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泽泻科 ze xie ke
Perennial or rarely annual aquatic or marsh herbs, sometimes rhizomatous. Leaves basal, linear, lanceolate, elliptic to ovate or sagittate, with elongated sheathing petioles; principal veins parallel with margins and converging toward apex and connected by transverse veins. Flowers often whorled at nodes of scape forming racemes, panicles, or umbels, pedicellate, actinomorphic, bisexual, unisexual, or polygamous, usually bracteate. Sepals 3, persistent, green. Petals 3, deciduous, usually white. Stamens 3 to numerous, whorled, with elongated filaments; anthers 2-celled, extrorse, opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 3 to numerous, whorled or spirally arranged, free; ovules 1 to several; style persistent. Fruit a cluster or whorl of laterally compressed achenes, drupelets, or occasionally follicles. Seeds curved, with a horseshoe-shaped embryo; endosperm absent.
About 11 genera with nearly 100 species: cosmopolitan, especially abundant in temperate and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere; four genera and about 20 species in China.
1a. Flowers unisexual or polygamous ....................................................................... 1. Sagittaria
1b. Flowers bisexual.
2a. Stamens 6; carpels arranged in a single whorl ...................................................... 4. Alisma
2b. Stamens (6)9 to numerous; carpels spirally arranged.
3a. Inflorescences much branched, paniculate; fruitlets drupaceous, swollen, with woody endocarp and spongy exocarp ......................................................................................... 3. Caldesia
3b.
Inflorescences unbranched, flowers usually solitary or with up to 3 in
inflorescence; fruitlets achene-like, laterally compressed
................................................................................
2. Ranalisma
慈姑属 ci gu shu
Lophotocarpus
(Kunth) Miquel: Lophotocarpus T. Durand.
Aquatic herbs, often stoloniferous and tuberiferous. Leaves aerial, floating or submerged, linear, lanceolate, deeply cordate, or sagittate. Inflorescences usually of 3-flowered whorls each with 3 bracts. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, upper ones male, with longer and slender pedicel, lower ones female or bisexual, with shorter and thickened pedicel. Stamens (6)9 to numerous. Carpels numerous, spirally arranged, each with 1 ovule; styles apical or subadaxial. Achenes laterally compressed, margins usually winged, with an apical or lateral stylar beak.
About 30 species: tropical and temperate regions; seven species in China.
1a. Persistent sepals not reflexed after anthesis.
2a. Leaves floating or submerged, floating leaves broadly ovate to cordate-ovate; flowers polygamous; achenes with cristate wing ................................................................................. 1. S. guayanensis
2b. Leaves aerial or submerged, sagittate or lanceolate; flowers unisexual; achenes without cristate wing.
3a. Aerial leaves linear-lanceolate; female flowers without or only with very short pedicel 7. S. tengtsungensis
3b. Aerial leaves sagittate; female flowers pedicellate ............................. 5. S. lichuanensis
1b. Persistent sepals reflexed after anthesis.
4a. Leaves sessile or only with very short pedicel, linear or subspatulate; achenes cristate on back 8. S. pygmaea
4b. Leaves petiolate; achenes not cristate on back.
5a. Leaves floating or submerged ............................................................... 2. S. natans
5b. Leaves aerial or submerged.
6a. Achenes with an adaxial beak; aerial leaves elliptic to ovate or sagittate, submerged leaves lanceolate; stolons usually lacking ....................................... 6. S. potamogetifolia
6b. Achenes with an apical beak; leaves sagittate ................................... 4. S. trifolia
冠果草 guan guo cao
Sagittaria lappula D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 22. 1825; Lophotocarpus
formosanus Hayata; L. guayanensis (Kunth) J.
G. Smith; L. guayanensis var. lappula (D. Don) Buchen.
Stolons usually lacking. Floating leaves broadly ovate to cordate-ovate, 1.29 Χ 110 cm, base deeply cordate, apex obtuse; submerged leaves linear or lanceolate, 311 cm Χ 510 mm. Inflorescences racemose, 840 cm, in 26 whorls of 3 flowers; bracts connate toward base. Bisexual flowers usually on lower 14 whorls; pedicel 11.5 cm, thickened. Male flowers with pedicel 25 cm. Sepals not reflexed after anthesis, ovate, 0.51.5 cm Χ 315 mm. Petals fugacious, obovate, nearly same size as sepals, stamens 6 to numerous; anthers yellow. Achenes obovoid or elliptical, 24 Χ 1.53 mm, with cristate wing and oblique adaxial beak. Fl. MaySep, fr. JunNov. 2n = 22*.
Ponds, lakes, marshes, paddy fields and channels. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa].
浮叶慈姑 fu ye ci gu
Plants stoloniferous. Floating leaves linear, lanceolate, elliptic, or sagittate, 517 cm, base cuneate to rounded or cordate with 2 short lobes, lateral lobes shorter than midlobe; submerged leaves lanceolate or reduced to phyllodes. Inflorescences racemose, 525 cm, in 26 whorls of 3 flowers, at least lower bracts free. Flowers unisexual; female flowers on lower 1 or 2 whorls, pedicel 512 mm; male flowers with pedicel 12 cm. Sepals usually not reflexed broadly ovate, 34 Χ ca. 3 mm. Petals obovate, 810 Χ ca. 5.5 mm; stamens numerous; anthers yellow. Achenes obliquely obovoid, 23 Χ 12.5 mm, with a short, subadaxial beak. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n = 22*.
Ponds and channels. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia; Europe].
野慈姑 ye ci gu
Sagittaria sagittifolia Linnaeus var. angustifolia Siebold; S.
sagittifolia var. edulis Siebold ex Miquel; S. sagittifolia
var. longiloba Turczaninow; S. sagittifolia f. sinensis (Sims)
Makino, S. trifolia var. angustifolia (Siebold) Katagawa; S.
trifolia var. retusa J. K. Chen, S. C. Sun & H. Q. Wang,
Plants stoloniferous, stolons often ending in a tuber. Leaves aerial at least when mature, sagittate, sheathing, apex acuminate to rounded, lateral lobes longer than midlobe. Inflorescences racemose, in 3 to many whorls of 3 flowers, lower 13 whorls usually branched; bracts free or connate toward base. Flowers unisexual. Female flowers on lower 18 whorls, with short pedicel; male flowers with pedicel 0.51.5 cm; sepals reflexed, ovate, 35 Χ 2.53.5 mm. Petals obovate, ca. 2 Χ as large as sepals. Stamens numerous; anthers yellow. Achenes obliquely obovoid, 4.55.5 Χ 45 mm, winged, with an erect, apical beak. Fl. and fr. MayNov. 2n = 22*.
Ponds, lakes, marshes, paddy fields and channels. Most of China: Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Most of Asia, Indonesia (Borneo, Java), Japan including Ryukyus, Korea, Philippines, Russia; Europe].
