黑三棱科 hei san leng ke
Sun Kun (孙坤)[1]; David A. Simpson[2]
Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs with creeping rhizomes. Stems simple or branched, robust or slender. Leaves alternate, distichous, emergent or floating, sheathing at base. Flowers unisexual, monoecious, minute, densely crowded in globose heads on upper part of stems and branches; several staminate and pistillate heads in panicle, raceme or spike; staminate heads borne above pistillate; perianth segments of 36 chaffy elongate scales; staminate flowers with 3 or more stamens; anthers basifixed, longitudinally dehiscent; filaments free or partly united; pistillate flowers bracteolate; ovary 1-celled or rarely 2-celled, narrow at base; styles simple or forked, with a unilateral stigma; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit nutlike, indehiscent. Seeds with thin testa.
One genus and about 19 species: mainly in temperate and cool regions of the world, best represented in N hemisphere; 11 species (three endemic) in China.
黑三棱属 hei san leng shu
Morphological characters and geographical distribution are the same as those of the family.
1a. Stems floating or slightly prostate in water; leaves usually floating, flattened.
2a. Stems stout, 1.31.5 m tall; leaves ca. 10 mm wide;
staminate heads 810
............................................................................................................ 8.
S. yunnanense
2b. Stems slender, less than 70 cm tall; leaves 24 mm wide; staminate heads 14.
3a. Styles absent or inconspicuous; fruit broadly obovate ..................... 11. S. hyperboreum
3b. Styles conspicuous; fruit fusiformis, elliptical or lanceolate.
4a. Stems floating, more than 20 cm long; staminate heads 24 ......... 9. S. angustifolium
4b. Stems slightly prostate or rarely erect, less than 20 cm long; staminate heads 12 10. S. minimum
1b. Stems erect; leaves aerial, not flattened.
5a. Inflorescences paniculate, with conspicuous lateral branches bearing staminate and pistillate heads; ovary sessile.
6a. Panicles with 37 lateral branches; stigmas 34 mm long ................... 1. S. stoloniferum
6b. Panicles with 1(2) lateral branches; stigmas less than 2 mm.
7a. Leaves 23 mm wide; main axis and lateral branch of panicles not zigzag; styles ca. 0.5 mm 2. S. stenophyllum
7b. Leaves 45 mm wide; main axis and lateral branch of panicles usually zigzag; styles 11.5 mm 3. S. limosum
5b. Inflorescences racemose or spicate, degenerated to one pistillate heads or completely degenerated; ovary with short stalk.
8a. Inflorescences spicate; perianth segments lobate to parted ..................... 7. S. confertum
8b. Inflorescences racemose; perianth segments serrate-lobate to lobate.
9a. Axis of racemes curved; ovary attenuate toward base and forming a inconspicuous stalk 4. S. fallax
9b. Axis of racemes not curved; ovary with a conspicuous stalk.
10a. Staminate heads 48, distinctly separated from pistillate ones; stigmas 1.51.8 mm 5. S. simplex
10b. Staminate heads 13, not separated from pistillate ones; stigmas ca. 0.5 mm 6. S. glomeratum
黑三棱 hei san leng
Stems erect, robust, 70120 cm tall or more, emersed. Leaves (20)4090 Χ 0.71.6 cm, upper flattened, lower keeled or trigonous on abaxial side. Panicles 2060 cm long, with 37 lateral branches, each with 711 staminate and 12 pistillate heads; main axis consisting of 35 or more staminate heads. Perianth segments of male flowers spathulate, lobate at apex; filaments ca. 3 mm; anthers obconical, 11.2 Χ 0.5 mm; perianth segments of female flowers 57 Χ 11.5 mm; ovary sessile; styles forked or simple, ca. 1.5 mm; stigmas 34 mm. Fruit obconical, 69 mm long, ribbed. Fl. and fr. MayOct.
In lakes, streams, swamps and ponds, up to ca. 3600 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, C Asia, Japan, Korea, Russia].
1a. Diagnosis ................................................................................................ 1a. subsp. stoloniferum
1b. Panicles 815 cm, each branch with only 1 staminate head; anthers ca. 0.5 mm; fruit ca. 3.5 mm 1a. subsp. choui
黑三棱(原亚种) hei san leng (yuan ya zhong)
Sparganium ramosum Hudson subsp. stoloniferum Graebner in Engler, Pflanzenr. 2(IV.10): 14. 1900; S. arcuscaulis D. Yu & G. T. Yang; S. multiporcatum D. Yu.
Diagnosis.
Lakes, ponds, swamps, streams; below 3600 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Japan, Korea, Russia; C Asia].
