宝岛杓兰 bao dao shao lan
Cypripedium guttatum Swartz var. segawai (Masamune) S. S. Ying; Cypripedium reginae T. Walter var. segawai (Masamune) S. S. Ying.
Plants with a short, creeping rhizome. Stem erect, covered with glandular hairs, with 1-2 sheaths at base and 3-4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-10 Χ 1.5-3 cm, apex subacute, both surfaces pubescent. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; peduncle slender, with glandular hairs; floral bracts foliaceous, lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 cm long; flowers 5-6 cm across, yellowish to yellow, rarely with small red spots on labellum; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 Χ 0.8-1.4 cm, apex acuminate, glabrous; synsepal ovate, 2-3.5 Χ 1-1.5 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed, glabrous; petals linear-lanceolate, 2.3-4 Χ 0.6-0.8 cm, untwisted, apex acuminate, densely pubescent at adaxial base; labellum deeply pouched, subglobose, 2-2.5 cm long, 1.7 cm in diam., with a small mouth often toothed-margined; staminode oblong, 6-7 mm long, base with a stalk 1-2 mm long. Fl. Mar-Apr. 2n = 20.
Forests or alpine grassy slopes; 3000 m. NE Taiwan.
7. Cypripedium shanxiense S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 21(3): 343. 1983.
山西杓兰 shan xi shao lan
Plants 40-55 cm tall, with a rather stout, creeping rhizome. Stem erect, pubescent and glandular-hairy, with several sheaths at base and 3-4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 7-15 Χ 4-8 cm, apex acuminate, sometimes hairy toward abaxial base and along the veins on both surfaces, ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 2 or rarely 1 or 3 flowers; peduncle and rachis pubescent and glandular-hairy; floral bracts foliaceous, 5.5-10 Χ 1-3 cm, both surfaces pubescent along the veins; pedicel and ovary 2.5-3 cm long, densely glandular-hairy and pubescent; flowers ochre-brown to purplish-brown, with darker venation; labellum often spotted with dark brown; staminode white with a few purplish-brown spots; dorsal sepal lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 Χ 1 cm, apex cuspidate-acuminate, abaxial surface often hairy; synsepal similar to dorsal sepal, apex deeply 2-lobed; petals narrowly lanceolate or linear, 2.7-3.5 Χ 0.4-0.5 cm, apex acuminate, untwisted or slightly twisted; labellum deeply pouched, subglobose to ellipsoid, 1.6-2 cm long, ca. 1.3 cm in diam., inner bottom hairy, outside glabrous; staminode oblong-elliptic, 7-9 Χ 3.5-5 mm, base with a short but distinct stalk. Capsules subspindle-shaped or narrowly ellipsoid, 3-4 cm long, ca. 1 cm in diam., sparsely with glandular hairs or glabrous. Fl. & Fr. May-Aug. 2n = 20.
Forests or grassy slopes; 1000-2500 m. S Gansu, W Hebei, S Nei Mongol, E Qinghai, Shanxi, NW Sichuan [N Japan, Russia].
8. Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 37. 1825.
白唇杓兰 bai chun shao lan
Plants 25-50 cm tall, with a short, stout rhizome. Stem erect, usually pubescent or glandular-hairy, especially toward upper part, with several sheaths at base and 2-5 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or broadly elliptic, 10-15 Χ 4-10 cm, apex acute or acuminate, sparsely ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 or rarely 2 flowers; peduncle more or less with glandular hairs; floral bracts foliaceous, elliptic to lanceolate, 6-9 Χ 2-4 cm, apex acuminate, pubescent along abaxial veins; pedicel and ovary 2-4 cm long, densely covered with glandular hairs; flowers 9-10 cm across, usually with pale green to yellowish-green sepals and petals and white labellum; staminode often yellow spotted with red; dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 2.5-3 Χ 1.5 cm, apex acuminate, adaxial base and abaxial surface pubescent; synsepal elliptic-ovate, slightly narrower than dorsal sepal, apex shallowly 2-lobed, abaxial surface pubescent; petals linear-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 Χ 0.7-0.9 cm, apex acuminate, adaxial base pubescent, untwisted; labellum deeply pouched, ellipsoid, dorsiventrally flattened, 2.5-3.5 cm long, with a small mouth, inner bottom hairy, outer surface glabrous; staminode suboblong, ca. 10 Χ 5 mm, base with a short stalk. Fl. Jun-Aug. 2n = 20.
Pine forests or grasslands; 3000-3400 m. S Xizang (Yadong Xian) [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].
9. Cypripedium fasciolatum Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot). 8: 232. 1894.
大叶杓兰 da ye shao lan
Cypripedium langrhoa Gattefosse ex Constantin; Cypripedium wilsonii Rolfe.
Plants 30-45 cm tall, with a stout, short rhizome. Stem erect, glabrous or pubescent near upper nodes, with several sheaths at base and 3-4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or broadly elliptic, 15-20 Χ 6-12 cm, apex shortly acuminate, both surfaces glabrous, ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 or rarely 2 flowers; peduncle pubescent in upper part; floral bracts foliaceous, elliptic or ovate, 7-10 Χ 3-6.5 cm, apex acuminate, abaxial veins occasionally pubescent toward base; pedicel and ovary 1.5-3 cm long, densely with reddish-brown glandular hairs; flowers large, to 12 cm across, fragrant, pale to lemon yellow, with maroon longitudinal stripes on sepals and petals; dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic or ovate, 5-6 Χ 2.8-3.5 cm, apex acuminate, margins sometimes slightly undulate, abaxial veins slightly puberulous; synsepal similar to dorsal sepal, 5-6 Χ 2-2.5 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals linear-lanceolate or broadly linear, 5.5-8 Χ 0.8-1.5 cm, apex acuminate, pubescent toward adaxial base and along abaxial veins; labellum deeply pouched, subglobose, 5-7 cm long, often more or less ascending, mouth often slightly edged by teeth, inner bottom hairy, outer surface glabrous; staminode ovate-elliptic, 1.5-2 Χ 1 cm, margins slightly incurved, base slightly auriculate, abaxial surface carinate. Fl. Apr-Jun.
Open forests, scrubby slopes or grasslands; 1600-2900 m. Chongqing, W Hubei, SW Sichuan.
10. Cypripedium farreri W. W. Smith, Notes Bot. Gard. Edinb. 9: 102. 1916.
华西杓兰 hua xi shao lan
Cypripedium chenii Torelli; Cypripedium zhongdianense Z. D. Fang (nom. inval.).