1a.. Inflorescences with only 13 branches at lowest whorls; tubers 23 cm; wild ...... 4a. var. trifolia
1b.. Inflorescences with more than 3 branches; tubers 510 cm; cultivated ............... 4b. var. sinensis
野慈姑(原变种) ye ci gu (yuan bian zhong)
Sagittaria sagittifolia Linnaeus var. angustifolia Siebold; S. sagittifolia var. longiloba Turczaninow; S. trifolia var. angustifolia (Siebold) Kitagama; S. trifolia f. longiloba(Turczaninow) Makino; S. trifolia var. longiloba (Turczaninow) M. Kitagawa.
Tubers usually 23 cm. Leaves larger, midlobe not linear, more than 1.5 cm wide, apex acuminate, lateral lobes 11.4 Χ as large as midlobe. Inflorescences with only 1 or 2(or 3) whorls of branches at base.
Ponds, lakes, marshes, paddy fields and channels. Most specimens determined as Sagittaria sagittifolia are in fact this taxon. Most of China: Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Most of Asia, Indonesia (Borneo, Java), Japan including Ryukyus, Korea, Philippines, Russia; Europe].
华夏慈姑 hua xia ci
gu
Sagittaria sinensis Sims, Bot. Mag. (Curtis) 39: t. 1631. 1814; S. sagittifolia Linnaeus f. sinensis (Sims) Makino.
Tubers 510 Χ 46 cm. Leaves large, midlobe broadly ovate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences with 3 whorls of branches at base, each whorl 3- or more branched.
Cultivated south of the Yangtze River: Anhui, Fujian Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Also cultivated in Japan and Korea].
利川慈姑 li chuan
ci gu
Sagittaria wuyiensis J. K. Chen.
Stolons usually lacking. Leaves aerial, erect; blades sagittate, apex acuminate, lateral lobes 69 cm, midlobe 4.58 Χ 2.56 cm, with 311 bulbs in each sheath. Inflorescences paniculate, 1520 cm, in 4 to many whorls of (2 or)3 flowers, lowest whorl usually branched. Flowers unisexual. Female flowers on lowest 1(or 2) whorls; bracts free or connate toward base. Sepals not reflexed; ovate, ca. 7 Χ ca. 4 mm. Petals nearly orbicular, 67 Χ ca. 5 mm. Stamens 1518; anthers yellow. Achenes 0.81 Χ 0.40.5 mm, narrowly winged, with a short beak. Fl. and fr. JulAug. 2n = 22*.
Marshes, paddy fields and channels; ca. 1700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei (Lichuan), Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
小慈姑 xiao ci gu
Stolons usually lacking. Aerial leaves elliptic to ovate or sagittate, 3.511 cm, apex acuminate, lateral lobes 26 cm Χ 1.56 mm, midlobe 1.55 Χ 210 mm, with 1 or 3 bulbs in each sheath; submerged leaves lanceolate, 29 cm Χ 24 mm. Inflorescences racemose, in 2 to many whorls of (2 or)3 flowers; bracts free. Flowers unisexual. Female flowers 1 or 2(or 3), on lowest whorl, pedicel 27 mm. Male flowers with pedicel 1.24 cm; sepals reflexed, ovate, 34.5 Χ 2.53 mm. Petals broadly obovate, 410 Χ 66.5 mm. Stamens 921; anthers yellow. Achenes obovoid, 57 Χ 4.56 mm, with an abaxial undulate or smooth wing, and an adaxial beak. Fl. and fr. MaySep. 2n = 22*.
Paddy fields, marshes and channels. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
腾冲慈姑 teng chong ci gu
Plants stoloniferous. Aerial leaves linear-lanceolate, 710 cm Χ 712 mm, base attenuate, apex acuminate; submerged leaves linear or reduced to phyllode, 45 cm Χ 24 mm. Inflorescences racemose, 712 cm, in 24 whorls of (2 or)3 flowers; bracts broadly ovate, usually connate at base. Flowers unisexual. Female flowers not exceeding 2, restricted to lowest whorl, sessile or only with very short pedicel. Male flowers with pedicel 23 cm. Sepals not reflexed, elliptic, 57.5 Χ 45 mm. Petals ca. 1 cm. Stamens numerous; anthers yellow. Achenes obovoid, ca. 2 mm, with smooth, entire wing and an adaxial beak. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n = 22*
Marshes; 17002100 m. Yunnan [Bhutan].
矮慈姑 ai ci gu
Sagittaria altigena Handel-Mazzetti ex Samuelsson, S. sagittifolia Linnaeus var. pygmaea
(Miquel) Makino.
Plants stoloniferous. Petioles indistinct; Leaf blade linear or subspatulate, 229 cm Χ 211 mm, apex acuminate or obtuse, sheathing basally. Inflorescences racemose, 110 cm, in 2 or 3 whorls of 3 flowers; bracts elliptic. Flowers unisexual. Female flowers not exceeding 2, restricted to lowest whorl, sessile or only with very short pedicel. Male flowers with pedicel 0.53 cm. Sepals obovate, 57 Χ 35 mm. Petals orbicular, 11.5 Χ 11.6 cm. Stamens 621; anthers yellow. Achenes broadly obovoid, 35 Χ 33.5 mm, abaxially cristate, with a broad wing and an adaxial beak. Fl. and fr. MayNov. 2n = 22*.
Paddy fields, marshes and channels. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan including Ryukyus, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam].
Specimens with 1 whorl of staminodes and leaves retuse at apex from Dongchuan, Yunnan, which were describes as Sagittaria altigena, appear to be in the range of variety of this species rather than a distinct taxon.
毛茛泽泻属 mao gen ze xie shu
Aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves aerial, floating, or submerged, all radical erect, long petiolate, ovate to ovate-elliptic. Flowers usually solitary or with up to 3 at apex of scape, bisexual, pedicellate. Petals usually larger than or ca. as large as sepals. Stamens 9. Carpels numerous in a subglobose head, free, spirally arranged, each with 1 ovule; style erect. Fruitlets achene-like. Achenes laterally compressed, with a long stylar beak.
About two species: Asia, and tropical and subtropical regions of Africa; one species in China.
长喙毛茛泽泻 chang hui mao gen ze xie
Plants stoloniferous. Leaves entire; floating or aerial leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic, 34.5 Χ 33.5 cm, base subcordate at base, apex subacute; petiole 1232 cm. Flowers 13 at apex of scape; bracts 2, spatulate, ca. 7 mm. Sepals broadly elliptic, ca. 5 mm. Petals obovate-elliptic, usually ca. as long as sepals. Stamens ca. 2.5 mm; anthers elliptic. Carpels crowded, with an apical, persistent style; receptacle oblong. Achenes nearly obtriangular; beak 35 mm. Fl. and fr. AugSep. 2n = 22*.
Marshes, very rare in China. Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [India, Peninsular Malaysia, Vietnam; Africa].
泽苔草属 ze tai cao shu
Herbs aquatic, perennial, rhizomatous. Leaves all basal, aerial, floating, or submerged, ovate to elliptic; floating leaves deep green, large; aerial leaves nearly leathery, with erect petiole; submerged leaves usually smaller. Inflorescences paniculate or racemose, much branched; branches whorled, each whorl with 36 branches; bracts lanceolate. Flowers pedicillate, verticillate, bisexual. Petals usually larger than sepals. Stamens 612. Carpels few to numerous in a single whorl, free, each with 1 ovule. Fruitlets drupaceous, with woody endocarp and spongy exocarp, swollen or slightly compressed, with a short beak.
