香蒲科 xiang pu ke
Sun Kun (孙坤)[1]; David A. Simpson[2]
??synonym: Rohrbachia (Kronfeld ex Riedl) Mavrodiev.
Perennial marsh or aquatic herbs with creeping rhizomes. Leaves distichous, alternate, erect, linear, usually spongy, margin entire, sheathing at base. Flowers unisexual, monoecious, minute, numerous, densely crowded in a cylindrical spike; upper part staminate, lower pistillate; bracts leaflike; perianth absent; male flowers consisting of 1–3 stamens usually connate at base of filaments, surrounded by hairs; anthers 2-thecous, basifixed, longitudinally dehiscent; filaments short; pollen grains in monads or tetrads; ovary of female flowers 1-celled, on a long capillary stalk bearing many fine hairs or bracteoles at base; styles capillary; stigmas broadened or spathulate; ovule 1; sterile ovary without style. Fruit minute, falling off together with stalk.
One genus and about 16 species: tropical and temperate regions; 12 species (two endemic) in China.
??where belongs: Typha martini H. Léveillé & Vaniot (1902), not Jordan (1850); Rohrbachia martini Mavrodiev.
香蒲属 xiang pu shu
Morphological characters and geographical distribution are the same as those of the family.
2a. Pistillate part of spikes not separated from staminate part.
3a. Stigmas spathulate; hairs on stalk of pistillate
flowers as long as style
1. T. orientalis
3b. Stigmas lanceolate; hairs on stalk of pistillate
flowers shorter than style
2.
T. latifolia
2b. Pistillate part of spikes separated from staminate part.
4a. Stigmas linear, slender; axis of staminate part in spikes with brown hairs, hairs furcated or not 3. T. przewalskii
4b. Stigmas spathulate; axis of staminate part in spikes with whitish or yellowish brown hairs, hairs not furcated.
5a. Stems 1.5–2 m tall, hairs on stalk of pistillate
flowers shorter than style
.................................................................................................... 4.
T. changbaiensis
5b. Stems ca. 1 m, hairs on stalk of pistillate flowers as long as style ......... 5. T. laxmannii
1b. Pistillate flowers with bracteoles; pistillate part of spikes separated from staminate part.
6a. Stems less than 0.8 m, with sheathlike leaves at base.
7a. Axis of staminate part in spikes with hairs; leaves 2–4 mm wide ............... 12. T. gracilis
7b. Axis of staminate part in spikes without hairs; leaves 1–2 mm wide.
8a. Hairs on stalk of pistillate flowers swelling at tip, shorter than style ......... 10. T. minima
8b. Hairs on stalk of pistillate flowers not swelling at
tip, as long as style
............................................................................................................. 11.
T. pallida
6b. Stems more than 1 m, without sheathlike leaves.
9a. Bracteoles spathulate; stigmas lanceolate ............................................... 9. T. davidiana
9b. Bracteoles not spathulate; stigmas linear to lanceolate.
10a. Leaves carinate on abaxial side, transverse section triangular; bracteoles linear 6. T. elephantina
10b. Leaves convex on abaxial side, transverse section semicircular; bracteoles filiform to triangular.
11a. Anthers ca. 2 mm; stigmas as wide as styles .................................. 7. T. angustifolia
11b. Anthers ca. 1.4 mm; stigmas wider than styles; bracts longer ............. 8. T. angustata
东方香蒲 dong fang xiang pu
Stems stout, 1.3–2 m tall. Leaves 40–70 cm × 4–9 mm, convex on abaxial side, transverse section semicircular. Staminate part of spikes 2.7–9 cm long, with 1–3 deciduous bracts at base or occasionally in middle portion; pistillate part of spikes not separated from staminate part, 4.5–15 cm long, with 1 deciduous bract at base; stamens 3, rarely 2 or 4; anthers ca. 3 mm; female flowers without bracteoles; ovary fusiformis to lanceolate; stalk slender, ca. 2.5 mm; styles 1.2–2 mm; stigmas spathulate, 0.5–0.8 mm; hairs on stalk as long as style. Fruit elliptical. 2n = 60. Fl. and fr. May–Aug.
In lakes, ponds, channels, swamps and slowly-moving rivers. Anhui, Guangdong, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Philippines, Russia; Australia].