Plants 20-30 cm tall, with a stout, short rhizome. Stem erect, nearly glabrous, with several sheaths at base and often 2 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 6-9 Χ 2.5-3.5 cm, apex acute or shortly accuminate, glabrous, minutely ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; peduncle pubescent toward apex; floral bracts foliaceous, narrowly ovate-elliptic or ovate, 3.5-5 Χ 1-1.5 cm, apex acuminate, glabrous; pedicel and ovary ca. 2.5 cm long, slightly with glandular hairs; flowers fragrant; sepals and petals greenish-yellow marked with maroon longitudinal stripes or also spots; labellum waxy yellow, with maroon spots inside; dorsal sepal ovate or ovate-elliptic, 3-3.5 Χ 1.5 cm, apex acuminate, abaxial surface sparsely short-hairy along veins; synsepal ovate-lanceolate, as long as dorsal sepal, ca. 1.1 cm wide, apex shallowly 2-lobed, abaxial surface slightly puberulous; petals lanceolate, 3-4 Χ 0.6-0.7 cm, apex acuminate, pubescent toward adaxial base and along abaxial midvein; labellum deeply pouched, urceolate, 2.5-3.3 cm long, 1.5-2 cm in diam., with a dilated mouth grooved-toothed along margins; staminode suboblong-ovate, ca. 10 Χ 5 mm, base subsessile. Fl. Jun.
Stony grasslands or shady cliffs in open forests; 2600-3400 m. S Gansu, W to NW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
Cypripedium Χ wenqingiae Perner, described from Wenchuan of Sichuan, seems to be a variant of C. farreri rather than a natural hybrid between the latter and C. tibeticum as said by the author.
11. Cypripedium macranthos Swartz, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 251. 1800.
大花杓兰 da hua shao lan
Cypripedium macranthos Swartz f. albiflorum (Makino) Ohwi; Cypripedium macranthos Swartz var. albiflorum Makino; Cypripedium macranthos Swartz var. taiwanianum F. Maekawa; Cypripedium speciosum Rolfe; Cypripedium taiwanianum Masamune.
Plants 25-50 cm tall, with a stout, short rhizome. Stem erect, slightly pubescent or glabrescent, with several sheaths at base and 3-4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 10-15 Χ 6-8 cm, apex acuminate or subacute, veins on both surfaces slightly pubescent or glabrescent, minutely ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 or rarely 2 flowers; peduncle pubescent or glabrous; floral bracts foliaceous, elliptic or rarely elliptic-lanceolate, 7-9 Χ 4-6 cm, apex shortly acuminate, both surfaces often puberulous along the veins; pedicel and ovary 3-3.5 cm long, glabrous; flowers large, red or pink, usually with darker stripes, very rarely white; dorsal sepal broadly ovate-elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 4-5 Χ 2.5-3 cm, apex acuminate, glabrous; synsepal ovate, 3-4 Χ 1.5-2 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals lanceolate, 4.5-6 Χ 1.5-2.5 cm, apex acuminate, untwisted, villose toward adaxial base; labellum deeply pouched, subglobose or ellipsoid, 4.5-5.5 cm long, with a small mouth ca. 1.5 cm in diam., inner bottom hairy; staminode ovate-oblong, 10-14 Χ 7-8 mm, base sessile, abaxial surface not carinate. Capsules narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 4 cm long, glabrous. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep. 2n = 20, 21, 30.
Humus-rich soil and well-drained places in forests, on forest margins or on grassy slope; 400-2400 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jiling, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Taiwan [Japan, Korea, Russia].
Cypripedium Χ ventricosum Swartz, a natural hybrid between C. macranthos and C. calceolus, was reported to be also found in Heilongjiang and Nei Mongol.
12. Cypripedium yunnanense Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot). 8: 231. 1894.
云南杓兰 yun nan shao lan
Cypripedium amesianum Schlechter.
Plants 20-37 cm tall, with a stout, short rhizome. Stem erect, glabrous or sparsely pubescent in upper part especially near nodes, with several sheaths at base and 3-4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 6-14 Χ 1-3.5 cm, apex acuminate, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely puberulous, abaxial surface puberulous especially along the veins. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; peduncle sparsely pubescent in upper part; floral bracts foliaceous, ovate-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 Χ 1.5 cm, apex acute or acuminate, both surfaces sparsely pubescent; pedicel and ovary 2-3.5 cm long, glabrous or upper part slightly hairy; flowers 4-6 cm across, pink, purplish-red or occasionally off-white, with darker veins; staminode white with a purple stripe centrally; dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic, 2.2-3.2 Χ 1.2-1.6 cm, apex acuminate; synsepal elliptic-lanceolate, 2.2-3.2 Χ 0.8-1 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals lanceolate, 2.2-3.2 Χ 0.7-0.8 cm, apex acuminate, slightly twisted or not, adaxial base hairy; labellum deeply pouched, ellipsoid, 2.2-3.2 cm long, 1.5-1.8 cm in diam., with a paler rim to its mouth, inner bottom hairy, outer surface glabrous; staminode elliptic or ovate, 6-7 Χ 3-4 mm, base subsessile. Fl. May.
Pine forests, thickets or grassy slopes; 2700-3800 m. W to SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
13. Cypripedium taibaiense G. Zhu & S. C. Chen, Novon 9(3): 454. 1999.
太白杓兰 tai bai shao lan
Plants 13-15(-24) cm tall, with a stout rhizome 4-5 cm long and 4-5 mm thick. Stem erect, glabrous, bearing 2-3 sheaths at base and 3-4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5-11 Χ 2.8-3.5 cm, apex acuminate or subacute, glabrous adaxially, minutely pubescent or glabrescent abaxially, ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, 1-flowered; peduncle minutely pubescent; floral bract narrowly elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 6-6.5 cm long, minutely pubescent on both surfaces or glabrescent adaxially; pedicel and ovary 1.7-2 cm long, pubescent at least along the ribs; flower 4-4.5 cm across, purple-red; dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, 2.2-3 Χ 1.3-1.5 cm, apex acuminate, glabrous; synsepal ovate-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 2.2-2.8 Χ 1-1.2 cm, bifid at apex, glabrous; petals lanceolate, 2.6-3 Χ 0.7-0.9 cm, villose in basal half adaxially; labellum deeply pouched, obovoid-subglobose, 2.5-3 cm long, 1.5-2 cm in diam., inner bottom hairy, outer surface glabrous; staminode oblong, 10-11 Χ 5-6 mm, with a longitudinal groove centrally, carinate abaxially, mucronate at apex. Fl. Jun-Jul.
Grassy slopes; 2600-3300 m. S Shaanxi (Taibai Mountain).
[I am not sure that this differs from C. calcicolum whose flowers can vary in size a lot. Are there any differences other than tepal size?]
14. Cypripedium ludlowii P.J.Cribb, Genus Cypripedium. 204. 1997.
波密杓兰 bo mi shao lan
Plants 25-38 cm tall. Stem erect, glabrous, with several sheaths at base and 3 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic-ovate or elliptic, 6-13 Χ 3.6-7.5 cm, apex acuminate or acute, sparsely pubescent along the veins on both surfaces, occasionally with glandular hairs toward apex and base. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; floral bracts ovate or ovate-elliptic, 6-8 Χ 3-4 cm, apex acuminate or acute, sparsely pubescent; pedicel and ovary 3.5-4.1 cm long, occasionally with glandular hairs toward apex; flower greenish-yellow; dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic, 3.3-3.8 Χ 1.5-1.7 cm, apex acuminate; synsepal ovate to lanceolate, 3.3-3.8 Χ 1.2-1.5 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals obliquely lanceolate, 3-4 Χ 0.9-1.2 cm, untwisted, apex acuminate, margins slightly undulate, adaxial base pubescent; labellum pouched, subellipsoid, 3-3.6 cm long, inner bottom hairy; incurved lateral lobes to 1 cm wide; staminode subovate-oblong, ca. 1 cm long, with a longitudinal groove centrally, glabrous. Fl. unknown.