About four species: Asia, Europe, Africa, and Australia; two species in China.
1a. Leaves longer than broad, without veins, apex obtuse, not ribbed, base deeply cordate; stamens 6 1. C. parnassifolia
1b. Leaves
shorter than broad, with veins, apex notched, ribbed, base not cordate; stamens
912 2. C. grandis
泽苔草 ze tai cao
Alisma parnassifoliium Bassi ex Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 3: 230. 1768; A. reniforme D. Don; Caldesia parnassifolia (Bassi) Parlatore var. major Micheli; Caldesia reniformis (D. Don) Makino.
Rhizomes creeping. Petiole 5100 cm; leaf blade ovate or elliptic, 210 Χ 1.57 cm, veins 915, base cordate to deeply so, apex obtuse. Scapes erect or not, 30125 cm high; inflorescences paniculate, 2035 cm. Flowers 3-verticillate; pedicels 2.54 cm. Sepals persistent, ovate, 3.55 Χ 23 mm. Petals ovate, larger than sepals. Stamens 6. Carpels 510, laterally compressed, style slender, 2(4) mm. Fruitlets obovoid, ca. 3 Χ 2 mm, with 35 longitudinal ribs abaxially and an erect beak. Fl. and fr. MayOct. 2n = 22*.
Lakes, ponds, marshes. Heilongjiang, Hunan, Jiangsu, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Russia; Africa, Europe].
宽叶泽苔草 kuan ye ze tai cao
Rhizomes erect. Petiole 1555 cm; leaf blade suborbicular, 4.57 Χ 68 cm, veins 912, base usually nearly truncate, apex notched, ribbed. Scapes erect, 3060 cm high; inflorescences paniculate. Flowers 3-verticillate; pedicels 1.22 cm. Sepals persistent, reflexed, elliptic to broadly ovate, 34 mm. Petals reflexed, white, spatulate or nearly obovate, 67 mm. Stamens 912. Carpels usually 1517; style ca. 1.5 mm, slender. Fruitlets nearly obovoid, ca. 2 mm, with 35 longitudinal ribs abaxially and an erect beak. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 22*.
Lakes, marshes. Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Taiwan [India, Malaysia].
泽泻属 ze xie shu
Aquatic or marsh herbs, usually with a tuber. Leaves aerial, floating, or submerged, all basal, petiolate, margin entire. Inflorescences paniculate or occasionally umbellate, branches whorled, each one usually secondly branched and with bracts at base. Flowers bisexual. Petals usually larger than sepals. Stamens 6. Carpels numerous in a single whorl, free, each with 1 ovule. Achene laterally compressed, 1- or 2-grooved or canaliculate abaxially, with a usually adaxial beak.
About 11 species: temperate and subtropical regions; six species in China (one endemic).
1a. Anthers broader than long; style 0.10.2 mm; plants slender ................................. 6. A. nanum
1b. Anthers narrower than long; style longer than 0.4 mm; plants ± robust.
2a. Aerial leaves usually elliptic to ovate, base subcordate or truncate.
3a. Petals marginally denticulate; carpels regularly arranged; styles 0.71.5 mm 1. A. plantago-aquatica
3b. Petals marginally undulate; carpels
irregularly arranged; styles ca. 0.5 mm
.............................................................................................................
2. A. orientale
2b. Aerial leaves lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, cuneate at base.
4a. Lateral pericarp thin, translucent;
styles nearly straight; anthers 11.2 mm
........................................................................................................
3. A. lanceolatum
4b. Lateral pericarp thickish, opaque; styles recurved; anthers 0.50.8 mm.
5a. Leaves ± falcate; achenes abaxially 1-canaliculate; styles not cirriform-recurved 5. A. canaliculatum
5b. Leaves not falcate; achenes abaxially12-grooved; styles cirriform-recurved 4. A. gramineum
泽泻 ze xie
Tubers 13.5 cm in diam. Aerial leaves with petiole 1.530 cm: leaf broadly lanceolate or elliptic to ovate, 211 Χ 1.37 cm, sometimes larger, veins 5, base subcordate or truncate at base but sometimes cuneate, apex usually acuminate. Panicles 1550 cm, in 38 whorls of 39 branches. Pedicel 13.5 cm. Sepals broadly ovate, 2.53.5 Χ 23 mm. Petals white or purplish white, nearly orbicular, larger than sepals, margin denticulate. Anthers elliptic, ca. 1 mm. Carpels regularly arranged; styles erect, filiform, longer than ovary, 0.71.5 mm, stigmatose in upper 1/91/5 of their length. Achenes elliptical or nearly oblong, ca. 2.5 Χ 1.5 mm, 1- or 2-grooved abaxially; lateral pericarp thickish, opaque. Fl. and fr. MayOct. 2n = 14*.
Margins of lakes, ponds, marshes, channels, slow moving rivers. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan [Japan, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand; Australia, Europe, North America].
东方泽泻 dong fang ze xie
Alisma plantago-aquatica Linnaeus var. orientale G. Samuelsson, Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 84. 1926; A. plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale (G. Samuelsson) G. Samuelsson.
Tubers 12 cm in diam. Aerial leaves with petiole 334 cm; leaf blade broadly lanceolate to elliptic, 3.511 Χ 1.37 cm, sometimes larger, 57-veined, base rounded or subcordate, apex acuminate. Panicles 2070 cm, in 39 whorls of 39 branches. Pedicel 0.52.5 cm. Sepals ovate, 22.5 Χ ca. 1.5 mm. Petals white or pinkish, nearly rounded, larger than sepals, margin undulate. Anthers ca. 0.5 Χ 0.30.4 mm. Carpels irregularly arranged; styles erect, ca. 0.5 mm, longer than ovary, stigmatose in upper ca. 1/5 of their length. Achenes elliptical, ca. 1.52 Χ ca. 1 mm, 1- or 2-grooved abaxially; lateral pericarp thickish, usually opaque. Fl. and fr. MaySep. 2n = 28*.
Margins of lakes, ponds, marshes, channels; up to ca. 2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia].
This species is similar with Alisma plantago-aquatica, but in A. orientale the flowers and fruit are smaller, the styles only ca. 0.5 mm long, and the petal margins and carpels irregularly arranged.
膜果泽泻 mo guo ze xie
Tubers 12 cm in diam. Aerial leaves with petioles 1325 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to broadly lanceolate or elliptic, 913 Χ 2.55 cm, sometimes larger, 57-veined, base cuneate, apex acute to acuminate. Panicles 1545, in 36 whorls of 36 branches. Pedicel 1.52.5 cm. Sepals broadly ovate, 1.53.2 Χ 22.5 mm. Petals white or pinkish, nearly orbicular, 46.5 mm, larger than sepals, margin irregular. Anthers elliptic or oblong, 11.2 mm. Carpels regularly arranged; styles ± erect, 0.61 mm, equalling or shorter than ovary, stigmatose in upper 1/31/2 of their length. Achenes obovoid, 1.62(3) mm, 1-grooved abaxially; lateral pericarp thin, translucent. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n = 24, 26, 28.