Some specimens from Heilongjiang were respectively described as S. multiporcatum D. Yu (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 11(2): 20. 1991) and S. arcuscaulis D. Yu & G. T. Yang (loc. cit.: 37), distinguished either for the female flowers with perianth segments slightly lobate, stigmas 1.52 mm long, or for the stems arcuate at the upper part, fruits slightly small. They represent local variant individuals rather than distinct taxa.
周氏黑三棱 zhou shi hei san leng
Basionym: Sparganium choui D. Yu, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 12: 257. 1992.
Panicles 815 cm long, each branch with only one staminate heads; anthers ca. 0.5 mm; fruit ca. 3.5 mm.
* Nei Mongol.
狭叶黑三棱 xia ye hei san leng
Stems erect, slender, 2036 cm tall. Leaves 2535 cm Χ 23 mm, upper flattened, lower keeled or trigonous on abaxial side. Panicles 715 cm long, main axis consisting of 57 staminate heads and 23 pistillate heads, usually with 1 lateral branch at base; lateral branch 58 cm, with 23 staminate and 12 pistillate heads. Perianth segments of male flowers spathulate, ca. 2 mm, lobate at apex; filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1 Χ 0.3 mm; perianth segments of female flowers spathulate, ca. 2 mm, lobate at apex; ovary sessile; styles ca. 0.5 mm; stigmas unilateral, ca. 1.5 mm. Fruit obovate, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
Shallow water of lakes, swamps, and streams. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia].
沼生黑三棱 zhao sheng hei san leng
Stems erect, 3357 cm tall, emersed. Leaves erect, 5070 cm Χ 45 mm, upper flattened, lower keeled or trigonous on abaxial side. Panicles 716 cm long, with 1 lateral branch at base, main axis and lateral branch usually zigzag; main axis with 58 staminate heads and 23 pistillate heads; lateral branch with 3(5) staminate and 1 pistillate heads. Perianth segments of male flowers ca. 1.5 Χ 0.2 mm; filaments 34 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1 Χ 0.2 mm; perianth segments of female flowers 1.72.5 Χ ca. 1 mm, serrate-lobate at apex; ovary sessile; styles 11.5 mm; stigmas linear, 11.2 mm. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
* Swamps; ca. 1800 m. NW Yunnan (Gaoligong Shan).
曲轴黑三棱 qu zhou hei san leng
Stems erect, 4055(80) cm tall, emersed. Leaves 4565 cm Χ 410 mm, upper flattened, lower keeled or trigonous on abaxial side. Racemes 1517 cm long, lower curved; staminate heads 47, distinctly separated from pistillate ones; pistillate heads 34(7), relatively widely separated, sessile or the lowest pedunculate. Perianth segments of male flowers linear, 22.5 mm long, serrate-lobate at aex; filaments 34.5 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1.5 Χ 0.4 mm; perianth segments of female flowers broadly spathulate, ca. 3 Χ 11.5 mm, serrate-lobate at aex; ovary attenuate toward base; styles short; stigmas 1.52 mm. Fruit broadly fusiformis, 56 mm. Fl. and fr. JunOct.
Shallow water of lakes, ponds, swamps, and streams. Fujian, Guizhou, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Myanmar].
小黑三棱 xiao hei san leng
Stems erect, slender, 3070 cm tall, emersed. Leaves 4080 cm long, aerial or floating, lower keeled on abaxial side. Racemes 1020 cm long; staminate heads 48, distinctly separated from pistillate ones; pistillate heads 34, relatively widely separated, sessile or the lowest 12 pedunculate. Perianth segments of male flowers linear or spathulate, 22.5 mm long, lobate at apex; filaments ca. 4 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1.6 Χ 0.4 mm; perianth segments of female flowers spathulate, ca. 3.5 mm, lobate at apex; ovary with short stalk; styles ca. 1 mm; stigmas 1.51.8 mm. Fruit fusiformis. 2n = 30. Fl. and fr. JunOct.
Margins of lakes, swamps, and streams. Gansu, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Japan, Russia; and elsewhere too, surely??].
短序黑三棱 duan xu hei san leng
Sparganium manshuricum D. Yu.
Stems erect, 2050 cm tall, emersed. Leaves 3056 cm long, lower keeled or trigonous on abaxial side. Racemes 615 cm long; staminate heads 13, not separated from pistillate ones; pistillate heads 34(8), relatively near to each other, lowest one pedunculate. Perianth segments of male flowers ca. 1.5 mm long, serrate-lobate at apex; filaments 33.5 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm; perianth segments of female flowers 22.5 mm, lobate at apex; ovary fusiformis, with short stalk; styles short; stigmas ca. 0.5 mm. Fruit broadly fusiformis, ca. 3 mm. 2n = 30. Fl. and fr. JunSep.