Moist places in forests; 4300 m. SE Xizang (Bomi Xian).
15. Cypripedium tibeticum King ex Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 29: 320. 1892.
西藏杓兰 xi cang shao lan
Cypripedium compactum Schlechter; Cypripedium corrugatum Franchet; Cypripedium corrugatum var. obesum Franchet; Cypripedium lanuginosum Schlechter; Cypripedium macranthum Swartz var. tibeticum (King ex Rolfe) Kraenzlin.
Plants 15-35 cm tall, with a stout, rather short rhizome. Stem erect, glabrous or pubescent near upper nodes, with several sheaths at base and 3 or rarely 2 or 4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate-elliptic or broadly elliptic, 8-16 Χ 3-9 cm, apex acute, acuminate or obtuse, glabrous or sparsely puberulous, minutely ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower, usually appearing before the leaves have fully developed; floral bracts foliaceous, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 6-11 Χ 2-5 cm, apex acute or acuminate; pedicel and ovary 2-3 cm long, glabrous or occasionally slightly pubescent toward the apex; flower large, nodding, sepals and petals white to yellow boldly striped with purple to deep maroon, lip purple or dark maroon, usually with a white-margined rim; dorsal sepal elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 3-6 Χ 2.5-4 cm, apex acuminate, acute or mucronulate, abaxial surface glabrous or occasionally sparsely puberulous, more or less minutely ciliate; synsepal similar to dorsal sepal, but slightly shorter and narrower, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3.5-6.5 Χ 1.5-2.5 cm, apex acuminate or acute, with very conspicuous veins, densely pubescent toward adaxial base, sparsely minute-ciliate; labellum deeply pouched, subglobose to ellipsoid, 4-6 cm long, 4-5.5 cm in diam., outer surface often wrinkled, inner bottom hairy; staminode ovate-oblong, 1.5-2 Χ 0.8-1.2 cm, abaxial surface more or less keeled, base subsessile. Fl. May-Aug. 2n = 20.
Sparse forests, forest margins, scrubby slopes, grassy slopes or stony places; 2300-4200 m. S Gansu, W Guizhou, W Sichuan, E to S Xizang, W Yunnan [Bhutan, Sikkim].
Cypripedium froschii Perner, collected from Lijiang of Yunnan, appears to be a natural hybrid between C. tibeticum and C. yunnanense, both of which are natives in Lijiang. Its flower is similar to C. yunnanense but much larger.
16. Cypripedium calcicolum Schlechter, Acta Hort. Gothob. 1: 129. 1924.
褐花杓兰 he hua shao lan
Cypripedium smithii Schlechter.
Plants 15-45 cm tall, with a stout, rather short rhizome. Stem erect, usually glabrous, with several sheaths at base and 3-4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic, 5-16.5 Χ 4-5.5 cm, subglabrous, apex acuminate or acute, minutely ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; peduncle pubescent; floral bracts foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate, to 9.5 Χ 2-2.5 cm; pedicel and ovary 3-3.5 cm long, sparsely hairy; flower deep purple; labellum with translucent windows on back, without a white-margined rim to its mouth; dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, 3.5-5 Χ 1.9-2.2 cm, apex acuminate; synsepal elliptic-lanceolate, 3.2-4.2 Χ 1.5-2 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals ovate-lanceolate, 4.4-5.2 Χ 0.8-0.9 cm, apex acuminate, with very conspicuous veins adaxial base pubescent; labellum deeply pouched, ellipsoid, 3.5-4.2 cm long, 2.5-2.8 cm in diam., inner bottom hairy; staminode suboblong, 1.3-1.5 Χ 1 cm, base subsessile. Fl. Jun-Jul.
Forests, forest margins, thickets, grassy slopes or stony places along streamsides; 2600-3900 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
17. Cypripedium franchetii E. H. Wilson, Horticulture. 16(5): 145. 1912.
毛杓兰 mao shao lan
Cypripedium macranthos Swartz var. villosum Handel-Mazzetti; Cypripedium pulchrum Ames & Schlechter; Cypripedium rubronerve W. Cavestro.
Plants 20-35 cm tall, with a stout, rather short rhizome. Stem erect, densely villose, especially toward upper part, with several sheaths at base and 3-5 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 10-16 Χ 4-6.5 cm, apex acute or shortly accuminate, both surfaces sparsely pubescent along the veins, minutely ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; peduncle densely villose; floral bracts foliaceous, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 6-8(-12) Χ 2-3.5 cm, apex acuminate or shortly acuminate, both surfaces sparsely hairy, minutely ciliate; pedicel and ovary 4-4.5 cm long, densely villose; flowers purplish-red to pink, with darker veins; dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate or ovate, 4-5.5 Χ 2.5-3 cm, apex acuminate or shortly acuminate, abaxial surface sparsely pubescent-veined, minutely ciliate; synsepal elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5-4 Χ 1.5-2.5 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed, abaxial surface pubescent-veined, minutely ciliate; petals lanceolate, 5-6 Χ 1-1.5 cm, apex acuminate, villose toward adaxial base; labellum deeply pouched, ellipsoid or subglobose, 4-5.5 cm long, 3-4 cm in diam.; staminode ovate-sagittate to ovate, 10-15 Χ 7-9 mm, base auriculate, subsessile or with a very short stalk at base, abaxial surface slightly carinate. Fl. May-Jul.
Humus and well-drained places in open forests, scrubby or wet grassy slopes; 1500-3700 m. Chongqing, S Gansu, W Henan, W Hubei, S Shaanxi, S Shangxi, NW Sichuan.
18. Cypripedium himalaicum Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 29: 319. 1892.
高山杓兰 gao shan shao lan
Plants 25-28 cm tall, with a relatively slender rhizome. Stem erect, sparsely pubescent, with several sheaths at base and 3 leaves above. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to broadly elliptic, 5-10 Χ 2.5-4 cm, apex acute, glabrous or slightly hairy on both surfaces, ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; peduncle more or less pubescent, especially in upper part; floral bracts foliaceous, narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 3-5 Χ 0.6-1.2 cm, apex acuminate, abaxial veins more or less hairy; pedicel and ovary 1.8-2.2 cm long, densely pubescent; flowers fragrant, whitish or greenish-yellow densely marked with purplish-brown longitudinal stripes; dorsal sepal broadly elliptic or broadly ovate, 2.4-2.7 Χ 1.8-2.1 cm, apex acute, slightly concave; synsepal narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1.8-2.2 Χ 1.1-1.2 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed, concave; petals narrowly oblong or linear-lanceolate, 2.3-3.4 Χ 0.6-0.7 cm, apex acute, villose toward adaxial base; labellum deeply pouched, subellipsoid, slightly bilaterally compressed, 2.3-2.8 cm long, with a small mouth and a toothed margin around it, inner bottom hairy; staminode broadly ovate-cordate, 7 Χ 5-6 mm, base with a very short stalk. Fl. Jun-Jul. 2n = 20.