Margins of lakes, marshes, channels, slow moving rivers. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan [N Africa, C Asia, Australia, Europe].
草泽泻 cao ze xie
Alisma loeselii Gorski
ex Juzepczuk.
Tubers small or not evident. Aerial leaves with petioles 231 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 312.5 Χ 0.62 cm, sometimes larger, 35-veined, base cuneate, apex acuminate at base. Panicles 656 cm, in 25 whorls of 39 branches. Pedicel 1.54.5 cm. Sepals broadly ovate, 2.54.5 Χ 1.52.5 mm. Petals white, nearly orbicular, larger than sepals. Anthers elliptic, ca. 0.5 mm. Carpels regularly arranged; styles erect, ca. 0.4 mm, shorter than ovary, cirriform-recurved, stigmatose in upper 1/31/2 of their length. Achenes obovoid or triangular, 23 mm, 1- or 2-grooved abaxially; lateral pericarp splendent, opaque, thickish. Fl. and fr. JunSep. 2n = 14, 16.
Margins of lakes, ponds, marshes, channels. Gansu, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia; Africa, Asia, Europe, North America].
窄叶泽泻 zhai ye ze xie
Tubers 13 cm in diam. Aerial leaves with petiole 930 cm; leaf blade slightly falcate, lanceolate, 645 Χ 15 cm, 35-veined, base cuneate or gradually attenuate to petiole, apex acuminate. Panicles 3565 cm, in 36 whorls of 39 branches. Pedicel 24.5 cm. Sepals oblong, 33.5 mm. Petals white, nearly orbicular, margin irregular. Anthers ca. 0.8 mm. Carpels regularly arranged; styles recurved, ca. 0.5 mm, stigmatose in upper ca. 1/3 of their length. Achenes obovoid, 22.5 mm, 1-canaliculate on back; lateral pericarp thickish, opaque. Fl. and fr. MayOct. 2n = 28, 34, 40, 42*.
Margins of lakes, ponds, marshes, streams. Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Japan including Ryukus].
小泽泻 xiao ze xie
Plants slender, without tubers. Aerial leaves with petiole 1.24 cm, slender; leaf blade broadly lanceolate or elliptic to ovate, 1.53.7 Χ 0.62.3 cm, base rounded or slightly cuneate, apex acute. Panicles 29 cm, in 13 whorls of 39 branches, rarely umbellate. Pedicel 12.5 cm. Sepals broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 Χ 1.2 mm. Petals white or pinkish, equalling or larger than sepals Anthers ca. 0.2 Χ 0.5 mm. Carpels 812; styles 0.10.2 mm, shorter than ovary, stigmatose in upper 1/51/3 of their length. Achenes elliptical, ca. 1.5 mm, 1-grooved abaxially; lateral pericarp thin, translucent. Fl. and fr. JulSep.
Marshes, ca. 600 m. Xinjiang.
水雍科 shui yong ke
Perennial freshwater aquatic herbs. Rhizome tuberous, with fibrous roots. Leaves submerged and/or floating, basal, long petiolate, broadly elliptic to linear, with few primary veins and numerous transverse secondary veins, sheathed at base. Inflorescence usually a simple or 2-forked terminal spike; spathe present, but usually very early caducous. Flowers hermaphroditic or unisexual. Perianth segments 13 or rarely absent, white, yellow, mauve or bluish violet, often petaloid, persistent. Stamens 6 to many; filaments elongated, free, filiform or flattened; anthers extrose, 2-celled; opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 36(8), free or slightly united near base; ovary superior; style short; ovules 28 per carpel. Fruit a whorl of follicles. Seeds without endosperm; embryo straight.
4Herbarium of Wuhan University, Department of Biology, Wuchang, Hubei, Peoples Republic of China
5Herbarium Biological Sciences, Biodiversity and Systematics Department, University of Alabama, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa,
Alabama 35487-0345, U.S.A.
6Department of Biology, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, North Adams, Massachusetts 01247-4100, U.S.A.
A monogeneric family widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical parts of the Old World, but most numerous in tropical S Africa, Madagascar, India, Papua New Guinea, and northern Australia; only one species in China.
水雍属 shui yong
水雍 shui yong
Aponogeton pygmaeus Krause
Rhizome obovoid or elongated, to 2 cm, often with filament remnant of sheath. Petiole 915 cm in submerged leaves and 4060 cm in floating leaves; leaf blade narrowly ovate to linear, 46 Χ 12 cm, herbaceous, with primary veins at base 79, base cordate or rounded, margin entire, apex rounded or with a blunt tip, Inflorescence up to ca. 5 cm, pedunculate. Flowers bisexual. Perianth segments 2, yellow, slightly obovate, ca. 2 mm. Stamens 6, filaments broadened toward base. Carpels slightly united near base, with 46 ovules per carpel. Fruit ovoid, 23 mm, with a short terminal beak. Fl. AprOct.
Paddy fields, ponds, streams. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang (Longquan) [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,Thailand, Vietnam].
The specimens of this species were incorrectly named Aponogeton natans, but the latter has reddish or purple flowers, filaments not broadened and a longer beak. Aponogeton natans was treated in Fl. Taiwan (ed. 1) and Fl. Hainan. The relationship between A. lakhonensis and A. natans needs to be further studied.
花蔺科 hua lin ke
Perennial, aquatic or swamp rhizomatous herbs, usually with milky juice. Leaves usually emersed, basal, alternate, linear to orbicular, sheathing at base, sessile, triquetrous. Flowers hermaphroditic, in terminal, long pedunculate umbels within erect scapes, long pedicellate, with 3 free bracts. Perianth segments in 2 series, outer 3 usually sepal-like, inner 3 petal-like and usually thin and deciduous. Stamens 9, free; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 6, connate at base; ovules numerous. Fruit a whorl of follicles; follicles with apical long beak. Seeds numerous, without endosperm; embryo straight.
7Herbarium of Wuhan University, Department of Biology, Wuchang, Hubei, Peoples Republic of China
8Herbarium Biological Sciences, Biodiversity and Systematics Department, University of Alabama, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa,
Alabama 35487-0345, U.S.A.
9Department of Biology, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, North Adams, Massachusetts 01247-4100, U.S.A.
One genus with one or two species; best represented in tropical areas of the Americas, distributed in North America, Asia, Europe, and S Africa. One species in China.
花蔺属 hua lin shu
The description and distribution as for the family.
花蔺 hua lin
Leaves 30120 cm Χ 310 mm, twisted, apex acuminate. Scapes terete, ca. 70 cm; bracts ovate, apex acuminate. Flowers numerous; pedicels 410 cm. Sepals pinkish white, greenish outside along midvein. Petals pinkish white. Filaments flattened, broadened toward base. Styles curved. Seeds small. Fl. and fr. JulSep. 2n = 14.
Still or slow moving water of lakes, ponds, and channels. Annhui, Hebei, Heilongiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang [India, Mongolia; Europe, introduced to North America].