Margins of lakes, swamps, and slow-moving rivers. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Xizang, Yunnan [Japan, Russia; Europe].
A specimen with 7 or 8 pistillate heads and larger flowers from Heilongjiang, which was described as Sarganium manshuricum by D. Yu (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 12: 255. 1992) mainly according to some quantitative characters, perhaps represents a local variant suite of specimen rather than a distinct taxon.
穗状黑三棱 sui zhuang hei san leng
Stems erect, 1545 cm tall, emersed. Leaves 2555 cm Χ 35 mm lower keeled on abaxial side. Spikes with many densely arranged heads, 611 cm long; staminate heads (6)812, deciduous; pistillate heads 13, sessile or rarely lowest one sterile, pedunculate. Perianth segments of female flowers broadly 35 Χ ca. 1.5 mm, lobate to parted at apex; ovary ellipitical, with stalk 1.52 mm long; styles ca. 1 mm; stigmas unilateral, 11.5 mm long. Fruit 45 mm. Fl. and fr. SepOct.
* Shallow water of rivers, swamps, and ponds; ca. 3100 m. NW Yunnan (Gaoligong Shan).
云南黑三棱 yun nan hei san leng
Stems stout, 1.31.5 m long, floating. Leaves floating, ca. 1.5 m Χ ca. 1 cm, flattened, spongy, lower slightly convex on abaxial side. Racemes 2035 cm long, lower curved?; staminate heads 810; pistillate heads 34(7), sessile or lowest 12 pedunculate. Perianth segments of male flowers spathulate, 33.5 mm long; filaments 34 mm; anthers linear, ca. 2 mm; perianth segments of female flowers white, spathulate, 45 mm, lobate at apex; ovary fusiformis, attenuate toward base; styles ca. 1.5 mm; stigmas oblong to ovate, 1.52 mm, lacerous or forked. Fl. and fr. MaySep.
* About 1500 m. SW Yunnan (Menghai).
线叶黑三棱 xian ye hei san leng
Stems slender, 3050 cm long, floating. Leaves floating, 2540 cm Χ ca. 4 mm, flattened. Racemes 616 cm long; staminate heads 24; pistillate heads 24, relatively widely seperated, sessile or lowest 12 pedunculate. Perianth segments of male flowers spathulate to obtriangular; filaments ca. 5 mm; anthers elliptical, 11.2 Χ ca. 0.5 mm; perianth segments of female flowers linear to spathulate, serrate-lobate to parted; ovary fusiformis, attenuate toward base and forming a short stalk; styles ca. 2 mm; stigmas long-elliptical. Fruit fusiformis to elliptical, ca. 4 mm. 2n = 30. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Lakes, streams, swamps; above 1500 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Xinjiang [Japan [elsewhere in N Asia??]; Europe, North America].
矮黑三棱 ai hei san leng
Stems slightly prostate or rarely erect, slender, 1.520 cm long. Leaves aerial or floating, 2025 cm Χ ca. 4 mm, flattened. Spikes or racemes 23.5 cm long; staminate heads 1(2); pistillate heads 2(3), lowest one sometimes pedunculate. Perianth segments of male flowers ca. 1.5 mm, lobate at apex; filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm; perianth segments of female flowers spathulate, ca. 2 mm, lobate to parted at apex; ovary lanceolate, with or without short stalk; styles short; stigmas ca. 1 mm. Fruit broadly lanceolate. 2n = 30. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Below 3500 m. Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Sichuan [Russia; Europe, North America].
The specimens described as Sparganium amplexicaulium D. Yu (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 12: 257. 1992) and S. tenuicaule D. Yu & L. H. Liu (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 11(2): 19. 1991) are similar to this species. Because the two species were mainly described according some quantitative characters and based on only one specimen respecimen, respectively, their taxonomic position need to be further studied.
无柱黑三棱 ?? ?? hei san leng
Stems slender, 3050 cm long or more, floating. Leaves floating, 3040 cm Χ 13 mm, transverse section semilunate. Racemes 57 cm long, axis straight; staminate heads 12, smaller; pistillate heads 23, lowest one pedunculate. Perianth segments of male flowers 22.5 mm long, attenuate toward base; filaments short; anthers oblong, ca. 1 Χ 0.5 mm; perianth segments of female flowers linear to obtriangular, ca. 1.5 Χ 11.3 mm, serrate-lobate at apex; ovary elliptical; styles absent or inconspicuous; stigmas elliptical, ca. 1 mm. Fruit broadly obovate, ca. 4 mm. 2n = 30.
Lakes, ponds, swamps; ca. 1500 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin [Japan, Russia; Europe, North America].