Grasslands in forests, forest margins or open rocky slopes; 3600-4000 m. S to SE Xizang [Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Sikkim].
19. Cypripedium plectrochilum Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France. 32: 27. 1885.
离萼杓兰 li e shao lan
Cypripedium arietinum Franchet (1885), non R. Brown (1813).
Plants 12-30 cm tall, with a stout, rather short rhizome. Stem erect, pubescent, with several sheaths at base and 3 or rarely 2 or 4 leaves above. Leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5-6 Χ 1-3.5 cm, apex acute or shortly accuminate, adaxial surface subglabrous, abaxial veins occasionally puberulous. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; peduncle slender, pubescent; floral bracts foliaceous, elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-3 Χ 0.7-0.8 cm, apex acuminate or acute, slightly ciliate; pedicel and ovary 1.5-2.5 cm long, densely pubescent; flowers relatively small; sepals and petals chocolate-brown or greenish-brown, petals usually with a white margin; labellum and staminode white tinged with pink; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, 1.6-1.8 Χ 0.7-0.8 cm, apex acute, slightly hairy at base, minutely ciliate; lateral sepals free, linear-lanceolate, 1.6-1.8 Χ 0.2-0.3 cm, apex acuminate or acute, slightly hairy at base; petals linear, 1.6-2.1 Χ 0.1-0.2 cm, pubescent toward adaxial base; labellum deeply pouched, obconical, slightly oblique, 1.6-2.4 cm long, ca. 1 cm in diam., obtuse-tipped, pubescent around the mouth, inner bottom hairy; staminode obovate or square-obovate, 5-6 mm long, with a very short stalk at base, abaxial surface carinate. Capsules narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 2 cm long, 5-6 mm in diam., ridged, sparsely pubescent along the ridges. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul. 2n = 20.
Forests, forest margins, thickets or stony and grassy slopes; 2000-3600 m. W Hubei, W Sichuan, SE Xizang, C to NW Yunnan [Myanmar].
20. Cypripedium japonicum Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 30. 1784.
扇脉杓兰 shan mai shao lan
Cypripedium cathayenum S. S. Chien.
Plants 35-55 cm tall, with a relatively slender, creeping rhizome 3-4 mm in diam. Stem erect, brown-tomentose, with several sheaths in lower part and 2 subopposite or rarely 3 nearly alternate leaves near the middle. Leaf blade flabellate, 10-16 Χ 10-21 cm, undulate-margined, base subcuneate, with many radiating veins reaching the margins of their apical half, both surfaces hairy toward base, minutely ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; peduncle brown-tomentose; floral bracts foliaceous, rhombic or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-5 Χ 1-2(-3) cm, glabrous, minutely ciliate; pedicel and ovary 2-3 cm long, densely hairy; flowers pendulous; sepals and petals greenish-yellow, base more or less spotted with purple; labellum yellowish-pink to whitish, more or less marked with purplish-red spots and stripes; dorsal sepal narrowly elliptic or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5-5.5 Χ 1.5-2 cm, apex acuminate, glabrous; synsepal similar to dorsal sepal, 4-5 Χ 1.5-2.5 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals obliquely lanceolate, 4-5 Χ 1-1.2 cm, apex acuminate, villose toward adaxial base; labellum pendulous, pouched, subellipsoid or obovoid, 4-5 cm long, 3-3.5 cm in diam., strongly grooved-margined around the mouth; staminode elliptic, ca. 10 Χ 6-7 mm, base shortly auriculate. Capsules subfusiform, 4.5-5 cm long, 1.2 cm in diam., sparsely puberulous. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun-Oct. 2n = 20.
Moist and humus-rich soil in forests, thickets or on forest margins or shady slopes; 1000-2000 m. Anhui, S Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan].
21. Cypripedium formosanum Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 6: 66. 1916.
台湾杓兰 tai wan shao lan
Cypripedium japonicum Thunberg var. formosanum (Hayata) S. S. Ying.
Plants 30-40 cm tall, with a relatively slender, creeping, often branched rhizome. Stem erect, glabrous or puberulous, with several sheaths in lower part and 2 subopposite leaves above. Leaf blade flabellate, 10-13 Χ 8-11 cm, undulate-margined, apex mucronate, base cuneate, both surfaces sparsely puberulous or adaxial surface glabrous, with many radiating veins reaching the margins of their apical half, minutely ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; peduncle nearly glabrous or sparsely pubescent; floral bracts foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 2.2-3 Χ 1-1.2 cm, apex acute, sparsely puberulous; pedicel and ovary 1.82 cm long, densely pubescent; flowers pendulous, white to pinkish; sepals and petals spotted with purplish-red at base; labellum more or less with purplish-red short stripes and spots; dorsal sepal often curving forward over the labellum, narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4.5-5 Χ 1.6-2 cm, apex acute or shortly accuminate, slightly pubescent toward base; synsepal elliptic-ovate, 4.5-5 Χ 2.5-3 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed, slightly hairy toward base; petals oblong-lanceolate, 4.5-5 Χ 1.2-1.8 cm, apex acuminate or acute, adaxial base villose; labellum pendulous, pouched, obovoid or ellipsoid, 4-6 cm long, 3.5-4 cm in diam., slightly grooved-margined around the mouth, inner bottom hairy; staminode ovate-triangular or ovate-sagittate, ca. 10 Χ 6-7 mm. Fl. Apr-May. 2n = 20, 30.
Forests or thickets; 2400-3000 m. N to S Taiwan.
22. Cypripedium guttatum Swartz, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 251. 1800.
紫点杓兰 zi dian shao lan
Cypripedium orientale Sprengel.
Plants 15-25 cm tall, with a slender, creeping rhizome. Stem erect, pubescent and glandular-hairy, with several sheaths at base and 2 or rarely 3 leaves above. Leaves subopposite or occasionally alternate, at middle or above middle of the plant; leaf blade elliptic, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-12 Χ 2.5-4.5(-6) cm, apex acute or acuminate, abaxial veins sparsely pubescent or subglabrous, often turning black or blackish when dried. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower; peduncle densely pubescent and glandular-hairy; floral bracts foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate, usually 1.5-3 cm long, apex acute or acuminate, minutely ciliate; pedicel and ovary 1-1.5 cm long, with glandular hairs; flower white with purplish-red or brownish-red markings; dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic or broadly ovate-elliptic, 1.5-2.2 Χ 1.2-1.6 cm, apex acute or shortly accuminate, often sparsely puberulous toward abaxial base; synsepal narrowly elliptic, 1.2-1.8 Χ 0.5-0.6 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals often subspatulate or pandurate, 1.3-1.8 Χ 0.5-0.7 cm, apex often slightly dilated and rounded, hairy toward adaxial base; labellum deeply pouched, pitcher-shaped, 1.5 cm long and wide, lacking an incurved apical margin, with a broad mouth, inner bottom hairy; staminode ovate-elliptic, 4-5 Χ 2.5-3 mm, apex emarginate or subtruncate, adaxial surface minutely longitudinal -ridged, abaxial surface broadly keeled. Capsules nearly narrowly ellipsoid, pending, ca. 2.5 cm long, 8-10 mm in diam., puberulous. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep. 2n = 20, 30.