黄花蔺科 HUANG hua lin ke
Aquatic herbs with aerial leaves. Leaves petiolate, ovate to orbicular, Scapes erect; umbels terminal; bracts forming an involucre. Sepals persistent, green. Petals white or yellowish, thin. Stamens 8 or 9, or numerous, with sterile staminodes in outermost whorl; filaments flattened. Carpels 69, or numerous, free, crowded into a head, laterally compressed; stigmas sessile. Seeds numerous, strongly curved; embryo horseshoe-shaped.
7Herbarium of Wuhan University, Department of Biology, Wuchang, Hubei, Peoples Republic of China
8Herbarium Biological Sciences, Biodiversity and Systematics Department, University of Alabama, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa,
Alabama 35487-0345, U.S.A.
9Department of Biology, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, North Adams, Massachusetts 01247-4100, U.S.A.
Two species; distributed in tropical to subtropical regions of North and South America and SE Asia to Malaya Islands, N Australia, and N Africa.
1a. Petals white; stamens 8 or 9, carpels 69; pedicels slender ................................. 1. Butomopsis
1b. Petals yellowish; stamens numerous; pedicels thick .......................................... 2. Limnocharis
拟花蔺属 ni hua lin
shu
Tenagocharis
Hochstetter.
Annual marsh herbs with milky juice. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate. Scapes erect; umbels terminal; bracts forming an involucre; pedicels slender. Sepals persistent, green, margin membranous. Petals white. Stamens usually 8 or 9, free. Carpels 69, 1-whorled. Follicles with a short beak. Seeds strongly curved; embryo horseshoe-shaped.
Only one species: N Australia, tropical regions of Asia and N Africa.
拟花蔺 ni hua lin
Butomus latifolius D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 22. 1825; B. lanceolatus Roxburgh; Tenagocharis
latifolia (D. Don) Buchenau.
Petiole 520 cm; leaf blade 515 cm Χ 15 cm, 37-veined, base attenuate, apex acute. Scapes 1030 cm; umbels 315-flowered; bracts ca. 1.3 cm; pedicels 214 cm. Sepals broadly elliptic, ca. 5 Χ 3 mm, margins membranous, apex rounded or retuse. Petals ca. 6 Χ 4 mm. Filaments 1.53 mm; anthers 11.5 mm. Carpels ca. 5.5 mm. Follicles 11.2 cm. Seeds brown, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. and fr. MaySep.
Marshes and paddy fields. S Yunnan [Throughout SE Asia; N Africa, N Australia].
黄花蔺属 huang hua lin shu
Aquatic herbs with aerial leaves. Leaves petiolate, ovate to orbicular, Scapes erect; umbels terminal; bracts forming an involucre; pedicels thick. Sepals persistent, green. Petals yellowish, thin. Stamens numerous, with sterile staminodes in outermost whorl; filaments flattened. Carpels numerous, free, crowded into a head, laterally compressed; stigmas sessile. Seeds numerous, strongly curved; embryo horseshoe-shaped.
Only one species: tropical to subtropical regions of North and South America and SE Asia to the Malaya Islands.
黄花蔺 huang hua
lin
Alisma flavum
Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 343. 1753; Limnocharis emarginata Bonpland.
Petiole trigonous, 2065 cm, stout; leaf blade 628 cm Χ 4.520 cm, veins 913, transverse veins numerous, parallel, base obtuse or subcordate, apex obtuse or retuse. Scapes upper trigonous, 2090 cm; umbels 215-flowered; bracts green, orbicular to broadly elliptic, 1.52 Χ 11.5 cm. Pedicels 27 cm. Petals yellowish but blackish toward base, broadly ovate to orbicular, 23 Χ 12 cm, apex rounded. Stamens shorter than petals; filaments green. Carpels yellowish green. Fruit cluster 1.52 cm in diam.; follicles suborbicular. Seeds brown. Fl. MarApr.
Marshes and shallow water; 600700 m. Guangdong, S Yunnan [Central America, naturalized throughout S and SE Asia].
水鳖科 shui bie ke
Submerged or floating aquatic annual or perennial herbs in freshwater or marine. Stems short or elongated, sometimes stoloniferous. Leaves radical or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, sessile or petiolate, usually sheathing at base. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, actinomorphic,
10Herbarium of Wuhan University, Department of Biology, Wuchang, Hubei, Peoples Republic of China
11Herbarium Biological Sciences, Biodiversity and Systematics Department, University of Alabama, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa,
Alabama 35487-0345, U.S.A.
12Department of Biology, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, North Adams, Massachusetts 01247-4100, U.S.A.
enclosed in a bifid spathe or within 2 opposite spathal bracts; spathes sessile or pedunculate. Perianth segments free, 1- or 2-seriate, 3 per series, outer often sepaloid, inner petaloid. Stamens 1 to many, occasionally some staminodal; anthers 24-thecous, basifixed, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary inferior, 1-loculed; carpels 215, fused; ovules few to many, on parietal, sometimes intrudes placentas; styles 25; stigmas usually bifid. Fruit a fleshy and berrylike capsule, dehiscent or opening by decay of pericarp. Seeds numerous, usually small, without endosperm; embryo straight.
Seventeen genera with about 80 species: widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world; nine genera and about 20 species in China.
1a. Marine herbs; pollen grains threadlike.
2a. Plants slender; leaves usually opposite or binate, not in 2 rows, linear to ovate, usually petiolate 9. Halophila
2b. Plants robust; leaves alterate, in 2 rows, ribbonlike, sessile.
3a. Female inflorescence shortly pedunculate;
leaves smaller, slightly falcate
................................................................................................................
4. Thalassia
3b. Female inflorescence long pedunculate; leaves larger, not falcate .................. 3. Enhalus
1b. Freshwater herbs; pollen grains not threadlike.
4a. Leaves all basal; stems short.
5a. Leaves linear, ribbonlike, sessile; fruit narrowly cylindric.
6a. Stamens 39; ovary attenuated into a long, filiform beak; peduncle of female flower shorter 5. Blyxa
6b. Stamens 13; ovary not as above;
peduncle of female flower very long
.........................................................................................................
6. Vallisneria
5b. Leaves lanceolate to orbicular, usually petiolate.
7a. Stolon absent; leaves submerged; spathes usually winged ............................ 1. Ottelia
7b. Stolon present; leaves floating; spathes not winged ............................ 2. Hydrocharis
4b. Leaves cauline; stems elongated.
8a. Leaves whorled.
9a. Leaves distinctly serrate to the unaided eye ............................................. 8. Hydrilla
9b. Leaves minutely serrate, maginification needed ........................................ 10. Egeria
8b. Leaves alternate, opposite, or spirally arranged.
10a. Flowers usually bisexual; sepals linear to lanceolate, shorter than petals; leaves with prominent midvein.................................................................................................................. 6. Blyxa
10b. Flowers unisexual; sepals ovate, nearly equal to petals; leaves lacking a prominent midvein 7. Nechamandra
海菜花属 hai cai hua shu
Boottia Wallich.
