Cyperaceae: Cyperoideae [Draft]

Cyperaceae: Cyperoideae [Draft]

12. Fimbristylis Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 285. 1805, nom. conserv.

飘拂草属 piao fu cao shu

Cyperus subgen. Iria L. C. Rich. ex Pers.; Iria (L. C. Rich.) Hedwig; Iriha O. Ktze.

Small to medium annual or perennial herbs, sometimes rhizomatous. Culms usually tufted, slender, 3- or 5-angled or flattened. Leaves basal, sometimes reduced to bladeless sheaths; blades linear to filiform, usually dorsiventral and canaliculated, often cellular-reticulate on upper surface, rarely ensiform; ligules if present membranous or of a fringe of pubescence. Inflorescence terminal, simple to decompound, rarely capitate or a single terminal spikelet. Spikelets solitary or fascicled, ovoid, ellipsoid or subglobose, terete or flattened, bearing several to many flowers; glumes spirally arranged or lower ones or all distichous. Flowers bisexual, without hypogynous bristles; stamens 1-3; style-base enlarged, not persistent on achene. Achenes biconvex or trigonous, the surface reticulate or verruciferous, or with both reticulation and verrucae, sometimes stipitate.

Over 200 species worldwide, mostly subtropical and tropical with the center of distribution in SE Asia. 55 species in China.

1a. Spikelets more or less compressed, at least glumes on lower part distichous; stigmas 3 (Sect. 4. Abildgaadia (Vahl) Bentham).

2a. Spikelet single, terminal; involucral bracts glume-like (Ser. 18. Abildgaardia).

3a. Achenes verruculose, stipes less than 0.5 mm; leaf blades 0.5-1 mm wide -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54. F. ovata (monostachya)

3b. Achenes with few verrucae, stipes more than 1 mm; leaf blades narrower, ca. 0.5 mm wide --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55. F. longistipitata

2b. Spikelets 2 to several; bracts leafy, setaceous, or very rarely glume-like.

4a. Glumes glabrous, not gland-dotted (Ser. 16. Fuscae Ohwi).

5a. Achenes larger, 1-1.2 mm; spikelets often paired or fascicled rarely solitory at the apex of inflorescence rays; glumes sometimes inconspicuously distichous ----------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47. F. nigrobrunnea

5b. Achenes smaller, 0.7-0.9 mm; spikelets solitory.

6a. Glumes yellowish brown; spikelets 6-10 mm; the lowest bract less than twice as long as spikelet -------------------------------------------------------- 48. F. eragrostis

6b. Glumes reddish brown; spikelets 3-6 mm; the lowest bract more than 3 times as long as spikelet ----------------------------------- 49. F. disticha (=F. rufoglumosa?)

4b. Glumes hairy or gland-dotted.

7a. Glumes densely gland-dotted, glabrous; spikelets bearing 2 or 3 flowers; rays and raylets very slender, glabrous.

8a. Leaf blades hairy on both surfaces, ligule absent; bracts surpassing inflorescence ----------------------------------------------------- 50. F. nanningensis

8b. Leaf blades glabrous, ligule a fringe of short white hairs; bracts shorter than inflorescence ------------------------------------------------ 51. F. cinnamometorum

7b. Glumes not gland-dotted, hairy; spikelets with more than 3 flowers; rays and raylets thicker, hairy.

9a. Culm usually 20-40 cm; anthelae compound; flowering glumes 4-5 mm; achene attenuate to base, nearly sessile; style 4-5 mm ------------- 52. F. fusca

9b. Culm 5-13 cm; anthelae simple, rarely compound; flowering glumes 3 mm; achene truncate at base, short-stipitate; style 2 mm ----------- 53. F. nanofusca

1b. Spikelets cylindrical, terete; all glumes spirally arranged.

10a. Spikelet solitary, terminal; bracts glume-like; with bladeless sheaths only (Sect. 3. Fimbristylis).

11a. Achenes narrowly oblong, the surface with hexagonal reticulaton, the base with a stipe ca. 0.75 mm; style compressed, ciliate; glume rounded at apex, many-veined; culms tetragonal (Ser. 13. Mischospora (Boeck.) Tang et Wang) -------------- 43. F. tetragona

11b. Achene broadly obovoid, nearly sessile.

12a. Stigmas 3; spikelets narrowly oblong or clavate-oblong, smaller, 3.5-4.5 x 1-1.5 mm; glumes pale, oblong or oblong-ovate, apex blunt, not apiculate; achenes white, with scattered verrucae and nearly hexagonal reticulation (Ser. 14. Hainanenses Tang et Wang) ------------------------------------------- 44 F. pauciflora

12b. Stigmas 2; spikelets ovoid, rarely ovate-lanceolate, larger, 6-15 x 2-6 mm; glumes brown or pale green with brown speckles, apiculate; achenes yellowish white, with transverse ripples or with verrucae on margins (Ser. 15. Fimbristylis).

13a. Spikelets slightly nodding; glumes brown; achenes with both transverse ripples and verrucae ------------------------------------------------- 45. F. nutans

13b. Spikelets erect; glumes pale green, sometimes with brown speckles; achenes with transverse ripples but without verrucae ----- 46. F. acuminata

10b. Spikelets 2-many, rarely solitary; bracts not glume-like; leaf blade present.

14a. Stigmas 2, styles compressed, ciliate at upper part (only in F. merrillii not ciliate) (Sect. 2. Dichelostylis Benth. ).

15a. Spikelets angular because of the keeled glumes; without rhizomes.

16a. Style base with sparse long hairs covering the top of achene; achenes nearly smooth (Ser. 11. Pogonostylis (Bertol.) Tang et Wang).

17a. Midvein of glume projecting into often excurved awn 1-1.8 mm hence spikelets squarrose ------------------------------------------- 37. F. squarrosa

17b. Midvein of glume ending in a mucron at glume apex, hence spikelets not squarrose ------------------------------------------------ 38. F. makinoana

16b. Style base without hair (Ser. 12. Bisumbellata Tang et Wang).

18a. Glumes pale brown; achenes larger, ca. 1 mm; leaf blades up to 1 mm wide ---------------------------------------------------------- 42. F. gracilenta

18b. Glumes brown; achenes small, ca. 0.75 mm.

19a. Achenes obovoid, nearly smooth, with unconspicuous hexagonal reticulation; leaf blades less than 1 mm wide ------ 41. F. aestivalis

19b. Achenes broadly obovoid, with prominent transverse oblong reticulation; leaf blades 0.7-1.5 mm wide.

20a. Style ciliate on upper part ------------------- 39. F. bisumbellata

20b. Style not ciliate ------------------------------------- 40. F. merrillii

15b. Spikelets terete, not angular, usually much larger.

21a. Spikelets 1 or 2, rarely 3.

22a. Achenes grayish black, obovoid, with transversely oblong reticulation and verrucae, stipes extremely short; growing in sandy places; glumes yellow or grayish white (Ser. 10. Polytrichoides Tang et Wang) ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------- 36. F. polytrichoides

22b. Achenes yellowish white or brown, broadly obovoid, with hexagonal reticulation; not growing in sandy places (Ser. 9. Schoenoides Tang et Wang).