Forests, thickets or grasslands; 500-4000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jiling, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Korea, Russia (Siberia); Europe, N America].
Cypripedium yatabeanum Makino, reported from Heilongjiang and Jilin (Clavis Planarum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis, ed. 2, 1995), differs from C. guttatum by having dark brown spots on sepals, petals and labellum, and larger labellum more than 2 cm long. But no specimen has been cited or seen.
23. Cypripedium debile Reichenbach f., Xenia Orch. 2: 223. 1874.
对叶杓兰 dui ye shao lan
Cypripedium cardiophyllum Franchet & Savatier.
Plants 10-30 cm tall, with a rather short rhizome. Stem erect, slender, glabrous, with 2-3 tubular sheaths at base and 2 leaves at apex. Leaves opposite or subopposite, spreading horizontally; leaf blade broadly ovate, triangular-ovate or cordate, 2.5-7 cm long and wide, apex acute or shortly accuminate, base subcordate or broadly cuneate, herbaceous, glabrous, minutely ciliate, with 3-5 palmate veins and inconspicuous reticulate veinlets. Inflorescence terminal, pendulous, with 1 flower; peduncle slender, arching, glabrous, usually 2-5 cm long; floral bracts linear, 1.5-3 cm long, glabrous; pedicel and ovary 8-14 mm long, glabrous; flowers small, often hidden under the leaves; sepals and petals pale green or yellowish-green, with maroon spots or markings at base; labellum white with maroon spots inside and sometimes stripes toward its mouth; dorsal sepal narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 Χ 0.5-0.7 cm, apex acuminate, glabrous; synsepal similar to dorsal sepal, often slightly smaller, apex nearly unlobed; petals lanceolate, 1-2 Χ 0.3-0.5 cm, apex acute, often more or less enfolding the labellum; labellum deeply pouched, subellipsoid, 1-1.5 cm long, with a broad mouth, inner bottom hairy; staminode orbicular to ovate, 1-2 mm long. Capsules narrowly ellipsoid, 1-1.8 cm long, 5-6 mm in diam., Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep. 2n = 20.
Humus- and litter-rich places in forests or on grassy slopes; 1000-3400 m. Chongqing, S Gansu, W Hubei , W Sichuan, N Taiwan [Japan].
24. Cypripedium palangshanense T. Tang & F. T. Wang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 7: 1. 1936.
巴郎山杓兰 ba lang shan shao lan
Plants 8-13 cm tall, with a slender, creeping rhizome. Stem erect, glabrous, mostly enclosed in several sheaths at base and 2 leaves at apex. Leaves opposite or subopposite, spreading horizontally; leaf blade orbicular or nearly broadly elliptic, 4-6 Χ 4-5 cm, apex acute or obtuse, herbaceous, glabrous, with 5-7 prominent veins, not ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, suberect, with 1 flower; peduncle slender, pubescent; floral bracts lanceolate, 1.2-1.6 Χ 0.3-0.4 cm, apex acute, glabrous; pedicel and ovary 4-8 mm long, densely with short glandular hairs; flower pendulous, brown-purple to purplish-red; dorsal sepal lanceolate, 1.4-1.8 Χ 0.3-0.4 cm, glabrous or pubescent at abaxial base; synsepal ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-1.7 Χ 0.5-0.6 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals obliquely lanceolate, 1.2-1.6 Χ 0.4-0.5 cm, apex acuminate, slightly hairy toward abaxial base; labellum pouched, subglobose, ca. 1 cm long, with a rather broad, rotunded mouth; staminode ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm long. Fl. Jun.
Forests or thickets; 2200-2700 m. Chongqing, C to SW Sichuan.
25. Cypripedium elegans Reichenbach f., in Flora. 69: 561. 1886.
雅致杓兰 ya zhi shao lan
Plants 10-15 cm tall, with a slender, creeping rhizome. Stem erect, densely villose, with 2 tubular sheaths at base and 2 leaves at apex. Leaves opposite or subopposite, spreading horizontally; leaf blade ovate or broadly ovate, 4-5 Χ 3-3.5 cm, herbaceous, apex obtuse, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces or rarely glabrous, long-ciliate, with 3(-5) prominent, veins elevated on abaxial surface. Inflorescence terminal, suberect, with 1 flower; peduncle 2-4 cm long, villose; floral bracts ovate, 1.5-2 Χ 0.6-0.8 cm, slightly short-hairy; pedicel and ovary 4-5 mm long, hairy along longitudinal ridges; flower small; sepals and petals yellowish-green, adaxial surface with purplish-red stripes; labellum yellowish-green to nearly white, with 3 purplish-red warty stripes at the front; dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, 1.5-2 Χ 0.6-1 cm, apex acute, glabrous; synsepal similar to dorsal sepal, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals lanceolate, 1.5-2 Χ 0.4-0.5 cm, apex subacute, glabrous; labellum pouched, subglobose, ca. 1 cm long, often upturned at apex with its mouth hidden; staminode small, transversely elliptic, ca. 1.5 Χ 2 mm, base with a short stalk. Fl. May-Jul.
Humus-rich soil in forests, forest margins or thickets; 3600-3700 m. SE to S Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Sikkim]
26. Cypripedium bardolphianum W. W. Smith & Farrer, Notes Bot. Gard. Edinb. 9: 101. 1916.
无苞杓兰 wu bao shao lan
Cypripedium nutans Schlechter.
Plants 8-12 cm tall, with a slender, creeping rhizome. Stem erect, relatively short, 2-3 cm long, glabrous, covered by 2 sheaths, with a subopposite leaf and bract at apex. Leaf and bract spreading horizontally or ascending; leaf blade elliptic, 6-7 Χ 2.5-3 cm, apex obtuse or subacute, subglabrous. Inflorescence terminal, erect, 7-9 cm long, with 1 flower, ebracteate; pedicel glabrous, continuously elongating at fruiting; ovary ca. 1 cm long, with 3 longitudinal ridges often sparsely pubescent; flower small; sepals and petals pale green or reddish with brown stripes; labellum golden yellow more or less with brown markings; dorsal sepal elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 1.5-2 Χ 0.7-0.9 cm, apex acute, glabrous; synsepal similar to dorsal sepal, 1.4-1.8 Χ 0.7-0.9 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed; petals oblong-lanceolate, oblique, 1.5-1.8 Χ 0.5-0.6 cm, apex acute, often more or less enfolding the labellum, glabrous; labellum pouched, slightly dorsiventrally compressed, 1.2-1.5 cm long, tuberculate on front surface toward the mouth; staminode broadly elliptic-oblong, ca. 6 Χ 4 mm, minutely papillate. Capsules ellipsoid-oblong, 1.5-1.7 cm long, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug.