Freshwater herbs. Stems usually cormlike. Leaves all basal, petiolate, usually sheathing at base; blades submerged or sometimes floating, linear to broadly ovate, 311-veined. Spathes elliptic or ovate, usually 26-winged, apex bifid or trifid, with 1 to many flowers. Flowers bisexual or unisexual and plants dioecious. Male flowers with longer pedicel. Bisexual and female flowers shortly pedicellate or without pedicel. Sepals 3, greenish, linear, oblong, or ovate. Petals 3, colored, orbicular to broadly obovate, much longer and wider than sepals. Stamens 315; filaments linear, flattened; anthers laterally dehiscent; staminodes (absent or 1)3, often present in female flowers. Ovary of 3, 6 or 9 (or more) carpels; ovules numerous; stigmas 2 per style, linear. Fruit cylindrical, fusiform, or conical. Seeds numerous, small, often hairy.
About 21 species: tropical to temperate areas, about five species in China (two endemic).
1a. Flowers bisexual.
2a. Spathe with only one flower; flowers without gland; sheath absent ............. 1. O. alismoides
2b. Spathe with many flowers; flowers with
gland; leaves sheathed at base
..................................................................................................................
2. O. sinensis
1b. Flowers unisexual.
3a. Female spathe with 29 female flowers; styles 3; fruit triangular-cylindrical to fusiform 5. O. acuminata
3b. Female spathe with only 1 female flower; styles more than 3, fruit oblong
4a. Leaves dimorphic, submerged and floating; seeds smooth; male spathe with 1030 male flowers 3. O. cordata
4b. Leaves not dimorphic, emersed; seeds densely hairy; male spathe with 4760 male flowers 4. O. emersa
龙舌草 long she cao
Statiotes alismoides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 535. 1753; Damasonium indicum Willdenow; Ottelia alismoides f. oryzetorum Komorov; O. condorensis Gagnepain; O. dioecia S.Z. Yan; O. indica Planchon; O. japonica Miquel.
Petioles varying greatly in length according to depth of water; leaf blade wholly submerged, varying greatly in shape and size, usually broadly ovate, ovate-elliptic, nearly orbicular, cordate, or sometimes lanceolate, ca. 20 Χ 18 cm or more, membranous. Flowers bisexual or plants occasionally dioecious-polygamous. Spathe 2.54 Χ 1.52.5 cm, 2- or 3-lobed at apex, with 36 longitudinal wings. Flowers solitary, sessile. Petals white, slightly purple, or bluish. Stamens 39(12); filaments glandular hairy; anthers narrowly oblong, 34 mm. Ovary nearly globose, with 39(or 10) carpels; styles 610, deeply 2-lobed. Fruit 25 Χ 0.81.8 cm. Seeds fusiform, 12 mm, densely hairy. Fl. and fr. AprOct. 2n=44.
In still or running water. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, NW Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan including Ryukyu Islands, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia, introduced into North America].
贵州水车前 gui zhou
shui che qian
Boottia sinensis H. Lιveillι & Vaniot, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 10. 1908; Ottelia balansae (Gagnepain) Dandy; O. demersa H. Li & C. X. You.
Leaves wholly submerged, translucent, young leaves linear or lanceolate, mature ones usually oblong or ovate, 2040 Χ 69 cm, base truncate, rounded, or cordate, apex acute or rounded; petioles ca. 20 cm. Spathe elliptic, 36 Χ ca. 1.5 cm, with many longitudinal ribs and often with wings on lateral sides, with 311 flowers. Flower bisexual. Sepals green. Petals white with yellow base, obtriangular or obovate, 23 Χ ca. 2.5 cm. Stamens 3; filaments 45 mm; anthers elliptic, 45 mm; glands 3. Ovary trianglular-cylindrical, with 3 carpels; styles 3, hairy; stigmas 6, hairy. Fruit narrowly elliptical, 59 cm Χ ca. 8 mm. Seeds cylindrical to fusiform, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. JunNov.
Ponds, rivers, lakes. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Vietnam].
水菜花 shui cai hua
Boottia cordata Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 52. 1830.
Leaves dimorphic; submerged leaves narrowly elliptic to ligulate, 3060 Χ 4.510 cm; floating leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1020 Χ 410 cm, base cordate, apex acute to acuminate; petioles 30120 cm. Flowers unisexual. Spathe oblong-ovate, 3.58 Χ 1.5 2 cm, with 6 longitudinal ribs, bifid at apex. Male spathe with 1030 male flowers. Sepals yellowish. Petals white, obovate, 2.54.5 cm. Stamens 12; filaments densely hairy; anthers ca. 6 mm; staminodes 3; reduced pistil 1; glands 3. Female spathe with only 1 female flower; perianths similar with male ones. Ovary oblong, with 915 carpels; styles 918, papillate, bifid at apex; staminodes 38; glands 3. Fruit oblong, 44.5 Χ 1.62 cm. Seeds fusiform, ca. 1.5 mm, smooth. Fl. May. 2n = 22.
Ponds and channels. Hainan [Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand].
出水水菜花 chu shui shui cai hua
Leaves emersed, petiole 4590 cm; leaf blade narrowly cordate, 920 Χ 4.514 cm, leathery, base cordate, apex obtuse. Flowers unisexual. Spathe 57.5 Χ 33.5 cm, with 3 longitudinal ribs. Male spathe with 4760 male flowers. Sepals greenish. Petals white with yellow base, obovate, 45.5 cm. Stamens 12; filaments upper densely hairy; anthers 49 mm; staminodes 3; reduced pistil 1. Female spathe with only 1 female flower; perianth larger than male ones; ovary ovoid, with 1416 carpels; styles 1418, bifid and hairy at apex; staminodes 69. Fruit oblong, 4.57 Χ 35 cm. Seeds fusiform, ca. 1.6 mm, densely hairy. Fl. May. 2n = 22.
Ponds. Guangxi (Guixian).
This species differs from Ottelia cordata, by leaves emersed and not dimorphic, male flowers in each spathe with up to 4760 flowers, and with densely hairy seeds.
海菜花 hai cai
hua
Leaves wholly submerged; petioles varying greatly in length according to depth of water varying greatly in shape and size, linear to broadly cordate, base cordate to attenuate, margin entire, undulate, or serrulate, apex obtuse. Flowers unisexual. Spathe with 26 longitudinal ribs. Male spathe with 40190 male flowers. Sepals green. Petals white with yellow base, obcordate or obovate, 13.5 cm; stamens 912; filaments hairy; anthers ovoid-elliptic; staminodes 3. Female spathe with 29 female flowers; perianth similar to male ones; ovary triangular-cylindric with 3 carpels; styles 3, deeply bifid; staminodes 3. Fruit triangular-cylindrical to fusiform, ca. 8 cm. Seeds narowly elliptical, with or without hairs. Fl. MayOct. 2n = 22. Fl.
Lakes, ponds, channels and paddy fields. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
1a.. Male spathe with 60190 flowers; female spathe with 8 or 9 flowers ............ 5d. var. jingxiensis
1b.. Male spathe with 4050 flowers; female spathe with 2 or 3 flowers.
2a.. Male spathe without veins, with bulbs within ........................................... 5c. var. linanensis
2b.. Male spathe with several veins, without bulbs within.
3a.. Fruit triangular-conical; leaves not ligulate ........................................ 5a. var. acuminata
3b.. Fruit slightly curved, fusiform; leaves ligulate .......................................... 5b. var. crispa
海菜花(原变种) hai cai hua (yuan bian zhong)
Boottia acuminata Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 538. 1907; B. yunnanensis Gagnepain; Ottelia acuminata (Gagnepain) Dandy var. tonhaiensis H. Li; O. cavaleriei Dandy; O. yunnanensis (Gagnepaiin) Dandy.