23a. Glume width longer than or nearly equaling the length, yellowish white; achenes yellowish white, with short yellowish white stipe --------------------------------------------------------- 34. F. schoenoides

23b. Glume width shorter than length, brown; mature achenes brown, with brown stipe ----------------------------------- 35. F. subbispicata

21b. Spikelets several to many (in F. ferruginea sometimes with only 1-3 spikelets, but glumes only 1-veined, culm base with leafless sheaths).

24a. Spikelets linear-oblong, rarely narrowly lanceolate; achenes with linear-oblong reticulation; without rhizome (Ser. 8. Hookerianae Tang et Wang).

25a. Spikelet single, inflorescence rays slender; glumes grayish green - ----------------------------------------------------------------- 32. F. fordii

25b. Spikelets digitately fasciated seldom single, inflorescence rays robust; glumes straw yellow ----------------------- 33. F. hookeriana

24b. Spikelets ovoid, rarely oblong or ellipsoid (Ser. 6. Dichotomae Ohwi).

26a. Stoloniferous; achenes 1.3 mm, with horizontally oblong reticulation, vertical ribs not obvious ------------- 30. F. stolonifera

26b. Not stoloniferous; achenes with hexagonal reticulation (F. dichotoma with oblong reticulation, but vertical ribs obvious. In F. ferruginea reticulation not obvious).

27a. Culm base with leafless sheaths; glumes 1-veined, upper part pubescent abaxially; leaf blade 1 mm wide; achenes almost smooth (Ser. 7. Ferrugineae Tang et Wang) ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ 31. F. ferruginea

27b. Culm base without leafless sheaths; glume with 3 or more veins, glabrous abaxially; leafblades more than 1 mm wide.

28a. Inflorescence inclined to nodding --------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- 29. F. subinclinata

28b. Inflorescence erect.

29a. Rhizome woody, horizontally elongated; culm base usually with old sheaths; glumes several-veined; leaf sheaths and blades pubescent ---------- 28. F. rigidula

29b. Rhizomes not prominent; glumes with 3 veins.

30a. Achenes with transversely oblong reticulation, vertical ribs obvious or not, with short brown stipes at base.

31a. Achenes with obvious vertical ribs, not verruculose ---------------- 24. F. dichotoma

31b. Achenes without vertical ribs, sparsely verruculose --------------- 25. F. shimadana

30b. Achenes with hexagonal reticulation, without obvious vertical ribs.

32a. Plants pilose except spikelets; achenes with short brown stipes ----------------------- ------------------------- 26. F. dichotomoides

32b. Plants glabrous; achenes not stipitate ------- ------------------------------- 27. F. longispica

14b. Stigmas 3, rarely 2, style not compressed or rarely slightly compressed, not ciliate on upper part [Sect. 1. Trichelostylis (Lest.) Benth.].

33a. Lower part of culms with 1-3 leafless sheaths, sheaths cylindrical or compressed (Ser. 5. Miliaceae Ohwi).

34a. Leafblades compressed bilaterally, ensiform; sheaths compressed; bracts setaceous, basal part broader; spikelets spherical or nearly spherical, 1.5-5 mm; glumes ovate and blunt, 1mm; stigmas 3 ----------------- 16. F. miliacea

34b. Leafblades dorsivebtrally flattened, canaliculate; sheaths tubular.

35a. Leaves reduce to bladeless sheaths ---------- 18. F. salbundia (really in China?)

35b. Leaves bladed.

36a. Culms trigonous to subterete -------------------------- 23. F. umbellaris

36b. Culms 4-5-angular to subterete.

37a. Anthelae simple or nearly compound (rarely reduced to a single spikelet); glumes without dark brown line; spikelets more or less obtuse.

38a. Culm leaves present; bracts setaceous, broader at lower part; anthelae with many spikelets -------------- 21. F. diphylloides

38b. Culm without normal leaves, but vegetative shoots with bladed leaves; bracts lanceolate, with brown membranous margins; anthelae with fewer spikelets or with only one spikelet ------------------- 22. F. globulosa (culms trigonous?)

37b. Anthelae usually compound; each side of glume with 2 or 1 dark brown lines; spikelets subacute.

39a. Achenes larger, more than 1 mm; spikelets usually larger, 3-7 mm --------------------------------------------- 17. F. aphylla

39b. Achenes smaller, 0.5-0.8 mm; spikelets usually smaller, 2-3(-5) mm.

40a. Ligule absent; achenes obovate; stamens 1, rarely 2 ----- --------------------------------------- 19. F. quinquangularis

40b. Ligule a fringe of pubescence; achenes broadly obovate; stamens 3 ----------------------------- 20. F. chingmaiensis

33b. Culm leaves bladed.

41a. Culms tufted; without rhizomes.

42a. Achenes oblong; stigmas 3 [Ser. 1. Echinolytrum (Desv.) Tang et Wang].

43a. Glumes ferrugineous; achenes not papillate -------------- 3. F. stauntoni

43b. Glumes yellowish-green; achenes papillate laterally, papillae deciduous later.

44a. Mucro of glumes short and straight; achenes cylindric ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------- 1. F. verrucifera

44b. Mucro of glumes long and excurved; achenes compressed ------- -------------------------------------------------------------- 2. F. dipsacea

42b. Achenes obovoid; glumes normaly yellowish-green; stigmas 2-3 (Ser. 2. Autumnales Ohwi).

45a. Stigmas 2; bract longer than inflorescence ------------------ 6. F. henryi

45b. Stigmas 3; bract shorter than inflorescence.

46a. Achenes broadly obovoid -------------------- 4. F. wukungshanensis

46b. Achenes obovoid ------------------------------------- 5. F. microcarya

41b. Rhizomes short or stoloniferous.

47a. Achenes yellowish-white; stigmas 3 (Ser. 3. Complanata Tang et Wang).

48a. Glumes densely gland-dotted, margins fimbtiate-ciliate, often emarginate at apex -------------------------------------- 14. F. leptoclada

48b. Glumes not gland-dotted, margins not fimbtiate-ciliate, the apex not emarginate.

49a. Stoloniferous; bracts subulate or glume-like --------- 9. F. pierotii

49b. Not stoloniferous; bracts leaflike.

50a. Leaf sheaths not compressed; glumes 5-7-veined, keeled on back; achenes oblong-obovoid, c. 2 mm ----------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ 7. F. thomsonii

50b. Leaf sheaths compressed; glumes 1-veined, sharply keeled on back; achenes obovoid or broadly obovoid, c. 1.5 mm --- --------------------------------------------------- 8. F. complanata

47b. Achenes purplish-black; stigmas 2-3; without ligule (Ser. 4. Cymosae Ohwi).

51a. Whole plant covered with dense white silky hairs; rhizomes elongated, branched ------------------------------------------------------ 12. F. sericea

51b. Plant glabrous; rhizomes short, not branched.

52a. Spikelets 10-20 mm; style trigonous, stigmas 3 ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------ 13. F. insignis

52b. Spikelets 3-10 mm; style slightly flat or flat, stigmas 2 or 3.