宽叶香蒲 kuan ye xiang pu
Stems stout, 1–2.5 m tall. Leaves 45–95 × 0.5–1.5 cm, convex on abaxial side, transverse section semilunate. Staminate part of spikes 3.5–12 cm long, with 1–3 deciduous bracts at base or occasionally in middle portion; pistillate part of spikes not separated from staminate part, 5–23 cm long; stamens usually 2; anthers ca. 3 mm; female flowers without bracteoles; ovary lanceolate; stalk slender, ca. 4 mm; styles 2.5–3 mm; stigmas lanceolate, 1–1.2 mm; hairs on stalk shorter than style. Fruit lanceolate. 2n = 30. Fl. and fr. May–Aug.
In lakes, ponds, channels, swamps and slowly-moving rivers. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Zhejiang. [Japan, Pakistan, Russia; America, Australia, Europe].
普香蒲 pu xiang pu
Stems stout at base, 1.3–2.2 m tall. Leaves 80–100 cm × 5–13 mm, convex on abaxial side, transverse section semilunate or rarely semicircular. Staminate part of spikes with 1–2 deciduous bracts, axis bearing brown hairs; pistillate part of spikes separated from staminate part, 8–20 cm long, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., with 1 bracts at base; female flowers without bracteoles; ovary obconical; stalk slender, 3.5–4.5 mm; styles 2–4 mm; stigmas linear, ca. 1 mm; hairs on stalk shorter than style. Fruit fusiformis. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.
* In shallow rivers or swamps. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning.
长白香蒲 chang bai xiang pu
Stems stout, 1.5–2 m tall. Leaves 80–100 cm × 6–10 mm, convex on abaxial side, transverse section semilunate. Staminate part of spikes 12–14 cm long, axis bearing curved whitish hairs, usually with 1 bracts at base and 1–bracts near the top; bracts deciduous; pistillate part of spikes 10–12 cm long, ca. 1 cm in diam., separated from staminate part; stamens 2–3, anthers ca. 2 mm; female flowers without bracteoles; ovary fusiformis, ca. 0.2 mm long; stalk slender, ca. 0.8 mm long; stigmas narrowly spoon-shaped, yellowish brown, 0.4–0.5 mm long; hairs on stalk shorter than style. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
* Jilin (Changbai Shan).
无苞香蒲 wu bao xiang pu
Stems slender, 0.8–1.3 m tall. Leaves 50–90 cm × 2–4 mm, convex on abaxial side, transverse section semicircular. Staminate part of spikes 6–14 cm long, axis bearing whitish or yellowish brown hairs, with 1–2 deciduous bracts at base and in middle portion; pistillate part of spikes distinctly separated from staminate part, 4–6 cm long, with 1 deciduous bract; stamens 2 or 3; anthers ca. 1.5 mm; female flowers without bracteoles; ovary lanceolate; stalk slender, 2.5–3 mm; styles 0.5–1 mm; stigmas spathulate, 0.6–0.9 mm; hairs on stalk as long as style. Fruit elliptical. 2n = 30. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.
In lakes, ponds, channels, swamps and shallow rivers. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang [Pakistan, Russia; N Asia, Europe].
象蒲 xiang pu
Stems stout, 2–2.5 m tall. Leaves 1.3–1.5 m × 8–10 mm, carinate on abaxial side, transverse section triangular. Staminate part of spikes with 1 bracts at base, axis densely brown-hairy; pistillate part of spikes distictly separated from staminate part, 14–16 cm long, 2–2.5 cm in diam.; female flowers with bracteoles; bracteoles whitish, linear; ovary lanceolate; stalk ca. 3.5 mm; styles 1–2 mm; stigmas lanceolate, ca. 1 mm; hairs on stalk shorter than style. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.
In swamps and riverside. Yunnan [India, Nepal, Pakistan; Africa].
水烛 shui zhu
Stems stout, 1.5–3 m tall. Leaves 52–120 cm × 4–9 mm, convex on abaxial side, transverse section semicircular. Staminate part of spikes ca. 8 cm, with 1–3 deciduous bracts; pistillate part of spikes (5–)15–30 cm, separated from staminate part by a axis 2.5–7 cm long; stamens 3, rarely 2 or 4; anthers ca. 2 mm; female flowers with bracteoles; bracteoles filiform; ovary fusiformis; stalk slender, ca. 5 mm; styles 1–1.5 mm; stigmas linear to lanceolate, 1.3–1.8 mm; hairs on stalk shorter than style. Fruit long-elliptical. 2n = 30. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.
In shallow water of lakes, ponds and rivers. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia; America, Australia, Europe].