Leaves linear to broadly cordate, base usually cordate, margins entire or minutely serrulate. Spathe with 26 ribs. Male spathe with 4050 male flowers. Female spathe with 2 or 3 female flowers; male flowers with filiform staminodes. Fruit triangular-conical; seeds without hairs.
Lakes, ponds, channels, paddy fields. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
波叶海菜花 bo ye hai cai hua
Boottia crispa Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl.62: 253. 1925; Ottelia crispa (Handel-Mazzetti) Dandy
Leaves ligulate, base attenuate to subcordate, margin undulate. Fruit slightly curved, fusiform.
Lakes. Yunnan (Luguhu).
路南海菜花 lu nan hai
cai hua
Male spathe small, without ribs, with bulbs within; male flowers with minute, obcordate or ligulate staminodes.
Lakes. Yunnan (Lunan).
靖西海菜花 jing xi hai cai hua
Male spathe with 60190 male flowers, female spathe with 8 or 9 female flowers; staminodes of male flowers bifid at apex. Seeds sparsely hairy.
Rivers, streams. Guangxi (Jingxi).
水鳖属 shui bie shu
Floating herbs. Stems short, stoloniferous. Leaves basal, floating or submerged, rarely emerged, petiolate and stipulate; blades ovate, orbicular, or reniform, entire, with more than 5 curved veins, sometimes with a central pad of spongy tissue on abaxial surface of floating blade. Plants monoecious; flowers unisexual; spathes 1- or 2-valved, male spathes pedunculate, 16-flowered, female spathes sessile, 1-flowered. Sepals greenish white. Petals white or yellowish, much larger than sepals. Stamens 612; anthers 2-thecous. Ovary elliptic; ovules numerous; styles 6, bifid. Fruit with 6 ribs, irregularly dehiscent at apex. Seeds ellipsoid.
About three species: Asia, Europe, North America, Africa, and Australia; one species in China.
水鳖 shui bie
Pontederia dubia Blume, Enum. Pl. Java 1: 33. 1827; Hydrocharis asiatica Miquel; H. morsus-ranae Linnaeus; H. morsus-ranae var. asiatica (Miquel) Makino.
Leaves floating or sometimes emerged; blades cordate or orbicular, 4.55 Χ 55.5 cm, 57-veined, base cordate, apex rounded. Male flowers 5 or 6 in spathe; peduncles 0.53.5 cm; pedicels 56.5 cm; sepals ca. 6 Χ 3 mm; petals yellow, ca. 1.3 Χ 1.7 cm; stamens 12, inner 3 stamens being staminodial; anthers 11.5 mm; staminodes hairy at base and papillose at apex. Female flowers larger than male flowers; sepals ca. 1.1 cm Χ 4 mm; petals white, yellow at base, ca. 1.5 Χ 1.8 cm; staminodes 6; glands 3, reniform; styles ca. 4 mm, with dense glandular hairs. Fruit berrylike, spherical to obovoid, 810 mm, ca. 7 mm in diam. Seeds gradually acute toward apex. Fl. and fr. AugOct. 2n = 16.
In still water. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, NE Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan including Ryukyu Islands, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines; N Australia].
海菖蒲属 hai chang
pu shu
Submerged marine herbs; rhizome robust, with persistent fibrous remains of leaf sheaths. Leaves 26, narrowly linear or ribbon-shaped, sheathing at base, with many parallel veins, unequal at apex, Plants dioecious; flowers unisexual. Male inflorescence shortly pedunculate, enclosed by 2 spathal bracts; flowers numerous, minute, shortly pedicellate, breaking off just before anthesis, floating on surface of water at maturity; tepals reflexed; stamens 3; anthers subsessile, latrorsely dehiscent; pollen grains very large; female inflorescence 1-flowered, with a long peduncle, enclosed by 2 overlapping, scarcely fused, strongly keeled spathal bracts; sepals narrowly elliptic; petals linear; carpels 6, fused; styles 6, bifid. Fruit irregularly dehiscent. Seeds few.
One species: widely distributed along the coasts of the Indian Ocean and west Pacific Ocean; also in China.
海菖蒲 hai chang pu
Statiotes acoroides Linnaeus f., Suppl. 268. 1781; Enhalus koenigii Richard.
Roots robust, 1020 cm long, 35 mm in diam. Leaves 0.31.5 m Χ 12 cm, veins 1319, margin entire, apex obtuse. Peduncle of male inflorescences ca. 5 cm, bracts sessile, slightly keeled, midvein hairy; male flowers with pedicels; sepals white, oblong, ca. 2 mm; petals white, larger than sepals; stamens white, 1.52 mm. Peduncle of female flower up to 50 cm, coiled and contracted after anthesis; bracts 46 Χ 12 cm, midvein keeled, apparently hairy; sepals reddish; petals white, strap-shaped, strongly folded, 45 cm Χ 34 mm, papillose; ovary ovoid, with long hairs. Fruit ovoid, 57 cm. Seeds angular, 11.5 cm in diam. Fl. May.
Submerged in shallow sea water along coasts. Hainan [Throughout coastline in SE Asia].
泰来藻属 tai lai zao shu
Submerged marine herbs. Rhizome elongated, creeping, scales and with extended internodes, giving rise to erect, short, leafy shoots. Leaves usually 26, distichous, ribbonlike or slightly falcate, veins 915, parallel, connected by cross veins, sheathed at base. Inflorescences pedunculate, 1-flowered; spathes 2, fused; flowers unisexual, plants dioecious. Male flowers pedicellate; perianth segments 3; stamens 312; anthers subsessile, 24-thecous, latrorsely dehiscent; pollen grains spherical, stuck together into moniliform chains. Female flowers subsessile; ovary 1-loculed; styles 6, each with 2 filiform stigmas. Fruit spherical or elliptic, split open at top by stellate dehiscence of fleshy pericarp into number of irregular valves. Seeds numerous.
Two species: Indian and W Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico; one species in China.
泰来藻 tai lai zao
Schizotheca hemprichii Ehrenberg, Abh. Acad. Berl. Wiss. 1:429. 1832.
Rhizomes tetrete, with persistent leaf sheaths. Leaves curved, 612(40) cm Χ 48 mm. Peduncle of male inflorescence 23 cm, female inflorescence without peduncle; spathe linear. Male flower on a pedicel 23 cm; perianth segments elliptic, petaloid; anthers oblong. Female flower with ovary of 6 carpels; stigmatic branches 11.5 cm. Fruit greenish, 22.5 Χ 1.83.2 cm.
Submerged in shallow sea water along coasts. Hainan, Taiwan [India, Japan (Ryukyus) Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand].