53a. Glumes larger, 4.5 mm, apiculate; spikelets 6-10 x 2.5-4 mm; stigmas 2 ------------------------------ 15. F. psammocola

53b. Glumes smaller, 1.25-2 mm, blunt at apex; spikelets 3-6 x 1.5-2.5 mm.

54a. Achenes trigonous, rarely biconvex; stigmas 3, rarely 2; many spikelets congested together -------- 10. F. cymosa

54b. Achenes biconvex, rarely triangular; stigma 2, rarely 3; spikelets solitary or a few fascicled ---- 11. F. spathacea

1. Fimbristylis verrucifera (Maximowicz) Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 9: 259. 1895. (=F. dipsacea?)

疣果飘拂草 you guo piao fu cao

Isolepis verrucifera Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 300. 1859; Scirpus verruciferus (Maximowicz) Meinshausen.

Culms densely tufted without rhizome, slender, smooth. Leaves much shorter than culms, capillaceous, soft, involute or nearly flat, 30-50 x 0.25-0.5 mm; sheaths rusty-brown, glabrous, thinly membranous, mouth obliquely split. Bracts 3-10, setaceous, the lowest 1-2 bracts sometimes slightly surpassing the inflorescence; anthelae simple or nearly compound, with fewer to numerous spikelets, rays 3-10, unequal, slender, spreading; spikelets solitary, rarely 2 clustered, oblong or oblong-ovate, 3-6 x 2-2.5 mm, many-flowered; glumes oblong or oblong-ovate, thinly membranous, pale white or pale straw yellow, blunt at apex, with a straight mucro, with green keel abaxially, 1-veined, 1 mm (excluding the mucro), mucro 0.25-0.3 mm; stamen 1, anther lanceolate, apiculate; style white, slightly thickened at base, stigmas 2. Achenes oblong, shinning, brown, nearly truncate at base, with slender stipes, surface with transversely hexagonal reticulation or nearly linear horizontal lines.

Heilongjiang, Hunan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia].

2. Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottböll) C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India. 6: 635. 1893.

起绒飘拂草 qi rong piao fu cao

Scirpus dipsaceus Rottboll, Descr. Icon. Rar. Nov. Pl. 56, t. 12, f. 1. 1773.

Culms tufted without rhizome, glabrous, 2.5-15 cm. Leaves often as long as or shorter than culms, capillaceous. Bracts several, capillaceous, usually surpassing the inflorescence; anthelae simple or nearly compound, 2-7.5 cm in diameter, with 4-10 spikelets; spikelets nearly globose, 3-6 mm in diameter; glumes elliptic, pale white, with green keels abaxially, 1-veined, with excurved long awns at apex; stamen 1-2, anther oblong, blunt at apex; young ovary often with papillae laterally, style slender, glabrous, stigmas 2. Achenes narrowly oblong, compressed, slightly shorter than glumes, pale brown, with stipitate papillae laterally, papillae deciduous.

Guangxi, Hainan (according to literature also in Guangdong and Yunnan) [Africa, E Himalayas, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka].

3. Fimbristylis stauntoni Debeaux et Franchet in Acta Soc. Linn. Bord. 31: 31, t. 3. 1877.

烟台飘拂草 yan tai piao fu cao

Culms tufted without rhizome, flatly trigonous, 4-40 cm, striate, glabrous, erect, rarely curved, with fewer leaves at base. Leaves shorter than culms, flat, glabrous, attenuate, acute at apex, 1-2.5 mm wide; sheaths membranous adaxially, mouth obliquely split, pale brown, 0.5-7 cm, ligules very short, truncate, ciliate. Bracts 2-3, leafy, slightly longer or shorter than the inflorescence; bractlets subulate or glume-like, dilated at base, awned; anthelae simple or compound, 1-7 x 1.5-7 cm, with fewer rays; rays more or less spreading, slender, 1-7 cm; spikelets solitary, broadly ovate or oblong, acute, obtuse or round at apex, cuneate at base, 3-7 x 1.5-2.5 mm, many-flowered; glumes membranous, oblong-lanceolate, rusty, with green keels abaxially, 1-veined, mucronate, mucro not excurved; stamen 1, anther ca. 0.4 mm, apiculate; style nearly cylindrical, glabrous, slightly inflated to spherical at base, stigmas 2-3. Achenes oblong, nearly cylindrical, yellowish white, 1 mm, with transversely oblong reticulation.

Farming fields, wet sandy places, among grasses; 0-660 m. Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

4. Fimbristylis wukungshanensis Tang et Wang in Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 11: 226. 1961.

武功山飘拂草 wu gong shan piao fu cao

Rhizome absent. Culms tufted, trigonous, short, 5.5-11.5 cm, striate, glabrous, with 1-2 leaves at base. Leaves shorter than culms, flat, 1-2 mm wide, glabrous, attenuate to acute at apex, sheaths 7-11 mm, membranous and rusty adaxially, obliquely split, ligules truncate, ciliate. Bracts 2-3, leafy, shorter than inflorescence; bractlets subulate, broader at base, membranous; anthelae simple or compound, 1.5-4.5 x 0.5-3 cm; rays 3-4, spreading, slender, 6-22 mm; spikelet solitary, ovate or nearly ovate, acute at apex, 3-4 x 1-1.2 mm, 7-8-flowered; glumes ovate-lanceolate, pale brownish yellow, broadly hyaline at margins, with green keels abaxially, 3-veined, mucronate, 1.7-2 mm (including mucro); stamen 1, anther oblong, apiculate, 0.5 mm, 4-5 times shorter than filament; style base inflated to conical, stigmas 3, 1/3 length of style. Achenes broadly obovate, trigonous, pale yellow, less than 1 mm, sparsely verruculose.

Watersider on slopes; 600m. Jiangxi (Wugongshan, Pinxiang Xian). .

5. Fimbristylis microcarya F. Muell, Fragm. 1: 200. 1859.

台北飘拂草 tai bei piao fu cao

Annual; culms densely tufted, 100-300 x 0.7-1.3 mm, flatly trigonous, smooth. Leaves basal, few; blades linear, flat, 1.5-5 mm wide, up to 18 cm long, scabrid on upper margins; sheaths light straw-colored to pale brown; ligule a fringe of hairs. Inflorescence decompound, loose, 3-6 x 3-6 cm; involucral bracts 3-4, lowest leafy, to 4 cm long; primary branches 2-5, unequal, 1-5 cm long, scabrous above. Spikelets numerous, solitary, lanceolate, 2-4 x 1-1.2 mm, acute, slightly angular, subloosely 5-10-flowered, rusty-brown. Glumes numerous, spiral, ovate, 1-2 mm, mucronate, membranous, light rusty-brown with pale brownish margins, keeled, 3-nerved. Stamens 1-2, anthers 0.2-0.3 mm long. Style triquetrous, glabrous, dilated at base; stigmas 3. Achenes obovate, 0.5-0.7 x 0.3-0.4 mm, subsessile, light straw-colored, smoothish or with scattered verrucae, slightly cancellate with transversely oblong cells.