长苞香蒲 chang bao xiang pu
Stems stout, 0.7–2.5 m tall. Leaves 40–150 cm × 3–8 mm, convex on abaxial side, transverse section semicircular. Staminate part of spikes 7–30 cm, with 1–2 bracts; bracts up to ca. 32 cm, deciduous; pistillate part of spikes 5–23 cm, distinctly separated from staminate part, with 1 bract at base, with sparse and curved hairs on axis; stamens 3, rarely 2; anthers ca. 1.4 mm; female flowers with bracteoles; ovary lanceolate; stalk slender, 3–6 mm long; styles 0.5–1.5 mm; stigmas linear to lanceolate, 0.8–1.5 mm, wider than style; hairs on stalk shorter than style. Fruit fusiformis. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
In shallow water of lakes, ponds, rivers and swamps, channels. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan [India, Japan, Russia; America, Australia, Europe].
达香蒲 da xiang pu
Typha martini Léveillé & Vaniot var. davidiana Kronfeld, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 34: 149. 1889; T. laxmannii Lepechin var. davidiana (Kronfeld) C. F. Fang.
Stems ca. 1 m tall. Leaves 60–70 cm × 3–5 mm, convex on abaxial side, transverse section semicircular. Staminate part of spikes 12–18 cm, with 1 deciduous bracts, axis smooth; pistillate part of spikes distinctly separated from staminate part, 4.5–11 cm long, 1.5–2 cm in diam., with deciduous bract; female flowers with bracteoles; bracteoles spathulate or nearly triangular; ovary lanceolate; stalk 3–4 mm; styles short; stigmas linear to lanceolate, 1–1.2 mm; hairs on stalk as long as style. Fruit lanceolate. 2n = 30. Fl. and fr. May–Aug.
In margin of lakes and rivers. Jiangsu, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang, Zhejiang. [N Asia].
小香蒲 xiao xiang pu
Rohrbachia minima (Funck ex Hoppe) Mavrodiev.
Stems slender, 16–65 cm tall. Leaves usually basal, sheathlike, often without blade or sometimes with blade, 15–40 cm × 1–2 mm, shorter than scape. Staminate part of spikes 3–8 cm, without hair on axis, with 1 deciduous bracts at base; pistillate part of spikes distinctly separated from staminate part, 1.6–4.5 cm long, with bract at base; stamens 1, rarely 2 or 3; anthers ca. 1.5 mm; female flowers with bracteoles; ovary fusiformis; stalk slender, ca. 4 mm; styles ca. 0.5 mm; stigmas linear, ca. 0.5 mm; hairs on stalk swelling at tip, shorter than stigmas. Fruit elliptical. Fl. and fr. May–Aug.
In shallow water of ponds and rivers. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang [Pakistan, Russia; N Asia, Europe].
球序香蒲 qiu xu xiang pu
Stems slender, 70–80 cm tall. Leaves dimorphic, sheathlike leaves 4–12 cm; linear leaves 40–45 cm × 1–2 mm, convex on abaxial side, transverse section semicircular. Staminate part of spikes 4–5 cm, without hairs on axis, with 1 deciduous bracts at base; pistillate part of spikes separated from staminate part, 2.5–4.5 cm long, with a deciduous bract at base; stamens 1; anthers ca. 1.5 mm; female flowers with bracteoles; ovary elliptical; styles ca. 0.6 mm; stigmas linear, ca. 0.8 mm; hairs on stalk as long as style. Fruit elliptical. Fl. and fr. May–Sep.
In ponds, streams and swamps. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [C Asia].
短序香蒲 duan xu xiang pu
Stems slender, 45–70 cm tall. Leaves dimorphic; sheathlike leaves basal, 4–9 cm; linear leaves 2–4, 50–75 cm × 2–4 mm, slightly longer than scape, convex on abaxial side, transverse section semicircular. Staminate part of spikes 3–6 cm, axis hairy, with 1 bracts; pistillate part of spikes separated from staminate part, 1.5–3 cm long, 1–1.5 cm in diam.; stamens 1; anthers ca. 1.2 mm; female flowers with small, brown bracteoles; ovary fusiformis to elliptical; stalk 2.5–4 mm; styles slender, ca. 0.5 mm; stigmas lanceolate, ca. 0.7 mm; hairs on stalk swelling at tip, shorter than style. Fruit elliptical. Fl. and fr. May–Aug.
In side of channels, swamps and wetlands. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Xinjiang [N Asia, Europe].
??earlier homonyms: Typha gracilis Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 9: 2. 1847; Typha gracilis Rafinesque, New Fl. 2: 91. 1837 [?validly published].