Humus-rich and rocky or moist and mossy places on woody and scrubby slopes, forest margins or in open forests, often forming large colonies; 2300-3900 m. S Gansu, W Sichuan, SE Xizang.
27. Cypripedium micranthum Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot). 8: 265. 1894.
小花杓兰 xiao hua shao lan
Plants 8-10 cm tall, with a slender, creeping rhizome. Stem erect, 2-6 cm long, glabrous, with 2-3 sheaths at base and a subopposite leaf and bract. Leaf and bract spreading horizontally or nearly prostrate on the substrate; leaf blade elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 7-9 Χ 3.5-6 cm, apex mucronate, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, erect, with 1 flower, ebracteate; pedicel 2-5 cm long, densely reddish-villose, continuously elongating at fruiting; ovary 5-6 mm long, densely reddish-villose; flowers small, with blackish-purple spots and short stripes on sepals and petals and red spots and stripes on labellum and tinged with white around its mouth; dorsal sepal ovate, concave, 1.2-1.7 Χ 0.8-1 cm, apex acute or mucronate, abaxial surface densely purple-villose; synsepal elliptic, 1-1.3 Χ 0.8-0.9 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed, abaxial surface villose; petals ovate-elliptic, 1.3-1.4 Χ 0.5-0.8 cm, apex acute, glabrous; labellum pouched, subellipsoid, conspicuously dorsiventrally compressed, ca. 1 cm long, papillate on front surface; staminode broadly orbicular or subsquare, ca. 3 mm long, base slightly auriculate. Fl. May-Jun.
Forests; 2000-2500 m. Chongqing, SW Sichuan.
28. Cypripedium forrestii P.J.Cribb, Bull. Alp. Gard. Soc. Brit. 60(2): 172. 1992.
玉龙杓兰 yu long shao lan
Cypripedium bardolphianum W. W. Smith & Farrer var. zhongdianense S. C. Chen.
Plants 3-5 cm tall, with a slender, creeping rhizome. Stem erect, 1.5-3 cm long, covered by 2 conical sheaths, with a subopposite leaf and bract. Leaf and bract spreading horizontally or nearly prostrate on the substrate; leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 5-6.5 Χ 2.5-3.6 cm, apex mucronate, adaxial surface green, usually heavily marked with dark purple or black spots, rarely unspotted. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower, ebracteate; pedicel 1.7-2.5 cm long, villose; ovary 0.8-1 cm long, villose; flowers small, dull yellow finely spotted with maroon; dorsal sepal ovate, 2.2-2.4 Χ 1.4-1.5 cm, apex mucronate, abaxial midvein hairy; synsepal ovate-elliptic, 1.8-1.9 Χ 0.8-1 cm, apex shallowly 2-lobed and slightly recurved, abaxial veins slightly hairy; petals obliquely ovate, more or less enfolding the labellum, 1.5-1.8 Χ 0.5-0.6 cm, apex acute; labellum pouched, subglobose, dorsiventrally compressed, ca. 1 cm long, outer surface papillose; staminode oblong, 3.5 Χ 3 mm, apex obtuse, papillate adaxially. Fl. Jun.
Pine forests, scrubby slopes or open forests; 3500 m. NW Yunnan.
29. Cypripedium margaritaceum Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris. 7, 12: 141. 1888.
斑叶杓兰 ban ye shao lan
Cypripedium daliense S. C. Chen & J. L. Wu.
Plants 7-11 cm tall, with a stout rhizome. Stem erect, glabrous, usually 2-5 cm long, covered by 2 sheaths, bearing a subopposite leaf and bract prostrate on the substrate. Leaf blade broadly ovate to orbicular, 10-15 Χ 7-13 cm, apex obtuse or mucronate, dark green with blackish-purple spots. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower, ebracteate; pedicel 4-6 cm long, glabrous; ovary 1-1.5 cm long, 3-ribbed; ribs sparsely pubescent; flowers yellow marked with maroon longitudinal stripes on sepals and petals and spots on labellum; staminode dark maroon; dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 3-4 Χ 2.5-3.5 cm, apex obtuse or macronate, short-hairy along abaxial veins, papillate-ciliate; synsepal elliptic-ovate, slightly shorter than dorsal sepal, 2-2.5 cm wide, apex obtuse and bidentitate, papillate-ciliate; petals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, curved forward, enfolding the labellum, 3-4 Χ 1.5-2 cm, acute, short-hairy on abaxial veins; labellum pouched, subellipsoid, dorsiventrally flattened, 2.5-3 cm long, warted on the front surface; staminode orbicular to subsquare, ca. 1 cm long, papillate adaxially. Fl. May-Jul.
Grassy slopes or open forests; 2500-3600 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
30. Cypripedium sichuanense Perner, Die Orchidee 53(1): 89. 2002.
四川杓兰 si chuan shao lan
Plants 10-12 cm tall, with a stout, sometimes branched rhizome. Stem 3-3.6 cm long, glabrous, covered by a sheath, bearing at apex a subopposite leaf and bract prostrate on the substrate. Leaf blade broadly elliptic to suborbicular, 11.5-13.5 Χ 9.5-12 cm, green spotted with dark red-brown. Inflorescence terminal, 1-flowered, ebracteate; pedicel ca. 5.5 cm long, glabrous; ovary ca. 1.7 cm long, glabrous; flower ca. 4.5 cm across, yellow to greenish-yellow; dorsal sepal spotted with maroon along adaxial veins and whole abaxial surface; synsepal with less maroon spots; petals and labelllum marked with maroon spots and stripes; staminode dark maroon; dorsal ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3.7 Χ 2.8 cm, acute, glabrous on both surfaces, apex acute, ciliate; synsepal similar to dorsal sepal, bidentate at apex; petals curved forward, enfolding the labellum, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 4.3 Χ 1.6 cm, apex acuminate, glabrous; labellum pouched, dorsiventrally flattened, ca. 2.6 cm long, 1.6 cm in diam., its maroon spots at the front usually wart-like; staminode short-trullate, ca. 10 Χ 9 mm, obtuse, distinctly auriculate at base. Fl. Jun-Jul.
Humus-rich soil in bamboo and deciduous thickets; elevation unknown. Sichuan (Wenchuan Xian).
31. Cypripedium daweishanense (S. C. Chen & Z. J. Liu) S. C. Chen & Z. J. Liu,???
大围山杓兰 da wei shan shao lan
Cypripedium lichiangense S. C. Chen & Cribb var. daweishanense S. C. Chen & Z. J. Liu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 26(?): ???. 2004.