1a. Leaf blades 1.5-2.5 mm wide; glumes 1-1.2 mm ------------------------------- 5a. var. microcarya

1b. Leaf blades 3-5 mm wide; glumes 1.5-2 mm ------------------------------------ 5a. var. tainanensis

5a. var. microcarya

台北飘拂草（原变种） tai bei piao fu cao (yuan bian zhong)

Fimbristylis taiwanica Ohwi; F. autumnalis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes subsp. taiwanica (Ohwi) T. Koyama.

Leaf blades 1.5-2.5 mm wide; glumes 1-1.2 mm.

Open wet places. Taiwan [Australia, India, Malesia].

5b. var. tainanensis (Ohwi) H. Y. Liu in Fl. Taiwan, 2^nd ed. 5: 272. 2000.

台南飘拂草（变种） tai nan piao fu cao (bian zhong)

Fimbristylis tainanensis Ohwi in Journ. Jap. Bot. 14: 547. 1938; F. autumnalis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes subsp. tainanensis (Ohwi) T. Koyama.

Leaf blades 3-5 mm wide; glumes 1.5-2 mm.

Open wet places. Taiwan (endemic).

6. Fimbristylis henryi C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 34: 237. 1903.

宜昌飘拂草 yi chang piao fu cao

Fimbristylis unicolor Ohwi et T. Koyama.

Culms tufted without rhizome, trigonous, 3-20 cm, striate, glabrous, with ca. 2 leaves at base. Leaves longer than culms, 1-3 mm wide, flat, glabrous, attenuate, acute; sheaths1-3.5 cm, membranous adaxially, mouth obliquely split, rusty; ligule truncate, ciliate. Bracts leafy, 2-3, rarely 4, longer or shorter than inflorescence; bractlets subulate, broad at lower part, membranous at margins; anthelae simple, compound or decompound, 1-5 cm in diameter; rays 2-4, 0.5-3 cm; spikelets solitary, narrowly oblong or narrowly elliptic, rarely ovate, obtuse or nearly acute, 3-8 x 1-1.5 mm, with 8-10 or more flowers; glumes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm (including mucro)，yellowish green or pale brown, broadly hyaline at margins, with green keels abaxially, 3-veined; stamen 1, anther oblong, apiculate, 0.5 mm, about 1/4-1/5 length of filament; style inflated at base to conical, stigmas 2, 1/2 length of style. Achenes elliptic-obovate, obovate or elliptic, flat-convex, pale yellow, less than 1 mm, surface with transversely oblong reticulation, not verruculose. Fl. and fr. Aug-Nov.

Farming fields, on rocks, marshes, riversides; 130-2000m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

7. Fimbristylis thomsonii Boeckeler in Linnaea, 37: 37. 1871.

西南飘拂草 xi nan piao fu cao

Rhizome short. Culms tufted, flatly and obtusely trigonous, (11-) 25-70 cm, striate, with many leaves at base. Leaves slightly shorter than culms or 1/4-1/2 length of culms, 2-4.5 mm wide, flat, stiff, finely toothed at margins, apex acute; sheaths brown, membranous and rusty brown adaxially, apex truncate. Leafy bracts 2-3, much shorter than inflorescence; bractlets subulate, broader at base; anthelae compound or decompound, 0.7-3.5 cm; rays 2-4; spikelets solitory, oblong-ovate or elliptic, acute at apex, 5-10 x 2-3 mm, flowers7-10+; glumes ovate, acute, 2.2-3.5 mm, chestnut-brown, membranous at margins, 5-7-veined, midrib green, extending to a mucro; stamens 3, anthers narrowly oblong, 2 mm, 2 times longer than filaments; ovary oblong, nearly trigonous, slightly narrower at base, style trigonous, not ciliate, inflated to oblong-conical at base, stigmas 3, slightly longer than style. Achenes obovate, obtusely trigonous, yellowish white or yellow, 2 mm, surface with transversely oblong reticulation and verrucae. Fl. and Fr. May-Jun.

Grassy slopes; 170-1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam].

8. Fimbristylis complanata (Retzius) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 292. 1827.

扁鞘飘拂草 bian qiao piao fu cao

Scirpus complanattus Retzius, Observ. 5: 14. 1789.

Rhizomes long or short. Culms tufted, flatly trigonous or tetragonous, 50-70 cm, striate, sometimes winged above, with many leaves at base. Leaves shorter than culms, flat, thickly chartaceous, finely serrulate on upper margins, acute; sheaths compressed bilaterally, keeled adaxially, membranous and rusty abaxially, mouth obliquely split, ciliate, ligules very short and ciliate. Bracts 2-4, nearly erect, much shorter than inflorescence; bractlets setaceous, broader at base; anthelae large, nearly simple, compound or decompound, 7.5-10.5 x 4-7 cm; rays 3-4, compressed, scabrid, 1-7 cm; spikelets many, solitary, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 5-9 x 1.2-2 mm, 5-13-flowered; glumes ovate, acute, 3 mm, brown, with yellowish green keel abaxially, with 1 vein extending into a mucro; stamens 3, anthers oblong, acute, 1+ mm, 1/4 length of filaments; ovary trigonous, oblong; style trigonous, glabrous, inflated to conical at base, stigmas 3, about as long as style. Achenes obovate or broadly obovate, obtusely trigonous, white or yellowish white, 1.5 mm, with transversely oblong reticulation. Fl. and Fr. Jul-Oct.

1a. Culms 50-70 cm, robust; leaf blades 3-5 mm wide; anthelae nearly decompound ----------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8a var. complanata

1b. Culms 10-50 cm, slender; leaf blades 1-2.5 mm wide; anthelae nearly simple or compound ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8b var. kraussiana

8a. var. complanata

扁鞘飘拂草（原变种） bian qiao piao fu cao (yuan bian zhong)

Rhizomes long or short, sometimes nearly diageotropic. Culms robust, 50-70 cm. Leaf blades 3-5 mm wide. Inflorescence decompound.

Wet places in valley, grasslands, streamsides; 500-3000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Indochina, Japan, Korea, Malaysia].

8b. var. kraussiana (Hochstetter ex Steudel) C. B. Clarke in Hooker f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 646. 1893.

矮扁鞘飘拂草（变种） ai bian qiao piao fu cao (bian zhong)

Fimbristylis kraussiana Hochstetter ex Steudel in Flora, 28: 757. 1845.

Rhizomes slender, sometimes very short. Culms slender, 20-50 cm, sometimes only 10 cm. Leaf blades 1-2.5 mm wide. Inflorescence nearly simple or compound.

Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Africa, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Sri Lanka].