水筛属 shui shai shu
Submerged freshwater herbs. Stems short or elongated, erect or stoloniferous. Leaves basal or spirally arranged along stem, sessile, lanceolate or linear, with prominent midvein and several lateral veins, sheathed at base, minutely serrulate on margin. Spathe tubular, sessile or pedunculate, bifid at apex, with longitudinal veins, 1-flowered or sometimes several flowered. Flowers bisexual or unisexual. Sepals 3, green, linear or lanceolate, persistent. Petals 3, white, longer than sepals. Stamens 39; filaments slender; anthers 4-thecous; Pistils 3; ovary linear, attenuated into a long, filiform beak; styles 3; ovules numerous. Fruit linear to terete, long, narrow. Seeds numerous, oblong-fusiform, smooth or with spines, sometimes with a filiform projection from each end.
About 11 species: tropical and subtropical regions; five species in China.
1a. Stems elongate; leaves cauline.
2a. Spathe sessile; anthers 1.82.5 mm; styles 34 mm; seeds narrowly elliptic ... 1. B. japonica
2b. Spathe shortly pedunculate; anthers 3.55 mm; styles 56 mm; seeds ovoid 2.. B. leiosperma
1b. Stems much shortened, or absent; leaves basal.
3a. Flowers unisexual; stamens 9 ..................................................................... 5. B. octandra
3b. Flowers bisexual; stamens 3.
4a. Seeds with a filiform projection from each end, and with prominent acute spines on surface 4. B. echinosperma
4b. Seeds without a projection, and with broad, short, obtuse tubercules or ridges 3. B. aubertii
水筛 shui shai
Hydrilla japonica Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 271. 1866; Blyxa
laevissima Hayata; Ottelia japonica Miquel.
Stems elongated, 1020 cm tall, branched. Leaves cauline, lanceolate, 36 cm Χ 13 mm, veins 3; apex acuminate. Spathes sessile, green, 13 cm Χ 13 mm. Flowers bisexual. Sepals green with purple midvein, linear-lanceolate, 24 Χ 0.51 mm. Petals 610 Χ 0.51 mm. Stamens 3; filaments 13 mm, smooth; anthers 1.82.5 mm. Ovary conical; styles 34 mm. Fruit 12.5 cm. Seeds 3060, narrowly elliptic, smooth. Fl. and fr. MayOct. 2n = 72.
Paddy fields, ponds, channels. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand; Europe].
光滑水筛 guang hua shui shai
Stems elongated, 26 cm tall, branched from base. Leaves cauline, lanceolate, 69 cm Χ ca. 2.5 mm, veins 3, apex acuminate. Spathes green, 2.53 cm Χ ca. 2 mm, with peduncle 0.22.2 cm. Flowers bisexual. Sepals yellowish green, linear-lanceolate, 45 Χ ca. 0.5 mm; petals 910 Χ ca. 1 mm; stamens 3; filaments 35 mm; anthers 3.55 mm. Ovary conical; styles 56 mm. Fruit 2.53 cm. Seeds 4060, ovoid, smooth. Fl. and fr. MaySep. 2n = 72.
Paddy fields. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].
无尾水筛 wu wei shui shai
Blyxa ecaudata Hayata.
Stems shortened. Leaves all in basal rosette, linear, 517(60) cm Χ 3(12) mm, veins 59, apex acuminate. Spathes green, 35 cm Χ ca. 2 mm, with peduncle 2.78 cm. Flowers bisexual. Sepals greenish purple, linear-lanceolate, 57 Χ ca. 1 mm. Petals 917 Χ ca. 0.5 mm. Stamens 3; filaments 36 mm; anthers 11.8 mm. Ovary narrowly cylindrical, 2.54 cm; styles ca. 7 mm. Fruit (2)46(8) cm. Seeds 3070, oblong-ovoid, 1.21.8 Χ ca. 0.6 mm in diam., ca. 612-ribbed; ribs obscurely tuberculate or ridged. Fl. and fr. MaySep. 2n = 16.
Paddy fields and channels. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Japan (Ryukyus), Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Africa, Australia, introduced into North America].
有尾水筛 you wei shui shai
Hydrotrophus echinospermus C. B. Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 8. 1873; Blyxa aubertii var. echinosperma (C. B. Clarke) Cook & Lόφnd; B. bicaudata Nakai; B. ceratosperma Maximowicz ex Ascherson & Guerke; B. shimadai Hayata; B. somai Hayata.
Stems shortened. Leaves all in basal rosette, strap-shaped, 1020(40) cm Χ 47 mm wide, veins 79, apex acuminate. Spathes green, 25 cm Χ ca. 2 mm, with slender peduncle 212 cm, Flowers bisexual. Sepals green, linear, ca. 6 Χ 1 mm; petals 11.4 cm Χ 0.50.8 mm. Stamens 3, 46 mm. Ovary narrowly cylindrical, 37 cm; styles 0.61.5 cm. Fruit 47 cm. Seeds 3050, fusiform or oblong-fusiform, 1.52 Χ ca. 0.8 mm, with filiform projections or ridges 212 mm from each end, and with prominently acute spines on surface. Fl. and fr. JunOct. 2n = 42.
Paddy fields and channels. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang, [Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
八药水筛 ba yao
shui shai
Vallisneria octandra Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 2: 34. 1802; Blyxa roxburghii Richard.
Stems shortened or absent. Leaves all in basal rosette, linear, 660 cm Χ 0.50.7 mm; veins faint, 20 or more, spiny toward apex. Spathes 610 cm, with a long peduncle 20120 cm. Plants dioecious; flowers unisexual, one female or 510 male flowers in a spathe. Sepals reddish, linear, 910 Χ ca. 1.5 mm. Petals 22.5 cm or longer. Stamens 9; filaments 25 mm; anthers 12 mm. Ovary narrowly cylindrical, 69 cm, with a beak 810 cm; styles ca. 2 cm, hairy. Fruit 7.510 cm. Seeds numerous, oblong-elliptic, 12 Χ 0.51 mm, with up to 12 longitudianal ridges bearing 8 rows of ± blunt spines ca. 0.5 mm, without filiform projections. 2n=16, 32.
Guangdong, Guangxi (Fangchen), Sichuan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, India, New Guinea, Sri Lanka; Australia].
苦草属 ku cao shu
Submerged stoloniferous herbs without erect stems. Leaves basal, sessile, linear or strap-shaped, veins 39, parallel, slightly sheathed at base, margin minutely serrulate or entire. Plants dioecious; flowers unisexual. Male flowers numerous, minute, shortly pedicellate, clustered together on a central column enclosed by a common spathe, each flower finally breaking free and floating on water surface; spathe ovate or broadly lanceolate, shortly pedunculate; sepals 3, convex, 2 larger than the third; petals 3 or 2, minute; stamens 13; female spathe tubular, bifid at apex, pedunculate; peduncles long, coiled after anthesis. Female flowers solitary in spathe; sepals 3; petals 3, minute. Ovary narrowly cylindrical or narrowly triangular-cylindrical; ovules numerous; styles 3, bifid. Fruit cylindrical or triangular-cylindrical. Seeds numerous, oblong or fusiform.
About eight species: tropical and subtropical; three species in China (one endemic).
1a. Stamen 1; fruit cylindrical; veins without spines ................................................... 1. V. natans
1b. Stamens 2; fruit triangular-cylindrical; midveins with minute spines.
2a. Seeds 25-winged .................................................................................... 2. V. spinulosa