Plants 10-15 cm tall, with a stout rhizome. Stem 5-8 cm long, glabrous, covered by a sheath, bearing at apex a subopposite leaf and bract prostrate on the substrate. Leaf blade suborbicular or broadly elliptic, 15-17 Χ 11-14 cm, greyish-green or green heavily spotted with purple-brown. Inflorescence terminal, 1-flowered, ebracteate; pedicel 5-7 cm long, glabrous; ovary 2-2.5 cm long, glabrous; flower rather large; dorsal sepal yellowish-green, very sparsely spotted with maroon; synsepal yellowish tinged with greyish-green, sparsely spotted with maroon; petals yellowish, densely spotted with maroon; labellum yellowish spotted with maroon especially around the mouth; staminode yellowish heavily spotted with maroon; dorsal sepal ovate or broadly ovate, 4-5 Χ 3-4 cm, ciliate, glabrous on both surfaces; synsepal lanceolate, 4-5 Χ 1.5-1.8 cm; petals curved forward, enfolding the labellum, elliptic-oblong, 4.2-4.7 Χ 2.4-2.8(-3.4) cm, ciliate along apical margins, pubescent on upper side of abaxial surface; labellum pouched, slightly dorsiventrally flattened, 3.8-4.5 cm long, 3-3.5 cm in diam., more or less papillate on front surface; staminode tongue-shaped, 17-20 Χ 5 mm, puberulous adaxially. Fl. May-Jun.
Wet but well-drained and humus-rich soil in thickets; 2300 m. SE Yunnan (Pingbian Xian).
[The relationship of this to C. lichiangense needs further investigation]
32. Cypripedium lichiangense S. C. Chen & P.J.Cribb, Orch. Rev. 102(1200): 321. 1994.
丽江杓兰 li jiang shao lan
Plants 7-14 cm tall, with a stout, rather short rhizome. Stem erect, 3-7 cm long, covered by 2 tubular sheaths, bearing at apex a subopposite leaf and bract prostrate on the substrate. Leaf blade ovate, obovate to orbicular, 8.5-19 Χ 7-16 cm, apex obtuse or macronate, dark green marked with purplish-black spots, margins sometimes purplish. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower, ebracteate; pedicel 4-7 cm long, glabrous; ovary 1.2-1.8 cm long, glabrous; flowers rather large; sepals and staminode liver-colored; petals and labellum yellow spotted with maroon; dorsal sepal ovate or broadly ovate, 4.2-7 Χ 3.8-6 cm, apex acute, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate; synsepal elliptic, 3.5-5.6 Χ 2-3.6 cm, apex with 2 teeth, ciliate; petals obliquely oblong, incurved forward, enfolding the labellum, 4-6.5 Χ 1.4-2.1 cm, apex acute, pubescent on upper side of abaxial surface, ciliate; labellum pouched, subellipsoid, dorsiventrally flattened, 3.3-4 cm long, papillate on front surface; staminode suboblong, 1.3-1.5 cm long, adaxial surface papillate. Fl. May-Jul.
Sparse thickets or open forests; 2600-3500 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
33. Cypripedium lentiginosum P.J.Cribb & S. C. Chen, Quart. Bull. Alp. Gard. Soc. 67(2): 155 1999.
Cypripedium malipoense S. C. Chen & Z. J. Liu
长瓣杓兰 chang ban shao lan
Plants 7-11 cm tall, with a stout, creeping rhizome. Stem erect, 3-7 cm long, covered by 2 tubular sheaths, bearing at apex a subopposite leaf and bract prostrate on the substrate. Leaf blade ovate, obovate or suborbicular, ca. 16 Χ 14 cm, dark green heavily spotted with black, sometimes with a purplish margin. Inflorescence terminal, 1-flowered, ebracteate; pedicel 3-4 cm long, glabrous; ovary ca. 1.6 cm long, glabrous; dorsal sepal and synsepal liver-colored; petals and labellum off-white, creamy-white or yellowish, marked with maroon spots; staminode liver-colored; dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, 6 Χ 2.5-3 cm, apex acute, subglabrous; synsepal lanceolate, ca. 5 Χ 1 cm, apex acute, ciliate; petals concave, incurved forward, enfolding the labellum, obliquely oblong-lanceolate, ca. 6.2 Χ 1.9 cm, apex acuminate, sparsely ciliate, pubescent on upper side of abaxial surface; labellum pouched, dorsiventrally flattened, ca. 3 cm long, 2.5 cm in diam., minutely papillate on front surface; staminode trullate, ca. 1 cm long, rounded at apex, papillose toward adaxial apex. Fl. May.
Steep rocky limestone boulders just below ridges in thickets or open forests; 2100-2200 m. SE Yunnan (Malipo Xian).
[The type of C. malipoense appears to be a recently collected, chlorotic plant, flowering for the first time in cultivation]
34. Cypripedium fargesii Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot). 8: 267. 1894.
毛瓣杓兰 mao ban shao lan
Cypripedium ebracteatum Rolfe; Cypripedium margaritaceum Franchet var. fargesii (Franchet) Pfitzer.
Plants 8-14 cm tall, with a stout, rather short rhizome. Stem erect, 3.5-7 cm long, covered by 2-3 nearly tubular sheaths, bearing at apex a subopposite leaf and bract prostrate on the substrate. Leaf blade broadly elliptic to orbicular, 10-15 Χ 8-14 cm, apex obtuse, green marked with blackish-brown spots, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, with 1 flower, ebracteate; pedicel 2.5-7 cm long, glabrous; ovary 1.2-1.5 cm long, 3-ribbed; ribs sparsely pubescent; sepals yellowish-green, with dense maroon spots toward the base of the dorsal sepal; petals yellowish marked with purplish-red stripes and spots; labellum yellow marked with purplish-red fine spots; staminode maroon; dorsal sepal ovate to broadly ovate, 3-4.5 Χ 2.5-5 cm, puberulous on abaxial veins; synsepal elliptic-ovate, 3-5 Χ 2.5-3 cm, subacute, apex inconspicuously 2-dentitate; petals oblong, incurved forward, enfolding the labellum, 3.5-5.5 Χ 1.5 cm, apex acute, densely white-villose on upper side of abaxial surface; labellum deeply pouched, subglobose, slightly dorsiventrally flattened, 2.5 cm long, minutely papillose on front surface; staminode ovate or oblong, ca. 1 cm long. Fl. May-Jul.
Humus-rich soil in thickets, sparse woods or on grassy slopes; 1900-3200 m. S Gansu, W Hubei, W Sichuan, N Chongqing.
35. Cypripedium wumengense S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23(5): 372. 1985.
乌蒙杓兰 wu meng shao lan
Plants ca. 22 cm tall. Stem ca. 10 cm long, covered by 3 subtubular sheaths, bearing at apex an ascending subopposite leaf and bract. Leaf blade, ovate-elliptic, 11-13 Χ 6.5-7 cm, apex mucronate, green spotted with purple, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, with a single flower, ebracteate; pedicel 10-12 cm long, glabrous; ovary ca. 9 mm long, glabrous; flowers 6-7 cm across, covered with purple spots and stripes; dorsal sepal broadly ovate, ca. 3.5 Χ 2.8 cm, apex mucronate, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate; synsepal elliptic, ca. 4.1 Χ 2 cm, apex 2-bidentitate, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate; petals obliquely ovate-oblong, ca. 3.8 Χ 1.5 cm, apex slightly mucronate, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate; labellum deeply pouched, subglobose, ca. 1.6 cm long and wide, minutely papillate on front surface; staminode broadly ovate, ca. 5 Χ 7.5 mm. Fl. May.