9. Fimbristylis pierotii Miquel in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 145. 1865.

东南飘拂草 dong nan piao fu cao

Rhizome creeping, up to 2 mm in diameter, covered with ovate glumes. Culms solitary, flatly trigonous, 13-35 cm, upper part scabrid, with 4-6 leaves and 2 nearly leafless sheaths at base. Leaves shorter than or nearly as long as culms, 1.2-2 mm wide, flat or incurved-margined, apex acute, finely serrulate on margins; sheaths membranous adaxially, rusty-brown, mouth obliquely split, not ciliate, without ligule. Bracts 1-3, shorter than inflorescence, subulate or glume-like with long awns; anthelae simple, 1.5-2.5 cm, with 2-7 spikelets; spikelets oblong, elliptic or ovate, acute at apex, 6-10 x 2.5-4 mm, 9-flowered; glumes broadly ovate, obtuse or nearly acute, 4 mm，chestnut-brown, margins membranous and white, 3-veined, with green keels abaxially, the lowest 2 glumes with short hard mucro; stamens 3, anther linear-oblong, 2 mm, about 1/4 the length of filaments; ovary oblong, trigonous, slightly narrower below; style trigonous, not ciliate, base conical; stigmas 3, nearly as long as style. Achenes broadly obovate, flat-convex, 1+ mm, brown, finely verruculose. Fl. and fr. May-Sept.

1-3000m. Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Shandong, Yunnan, Zhejiang [C. and NW Himalayas, Japan, Korea].

10. Fimbristylis cymosa R. Brown, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 228. 1810.

黑果飘拂草 hei guo piao fu cao

Rhizome short, not elongated. Culms tufted, flatly and obtusely trigonous, thick at base, 10-60 cm, with many leaves. Leaves extremely rigid, thick, flat, apex acute, finely serrulate on margins, 1.5-4 mm wide. Bracts 1-3, shorter than inflorescence; anthelae simple or nearly compound, rarely reduced to head, rays spreading; spikelets numerous, clustered, oblong or ovate, obtuse at apex, 4-6 x 2 mm, sessile, densely many-flowered; glumes nearly membranous, ovate, obtuse at apex, reddish brown, with broad white membranous margins, indistinctly 3-veined abaxially; stamens 3, anthers linear, ca. 0.7 mm; style tenuous, not ciliate, base slightly thickened; stigmas 3. Achenes broadly obovate, trigonous, 0.75 mm, indistinctly verruculose, surface reticulation square or transversely oblong, sometimes nearly smooth, purplish black when mature.

Taiwan [Austrilia, Indonesia, Japan].

11. Fimbristylis spathacea Roth, Nov. Sp. Pl. 24. 1821. (=F. cymosa?)

佛焰苞飘拂草 fo yan bao piao fu cao

Fimbristylis wightiana Nees; Fimbristylis formosensis C. B. Clarke; Fimbristylis kankaoensis Hayata.

Rhizome short. Culms few together, almost not tufted, obtusely trigonous, striate, bearing leaves at base, base covered with fibriform blackish brown old sheaths. Leaves much shorter than culms, 1-3 mm wide, linear, apex acute, rigid, flat, slightly shining, margins slightly involute with sparse fine serration; sheaths membranous and white adaxially, mouth obliquely split, without ligules. Bracts 1-3, erect, leafy, much shorter than inflorescence; anthelae small, compound or decompound, 1.5-2.5 x 1-3 cm; rays 3-6, obtusely trigonous, 3-15 mm; spikelet solitory or 2-3 clustered, ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex, 3-5 x 1.5-2.5 mm, densely many-flowered; glumes broadly ovate, obtuse at apex, membranous, 1.25 mm, rusty-brown, 3-5-veined abaxially, margins broadly hyaline, sometimes only mid-vein protruding as keel; stamens 3, anthers narrowly oblong, acute, ca. 1.5 mm, 1/2 the length of filaments; ovary oblong, slightly narrower at base, style slightly compressed, not ciliate, stigmas 2, rarely 3, nearly equaling to style. Achenes obovate or broadly obovate, biconvex, blackish purple, 1 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct.

Gravel places along river, sandy seashores; 0-350m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [Africa, India, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].

12. Fimbristylis sericea (Poiret) R. Brown, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 228. 1810.

绢毛飘拂草 juan mao piao fu cao

Scirpus sericeus Poiret, Encycl. Suppl. 5: 99. 1804; Fimbristylis decora Nees et Meyen.

Rhizome obliquely or horizontally elongated, branched, covered with blackish brown old sheaths, sheaths often fibriform. Culms spaced, 15-30 cm, obtusely trigonous, with white silky hairs, bearing leaves at base. Leaves flat, 1.5-3.2 mm wide, curved, with densely white silky hairs on both surfaces, acute at apex; sheaths membranous and rusty-brown adaxially, mouth obliquely split, without ligule. Bracts 2-3, leafy, with white silky hairs on both surfaces, shorter than inflorescence; anthelae simple; rays 2-4, compressed, 0.7-2.5 mm, sometimes extremely short, with white silky hairs; spikelets 3-15 capitate, oblong-ovate or oblong, acute, 6-10 x 2-3.5 mm; glumes ovate, 3 mm, obtuse with hard mucro at apex, with red-purplish lineolae on both sides, the margins broad and white, the costa 1-veined white-pilose. Stamens 3, anthers narrowly oblong, 3 mm; ovary oblong, biconvex, style slightly compressed, base slightly inflated and hairy, slightly pubescent at upper part, stigmas 2, slightly shorter than style. Achenes elliptic-obovate or obovate, biconvex, 1.5 mm, yellowish white or brown when young, blackish purple when mature. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct.

Sandy places or sand dunes along seashore; 0-350m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Australia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].

13. Fimbristylis insignis Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 349. 1864.

硬穗飘拂草 ying sui piao fu cao

Rhizomes short. Culms stiffish, 20-40 cm, cylindrical, sometimes slightly compressed on upper part, deeply striate, smooth, glabrous, basal sheaths bladed. Leaves 1/3-1/2 the length of culms, 1-2.5 mm wide, flat, nearly coriaceous, acute or slightly obtuse, margins finely serrulate; sheaths less than 5 cm, coriaceous; ligule absent. Bracts 2-3, leafy, erect, shorter than inflorescence, base slightly dilated; anthelae simple or compound, with 3-5 rays and 10+ spikelets; rays flatly cylindric, slightly rigid, 2-4 cm; spikelets solitary, oblong-lanceolate, nearly cylindric, 1-20 x ca. 4 mm, acute; glumes densely spiral, oblong, ca. 6 mm, mucronate, keeled abaxially, mid-vein distinct, the lowest 2-3 empty; stamens 3, anthers linear-oblong, ca. 2 mm; style trigonous, 4-5 mm, ciliate on upper part, inflated at base, stigmas 3. Achens broadly obcordiform, trigonous, ca. 1.5 mm, grayish black when mature, with hexagonal reticulation and verrucae.

Dry slopes, lean soil. Guangdong, Hainan.

14. Fimbristylis leptoclada Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 393. 1861.

Rhizomatous perennial. Culms tufted, 150-600 x 0.2-1.5 mm, trigonous, smooth to scabrid. Leaves basal, few; blade filiform, 100-300 x 0.3-0.5 mm, obtuse, margins more or less incurved; sheath 1.5-4 cm, pale-hyaline to light-brown, apex oblique; ligule 0. Involucral bracts 1-3, glume-like or setaceous, the longest 5-20 mm. Inflorescence of simple anthela or capitate, 5-20 x 5-8 mm; rays (when present) up to 2 cm long. Spikelets 3-12 per inflorescence, in clusters of 2-8, ellipsoid, 2.2-3.5 x 1.5-2 mm. Glumes 10-15 per spikelet, spirally imbricate, broadly ovate, 1-1.5 x 0.7-1.3 mm, rounded-truncate or shallowly emarginated at mucronulate apex, sides membranous, brown, densely gland-dotted, margins pale-hyaline, fimbriate-ciliate above, keel obtuse, 3-nerved, pale-brown. Stamens 1-2; anthers 0.5 mm. Stigmas 3. Achenes obovoid, trigonous, 0.7-0.9 x 0.5-0.7 mm, cream, verruculose.

Dry sandy places; 50 m. S China [Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam]. Specimens unseen, description adopted from Flora of Thailand.

15. Fimbristylis psammocola Tang et Wang in Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 11: 227. 1961.

砂生飘拂草 sha sheng piao fu cao

Rhizome short. Culms solitary, 5-16 cm, obtusely trigonous or nearly cylindrical, striate, bearing leaves at base, base covered with blackish brown old sheaths, sheaths often fibriform. Leaves slightly shorter than or equaling culms, 1-2.5 mm wide, acute, stiff, margins slightly involute, slightly scabrid; sheaths membranous and brown adaxially, mouth obliquely split, without ligules. Bracts 2-4, subulate, shorter or slightly longer than inflorescence; anthelae simple or compound, 2-4 x 1.2-2.5 cm, with 1-14 spikelets; rays 3-5, nearly cylindrical, 0.6-2.5 mm; spikelets solitary, narrowly elliptic, acute, 6-10 x 2.5-4 mm, densely many-flowered; glumes triangular-ovate, 4-5 mm, acute, grayish green, margins broadly hyaline, slightly pubescent on abaxial middle part, 3-veined, lateral veins brown, mid-vein green, keeled and extending into hard mucro; stamens 3, anthers linear, acute, 2.5 mm, ca. 1/2 the length of filaments; style compressed, not ciliated, base slightly inflated, 2 mm, stigmas 2, very long, 1 x longer than style. Achenes unseen. Fl. May.

Sandy places along river; 540m. Yunnan (Xishuangbanna).

16. Fimbristylis miliacea (Linnaeus) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 287. 1806. (= F. littoralis Gaudich. Voy. Uranie 431. 1829? Cf. Fl. Taiwan. 2^nd Ed.)

水虱草 shui shi cao

Scirpus miliaceus Linnaeus, Syst. ed. 10, 868. 1759.

Culms tufted without rhizome, (1.5-) 10-60 cm, flatly tetragonous, striate, bearing 1-3 bladeless sheaths at base, sheaths compressed bilaterally, mouth obliquely split, attenuate upwards, sometimes setaceous, (1.5-) 3.5-9 cm. Leaves shorter to longer than culms, compressed bilaterally, ensiform, sparsely and finely serrulate on margins, attenuate upwards into setaceous tip, (1-)1.5-2 mm wide; leaf sheaths compressed bilaterally, keeled adaxially, with membranous and rusty margins abaxially, mouth obliquely split, without ligule. Bracts 2-4, setaceous, dilated at base, with rusty-brown and membranous margins; anthelae compound or decompound, rarely simple, with many spikelets; rays 3-6, slender and scabrid, 0.8-5 cm; spikelets solitary, globose or nearly globose, rounded at apex, 1.5-5 x 1.5-3 mm; glumes ovate, obtuse, membranous, 1-1.3 mm, chestnut-colored, keeled abaxially, 3-veined, brown along lateral veins, mid-vein green; stamens 2, anthers oblong, obtuse, 0.75 mm, 1/2 length of filaments; style trigonous, slightly inflated at base, not ciliate, stigmas 3, 1/2 the length of style. Achenes obovate or broadly obovate, obtusely trigonous, 1 mm, straw-yellow, with verrucae and transversely oblong reticulation.

Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Australia, Brasil, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Polynesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United States, Vietnam].

16b. var. koidzumiana (Ohwi) T. Koyama in J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III. 8: 108. 1961.

小泉氏飘拂草 xiao quan shi piao fu cao

Culms scabrous above; inflorescence subdense; glumes dark brown, 3.5-6 mm.

In rice fields. Taiwan [Indochina, Micronesia, China and Japan].

17. Fimbristylis aphylla Steudel, Syn. Cyp. 2: 114. 1855.

无叶飘拂草 wu ye piao fu cao

Fimbristylis globulosa var. aphylla (Steud.) Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. 3: 322. 1856.

Rhizome short, woody. Culms densely tufted, thinner, quinquangular, smooth, bearing a few bladeless sheaths at base, sheaths cylindrical, mouth obliquely truncate, attenuate at apex, membranous and brown on margins, often with radical shoots of only bladed leaves, leaf blades linear, margins involute. Bracts 3-5, much shorter than inflorescence, 6-25 mm, needle-like, scabrid on margins; anthelae decompound, spreading; rays 5-8, slender, up to 7 cm; spikelets solitary, oblong or elliptic, 2.5-7 x 1.2-3 mm; glumes densely spirally arranged, broadly ovate or nearly elliptic, obtuse or round at apex, membranous, apiculate, ca. 2.5 mm, ferruginous or yellowish brown, margins paler, keeled abaxially, prominently 3-veined, veins yellow or greenish yellow, often dark brown between lateral veins; stamens 3, anthers linear, style short and flat, slightly inflated at base, not ciliate, stigmas 3, longer than style, densely ciliate. Achenes obovate, trigonous, 0.6-0.8 mm, pale brown, short-stipitate, with upheaving transverse waves and verrucae.

1a. Culms rigid, 50-100 cm; spikelets larger, 3.5-7 x 2.5-3 mm ---------------------- 17a. var. aphylla

1b. Culms slender, usually shorter; spikelets smaller, 2.5-5 x 1.2-2 mm ------------ 17b. var. gracilis

17a. var. aphylla

无叶飘拂草（原变种） wu ye piao fu cao (yuan bian zhong)

Culms slender, rigid, 50-100 cm. Spikelets larger, 3.5-7 x 2.5-3 mm, many-flowered. Fl. and Fr. Sept-Oct.

Swamp. Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].

17b. var. gracilis Tang et Wang in Fl. Reipub. Popul. Sin. 11: 227. 1961.

小飘拂草（变种） xiao piao fu cao (bian zhong)

Culms slender, shorter. Spikelets smaller, 2.5-5 x 1.2-2 mm, with several to 10+ flowers. Fl. and Fr. Jun-Jul.

Wet places along stream and in valley. Yunnan.

There are several specimens of this variety with thicker and higher culms, and bigger spikelets. The only difference of this variety from var. aphylla is fewer spikeltes.

18. Fimbristylis salbundia (Nees) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 230. 1937.

Trichelostylis salbundia Nees in Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind. 105. 1834; Fimbristylis haspaniformis T. Koyama.