Bamboo thicket on limestone cliff; 2900 m. NE Yunnan (Luquan Xian).
4. PAPHIOPEDILUM Pfitzer, Morph. Stud. Orchideenbl. 11. 1886, nom. conserv.
兜兰属 dou lan shu
Cordula Rafinesque; Stimegas Rafinesque.
Terrestrial, lithophytic or epiphytic plants; rhizome inconspicuous or short, rarely stoloniferous, with glabrous or hairy roots. Stem short, enclosed in distichous leaf bases, rarely elongated. Leaves usually basal, 3-7, distichous, conduplicate toward the base; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to suboblong, adaxially uniformly green or tessellated with dark and light green, abaxially pale green or sometimes spotted or flushed with purple at base or throughout. Scape suberect to arching, terminating in a single flower or a several- to many-flowered inflorescence; peduncle usually hairy; floral bracts conduplicate; ovary unilocular; flowers large, showy, variable in color; dorsal sepal often large, margins sometimes recurved; lateral sepals usually fused to form a synsepal; petals various in shape, suborbicular to spatulate; labellum deeply pouched and inflated, globose, ellipsoid or ovoid, basal portion narrowed and with incurved side-lobes, hairy at inner bottom; column short, with 2 lateral fertile stamens, a terminal staminode above and a stigma below; anthers 2-locular, with very short filament; pollen powdery or glutinous; staminode varying in shape; stigma papillate and inconspicuously 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule.
About 85 species: tropical Asia to Pacific Islands, with some species extending to subtropical areas 29 species in China.
The large markets, especially near the borders of Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar, sell many orchids that have been imported from abroad. Several species known only from outside China have been purchased in these markets and have been added to the Chinese list erroneously in the view of the non-Chinese authors, including P. delenatii, P. gratrixianum and P. tranlienianum, all native to Vietnam or Laos.
1a. Labellum subglobose, ellipsoid or ovoid, apical margin involute, usually with a rather short basal claw.
2a. Labellum usually ellipsoid or ovoid, longer than broad; dorsal sepal broader than petals.
3a. Flower yellowish to yellow; dorsal sepal and petals with maroon speckles 0.5-1 mm in diam. .. . 6. P. concolor
3b. Flower white to ivory sometimes yellowish; dorsal sepal and petals with maroon spots 1.5-2 mm in diam .. .7. P. bellatulum
2b. Labellum usually subglobose, nearly as long as broad; dorsal sepal narrower than or as broad as the petals.
4a. Leaves uniformly green, very rarely obscurely tessellated with dark and light green on upper surface.
5a. Flower white with a yellowish labellum; staminode trullate, with a deep longitudinal groove centrally, 9-10 mm wide, yellow strongly veined with red .4. P. emersonii
5b. Flowers dull cream-coloured, sometimes flushed at base with purple; staminode broadly obovate-triangular, nearly flat, 18-22 mm wide, cream-coloured heavily veined with red and with a yellow tip. .....5. P. hangianum
4b. Leaves distinctly tessellated with dark and light green on upper surface.
6a. Plant not stoloniferous; dorsal sepal apple-green to whitish; dorsal sepal apple-green or rarely yellowish; petals similar but veined purple; labellum apple-green, greenish or yellowish-greenish; scape usually 30-50(-65) cm long. ..... .1. P. malipoense
6b. Plant stoloniferous; stolons slender, creeping, over 10 cm long; dorsal sepal not apple-green, nor whitish.
7a. Sepals, petals and labellum not much longer than the synsepal, yellow .. ..2. P. armeniacum
7b. Sepals and petals white, strongly marked with purple on the veins, the labellum much larger than the synsepal, pink or rarely white. . ....3. P.micranthum
1b. Labellum helmet-shaped or slipper-shaped, lacking an involute apical margin and with a long basal claw.
8a. Leaves tessellated with dark and light green adaxially; labellum warted on the incurved side-lobes.
9a. Petals heavily spotted with blackish-maroon over whole adaxial surface. .22. P. wardii
9b. Petals without or sometimes with blackish-maroon speckles in basal half or a few blackish warts scatteredly.
10a. Leaves densely spotted with purple abaxially; labellum and staminode distinctly green-veined ....23. P. venustum
10b. Leaves pale green abaxially or sometimes marked with purple at abaxial base; labellum and staminode not green-veined.
11a. Leaves usually obscurely tessellated with dark and light green adaxially, and marked with purple at abaxial base; petals spatulate, with a few warts along the upper margin of the basal half .20. P. appletonianum
11b. Leaves usually distinctly tessellated with green and whitish-greenish adaxially, not marked with purple abaxially; petals suboblong or oblong-elliptic, usually with blackish-maroon speckles in basal half .. 21. P. purpuratum
8b. Leaves uniformly green adaxially; labellum not warted on the incurved side-lobes.
12a. Inflorescence with 26 flowers; petals over twice longer than the labellum.
17a. Ovary glabrous; perianth persistent until fruiting . . . . 8. P. dianthum
17b. Ovary densely pubescent; perianth dropping off after pollination ....9. P. parishii
12b. Inflorescence with 1 or very rarely 2 flowers; petals less than twice longer than the labellum.
13a. Leaves rigid, coriaceous-succulent, usually 7-10(-12.5) cm long; synsepal suborbicular; flowers yellow or ochre-yellow, the dorsal sepal with a white margin 15. P. helenae
13b. Leaves not rigid nor coriaceous-succulent, usually (8-)10-40 cm long; synsepal ovate to elliptic; flowers not as above.
14a. Flower with three irregular longitudinal maroon bars on dorsal sepal and two similar bars on petals 18. P. tigrinum
14b. Flower without maroon bars as above.
15a. Dorsal sepal white with a maroon midvein; staminode convoluted on basal margins and looking like a pair of eyes .. .19. P. spicerianum
15b. Dorsal sepal not colored as above; staminode without convoluted basal margins as above.
16a. Plant with a long and thick rhizome over 8 cm long and 1 cm in diam. ...14. P. areeanum
16b. Plant lacking a long rhizome as above.
17a. Staminode subsquare, with a glossy convex center, lacking a distinct umbo; petals densely with blackish-maroon speckles in basal half; labellum more or less puberulous on outer surface ... 10. P. hirsutissimum
17b. Staminode obovate, with a distinct umbo centrally; petals without or with purple to dark maroon spots in basal half; labellum glabrous on outer surface.
18a. Dorsal sepal very broad, 4.6-6.7 cm wide, pinkish to white, usually with reddish veins; staminode white ... 11. P. charlesworthii
18b. Dorsal sepal less than 4.5 cm wide, not colored as above; staminode not white.
19a. Leaves 8-19 Χ 0.7-1.8 cm; petals 3-4cm long.