Rhizomatous perennial. Culms crowded along rhizome, 300-800 x 1-3 mm, acutely 4-5-angled, smooth. Leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths; sheath 1-17 cm long, apex lanceolate, dusky or cinnamon brown; ligule 0. Involucral bracts 2-5, setaceous with lanceolate base, the longest up to 1.5 cm. Inflorescence compound to decompound, open, 2-6 x 2-6 cm; primary rays 6-8, up to 5 cm long. Spikelets ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, 3-5 x 2 mm. Glumes many, spirally arranged, ovate, 2-2.3 x 1.5 mm, obtuse, sides membranous, light brown, margins hyaline, keel obtuse, 1-nerved, pale brown. Stamens (2-)3; anthers 0.7-1 mm. Stigma 3. Achenes broadly obovoid, trigonous, 0.8-1 x 0.6-0.8 mm, whitish to yellowish brown, smooth to sparsely verruculose, with 9-14 longitudinal rows of epidermal cells on each side.

Swampy places, 1750 m. Yunnan [India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietman].

19. Fimbristylis quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 229. 1837.

五棱秆飘拂草 wu leng gan piao fu cao

Scirpus quinquangularis Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 279. 1806; Fimbristylis fauriei Ohwi in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 1: 77. 1930.

Rhizome absent or very short. Culms tufted, quinquangular, 14-120 cm, bearing 0-3 bladeless sheaths above base, sheaths cylindrical, mouth oblique, 3-17 cm; bladed leaves present or absent. Bracts 4, setaceous, much shorter than inflorescence, finely serrulate on margins; anthelae decompound, 5-9 x 3-6 cm; rays 4, scabrid, 1-4 cm; spikelets solitary, ovate, acute or nearly obtuse, 2-5 x 1.2-1.5 mm; glumes ovate, obtuse, apiculate, 2 mm, chestnut-brown, margins paler, keeled abaxially, 3-veined, with 2 dark brown lines on each side of mid-vein; stamen 1 or 2, anther oblong, ca. 0.5 mm, 1/3 the length of filament; style trigonous, base slightly inflated, slightly pubescent on upper part, stigmas 3, slightly longer than style. Achenes obovate, trigonous, with verrucae and transverse linear reticulation.

1a. Spikelets smaller, 2-3(-5) mm ---------------------------------------------- 19a. var. quinquangularis

1b. Spikelets larger, 3-5 mm.

2a. Stamens 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19b. var. elata

2b. Stamens 2 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 19c. var. bistaminifera

19a. var. quinquangularis

五棱秆飘拂草（原变种） wu leng gan piao fu cao (yuan bian zhong)

Culms 14-70 cm. Culm leaves 1-3, stem shoots with 6 leaves, leaf blades flat, shorter than or nearly equaling culms, 2-3 mm wide, acute or obtuse, finely serrulate on margins; sheaths membranous adaxially, rusty-brown, mouth obliquely split, without ligule. Spikelets smaller, 2-3(-5) x 1.2-1.5 mm, stamen 1. Achenes smaller, 0.8 mm. Fl. and Fr. Aug-Oct.

Swamp. Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].

19b. var. elata Tang et Wang in Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 11: 227. 1961.

高五棱飘拂草（变种） gao wu leng piao fu cao (bian zhong)

Culms up to more than 120 cm. Leaves absent or nearly without leaves. Spikelets larger, 3-5 mm; stamen 1.

Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan.

19c. var. bistaminifera Tang et Wang in Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 11: 227. 1961.

异五棱飘拂草（变种） yi wu leng piao fu cao (bian zhong)

Spikelets larger, 3-5 mm; stamens 2. Achenes slightly larger.

Guangdong, Guizhou.

19d. var. crassa C. B. Clarke in Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 644. 1894. (???)

20. Fimbristylis chingmaiensis S. M. Huang in Fl. Hainan. 4: 536. 1977.

澄迈飘拂草 cheng mai piao fu cao

Culms tufted without rhizome, slim, 300-600 x 1-1.2 mm, quinquangular, smooth, glabrous, base with 1-3 bladeless sheaths. Leaves basal, linear, shorter than culms, ca. 2 mm wide, acute, margins involute, mid-vein distinct; sheaths up to 13 cm, pale brown, margins membranous; ligule a fringe of short hairs. Bracts 5-7, leafy, ca. 3 cm, acuminate; anthelae compound, 3-5 cm; rays 5-7, unequal, up to 3.5 cm, quinquangular, slender; spekelets solitary, ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-2.5 x 1-1.2 mm, acute, 7-9-flowered; glumes 7-11, spiral, membranous, ovate or broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 x 1-1.2 mm, keeled abaxially, mid-vein distinct and yellowish green, each side of mid-vein dark bown, other parts pale castaneous, acute or mucronate, upper margins hyaline; stamens 3, anthers oblong, ca. 0.5 mm; style trigonous, not ciliate, base inflated, stigmas 3. Achenes broadly obovate, obtusely trigonous, ca. 0.8 mm, with extremely indistinct transverse oblong reticulation, without verrucae, white or pale brown, shortly stipitate. Fl. Autumn.

Deserted rice fields. Hainan (Chengmai).

21. Fimbristylis diphylloides Makino in Makino et Nemoto, Fl. Jap. 1389. 1925, nom. Seminudum (???).

拟二叶飘拂草 ni er ye piao fu cao

Fimbristylis brevicollis Kükenthal.

Rhizome absent or very short. Culms tufted, thin, flatly 4-angled, striate, 15-50 cm, bearing 1-2 bladeless sheaths at base, sheaths cylindrical, 2.5-6.5 cm, mouth obliquely truncate, acute, covered with fibriform old sheaths; leaves shorter than or nearly equaling to culms, flat, acute at apex, finely toothed at margins, 1.2-2.2 mm wide; sheaths membranous and rusty-brown adaxially, mouth obliquely split, without ligule. Bracts 4-6, much shorter than inflorescence, setaceous, dilated at base, finely serrulate on margins; anthelae simple or nearly compound, 1.5-6 x 2-6 cm; rays 4-8, scabrid, 0.6-4 cm; spikelets solitary, obovate or oblong-obovate, obtuse or nearly acute, 2.5-7.5 x 1.5-2.5(-3) mm, densely many-flowered; glumes broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, membranous, extremely obtuse at apex, margins hyaline, 3-veined abaxially, veins green and slightly keeled; stamens 2, anthers oblong, obtuse, 0.8 mm, about 1/2 length of filaments; style not ciliate, base slightly inflated, stigmas 2-3, slightly longer than or nearly equaling style. Achenes broadly obovate, trigonous or biconvex, ca. 1 mm, brown, with sparse verrucae and transversely oblong reticulation.

1a. Glumes broadly ovate, brown or reddish brown, ca. 2 mm ----------------- 21a. var. diphylloides

1b. Glumes oblong-ovate, straw yellow, longer ------------------------------------- 21b. var. straminea

21a. var. diphylloides

拟二叶飘拂草（原变种） ni er ye piao fu cao (yuan bian zhong)

Glumes broadly ovate, brown or reddish brown, ca. 2 mm. Fl. and Fr. Jun-Sept.

In rice fields, streamsides, wet places in valley, ponds. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

21b. var. straminea Tang et Wang in Fl. Reipub. Popul. Sin. 11: 227. 1961.

黄鳞二叶飘拂草（变种） huang lin er ye piao fu cao (bian zhong)

Glumes oblong-ovate, straw-yellow, longer.

Jiangxi (Lushan ).

22. Fimbristylis globulosa (Retzius) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 231. 1837.

拟二叶叶飘拂草 ni er ye piao fu cao

Scirpus globulosum Retzius, Observ. 6: 19.1791; Fimbristylis torresiana Gaudichaud- Beaupré; Fimbristylis globulosa (Retzius) Kunth var. torresiana (Gaudichaud-Beaupré) C. B. Clarke.

Rhizome short. Culms tufted, 17-75 cm, flatly and obtusely trigonous, striate, base bearing 2-3 bladeless sheaths, sheaths cylindrical, 2-19 cm, margins membranous and brown adaxially, mouth obliquely split. The sterile radical shoots with bladed leaves; leaves shorter than culms, 1-3 mm wide, flat, margines slightly involute, finely serrulated on upper margins; sheaths membranous and rusty-brown adaxially, mouth obliquely split, ligule reduced to a circle of hairs. Bracts 3, leaf-like, lanceolate, much shorter than inflorescence, 8-11 mm, margins serrulate, membranous and brown on upper part; anthelae simple or nearly compound, 1.5-4 x 1.3-4 cm; rays 3-8, compressed, 7-25 mm; spikelets solitary, ovate, globose-elliptic or elliptic, obtuse or rounded, 3.5-6 mm, many-flowered; glumes densely spiral, ovate or nearly elliptic, membranous, lowest 2-3 empty, keeled, mucronate, flowering glumes rounded, not mucronate, ca. 2 mm, pale brown or brown, margins hyaline, 3-veined abaxially, reddish brown along mid-vein; stamens 3, anthers short, linear; style long, flatly trigonous, not ciliate, base inflated, stigmas 3, rarely 2, flat, with papillae. Achenes obovate or globose-obovate, trigonous or sometimes slightly compressed, ca. 1 mm, yellow, sessile, with transverse oblong reticulation and sparse verrucae.

1a. Culms taller, 30-75 cm; leaves 2.5-3 mm wide; glumes brown --------------- 22a. var. globulosa

1b. Culms shorter, 17-40 cm; leaves ca. 1 mm wide; glumes pale brown ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22b. var. austrojaponica

22a. var. globulosa

球穗飘拂草（原变种） qiu sui piao fu cao (yuan bian zhong)

Culms taller, 30-75 cm. Leaves 2.5-3 mm wide. Glumes brown. Fl. and Fr. Aug-Oct.

In marshes or shallow water; ca. 800 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan [India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Vietnam].

22b. var. austrojaponica Ohwi in Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ. Ser. B. 18: 71. 1944.

两广球穗飘拂草（变种） liang guang qiu sui piao fu cao (bian zhong)

Culms shorter and thinner, 17-40 cm, 1-1.5 mm in diameter above base. Leaves if present ca. 1 mm wide. Glumes pale brown. Fl. and Fr. Aug-Oct.

In marshes or shallow water. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi [Japan (Ryukyu)].

There seem no practical differences between the two varieties. 合并？？？

23. Fimbrystylis umbellaris (Lamark) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 291. 1805.

伞形飘拂草 san xing piao fu cao (Fl. Taiwan.)

Scirpus umbellaris Lamark, Tab. Encycl. Meth. Bot. 1: 141. 1791.

Perennial with short, horizontal rhizome, clothed with brownish glumes; culms densely tufted, obtusely trigonous, 20-90 cm by 1-5 mm, smooth, glabrous, light green, with 2 or 3 bladeless sheaths at base. Leaves cauline reduced to bladeless sheaths, those of sterile shoot usually short-bladed; sheaths cylindrical, 2-18 cm long, obliquely truncate; blade linear when well-developed, 70-250 x 1.5-2 mm; ligule absent. Inflorescence simple to compound, 2-10 x 1.5-7 cm; bracts 2-3, narrowly lanceolate, margins scabrid, the longest 0.5-1 cm long; primary rays 2-10, unequal, 1-5 cm long. Spikelets 3-40, solitary, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 3-8 x 3-4 mm, obtuse, terete, densely many-flowered. Glumes numerous, spiral, ovate to ovate-elliptic, 1.8-2.7 x 1-1.5 mm, obtuse to mucronate at apex, membranous, yellow- or rusty-brown, scarcely keeled, 3-nerved in center. Stamens 2-3; anthers c 0.5 mm long. Style triquetrous or trifid, glabrous, dilated at base; stigmas 3, rarely 2. Achenes obovate or obovate-orbicular, 0.8-1 by 0.5-0.7 mm, shortly stipitate, maturing milky-yellow, obscurely cancellated with transversely oblong cells, rarely sparsely verruculose.

Marshy places, rice fields and wet grasslands. S China, Taiwan [India, Indochina, Japan, Malesia, Micronesia, Polynesia]. Specimens unseen, description adopted from Fl. Thailand.

24. Fimbristylis dichotoma (Linnaeus) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 287. 1806.

两歧飘拂草 liang qi piao fu cao

Scirpus dichotomus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1. 50. 1753; Scirpus annuus Allioni; Scirpus diphyllus Retzius; Fimbristylis annua (Allioni) Roemer; Fimbristylis diphylla (Retzius) Vahl; Fimbristylis tikushiensis Hayata.

Culms tufted, 5-50 cm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Leaves linear or setaceous, slightly shorter to longer than culms, pubescent or glabrescent, acute or obtuse at apex; sheaths coriaceous, nearly truncate at apex, membranous part broad, pale brown. Bracts 3-4, leaf-like, usually 1-2 bracts longer than inflorescence, glabrous or hairy; anthelae compound, rarely simple, loose or compact, 5-9 x 3-6 cm; spikelets solitory, ovate, elliptic or oblong, 4-12 x 2.5 mm, many-flowered; glumes ovate, oblong-ovate or oblong, 2-2.5 mm, brown, shining, 3-5-veined, mid-vein extending into mucro; stamens 1-2, filaments short; style compressed, longer than stamen, ciliate at upper part, stigmas 2. Achenes broadly obovate, biconvex, ca. 1 mm, with 7-9 obvious vertical ribs, reiculation nearly transverse oblong, without verrucae, with brown stipes.

1a. Spikelets (8-)9-14 mm; floral glumes 3.8-4.2 mm; achenes obovate, orbicular to somewhat ob-deltoid, obtuse to subtruncate at apex, 1.2-1.3 mm, cancellated with 15-24 vertical rows of transeversely oblong-rectangular epidermal cells -------------------------- 24b. subsp. podocarpa

1b. Spikelets 4.5-8.5 mm; floral glumes 2.2-3 mm; achenes obovate to broadly so, rounded or obtuse at apex, 0.6-1.2 mm, cancellated with 5-11 vertical rows of transeversely oblong epidermal cells ------------------------------------------------------------------ 24a. subsp. dichotoma

2a. All or at least most spikelets clustered in small groups, 5.7-7 mm; when fruiting styles included in its subtending glume exposing only the stigmas -------- 24a-a. var. dichotoma

2b. Spikelets single, 7.5-8.5 mm; when fruiting styles well elongated exposing over the subtending glume ------------------------------------------------------ 24a-b. var. tikushiensis

24a.