紫菀族 zi wan zu
Chen Yilin (陈艺林 Chen Yi-ling)[1]; Luc Brouillet[2], John C. Semple[3]
Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, serrate, dentate, or pinnatisect. Capitula radiate or discoid. Involucral bracts generally many, imbricate in many-seriate, more rarely 1- to 2-seriate, herbaceous, scarious or subcoriaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, epaleate, alveolate or sometimes paleate. Marginal florets 1 to numerous, female, ligulate or finely subulate, central florets tubular, hermaphrodite, or marginal female florets reduced and with homomorphic tubular florets, female florets ligulate, rays yellow or other color, 2- or 3-denticulate, or finely tubular, shorter than style, hermaphrodite florets tubular, yellow, fertile or sometimes sterile. Anthers mostly caudate, obtuse at base, apical appendage ovate-lanceolate; style arms plain, apically with lanceolate, triangular appendage, abaxially pilose, adaxially glabrous. Cypselas cylindrical, oblong-obovoid. Pappus of scabrid-barbellate, fine or coarse bristles, or scales, or absent.
About 180 genera and 2700 species: worldwide, especially in temperate America; 29 genera and 228 species (106 endemic) in China.
Add to key: 40. Formania, if this genus is to be included in the Astereae.
1a. Capitula radiate, ray florets yellow (Solidaginae); pappus
of many fine bristles
10.
Solidago
1b. Capitula radiate, ray florets white, red, or purple, or discoid ray florets absent.
2a. Capitula small, discoid, with 2- to many-seriate tubular female florets; corolla apically 2–4-lobed, pappus absent, or dentiform or shortly bristled (Grangeinae).
3a. Receptacle conical or convex, finely lobed or with a denticulate ring ......... 13. Grangea
3b. Receptacle elongate, globose; cypselas without fine lobes or with denticulate ring.
4a. Receptacle ± swollen; cypselas compressed, thickened at
margins
................................................................................................... 11.
Dichrocephalus
4b. Receptacle convex; cypselas compressed, not thickened
at margins
......................................................................................................... 12.
Cyathocline
2b. Capitula larger, radiate, with female ray florets, or disciform with female fine tubular florets.
5a. Capitula with finely tubular female florets, sometimes female florets with erect small rays, or female florets without corolla, and without conspicuous ray florets (Conyzinae).
6a. Pappus of bristles short; corolla in female florets absent ............................ 39. Thespis
6b. Pappus of bristles long; corolla in female florets present.
7a. Cypselas cylindrical, 5-angled; high or climbing shrub ..................... 37. Microglossa
7b. Cypselas compressed or slightly compressed, 2–5-angled; erect herb .... 38. Conyza
5b. Capitula with distinctly spreading female ray florets or sometimes female florets absent.
8a. Cypselas rostrate, or narrowed at apex, or apiculate, apically bearing a viscid ring; female florets 2- to many-seriate (Bellidinae).
9a. Stemless herbs; capitula solitary, scapose hermaphrodite florets usually sterile 14. Lagenophora
9b. Stems erect, branched; capitula on branches.
10a. All cypselas rostrate; pappus absent, or of 1–5 minute, easily deciduous bristles 15. Rhynchospermum
10b. Cypselas apiculate or shortly rostrate; pappus absent ....................... 16. Myriactis
8b. Cypselas erostrate, compressed; female florets usually seriate.
11a. Pappus absent; phyllaries large, subequal ................................................... 17. Bellis
11b. Pappus of long or short bristles, or scaly, or cypselas apically narrowly ringed and pappus absent (Asterinae).
12a. Pappus very short, scaly or aristate on narrowly ringed cypselas.
13a. Hermaphrodite florets sterile; pappus 1- to many aristate, or aristate and scaly 18. Calotis
13b. Hermaphrodite florets fertile.
14a. Cypselas narrowly ringed at apex, pappus absent
(Gymnaster)
19.
Miyamayomena
14b. Cypselas with scabrid or shortly scaly pappus at apex ................. 20. Kalimeris
12b. Pappus of long bristles, with or without outer scales.
15a. Phyllaries outer series large and leaf-like, inner series membranous or scarious; pappus double, inner of long scabrid bristles, outer a short membranous crown ... 21..Callistephus
15b. Phyllaries outer series not leaf-like; pappus 1- or many-seriate, sometimes outer membranous.
16a. Phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, narrow, equal; style arm appendages triangular; female florets 1- or many-seriate.
17a. Hermaphrodite and female florets discolor (purple, white, or orange), hermaphrodite florets fertile ......................................................................................... 36. Erigeron
17b. Hermaphrodite and female florets homochromatic (yellow or red), hermaphrodite florets sterile.
18a. Capitula with trimorphic florets; female florets ligulate and filiform, hermaphrodite florets tubular, female sterile ........................................................ 34. Nannoglottis
18b. Capitula with 2 types of florets; female florets filiform, hermaphrodite florets sterile 35. Psychrogeton
16b. Phyllaries many-seriate, imbricate, foliaceous or scarious at margin, or double, subequal; ray florets usually 1-seriate; style arm appendages lanceolate at apex.
19a. Ray florets short, shorter than pappus.
20a. Disc florets radiate; erect herbs ........................................... 32. Brachyactis
20b. Disc florets zygomorphic; scandent or erect herbs ............. 33. Hereroplexis
19b. Ray florets long, longer than pappus, sometimes absent.
21a. Corolla of disc florets zygomorphic, 1 lobe longer; pappus of bristles, scaly or absent in ray florets ............................................................................. 22. Heteropappus
21b. Corolla of disc florets actinomorphic, 5 lobes equal; pappus of scabrid bristles in both ray and disc florets.
22a. Pappus many-seriate, ± unequal, scabrid bristles.
23a. Cypselas oblong, not ribbed on both surfaces, densely
villous; capitula solitary at apex; leaves narrow and long, gramineous
30.
Arctogeron
23b. Cypselas narrowly oblong, with thickened marginal rib, and 1 finely ribbed on each side, glabrous or sparsely hairy; capitula many, corymbose; leaves lanceolate 31. Tripolium
22b. Pappus 1- or 2-seriate, outer very short or scaly.
24a. Cypselas cylindrical, slightly narrowed, 2-ribbed on both surfaces except marginal rib; pappus of many bristles ................................................ 23. Doellingeria
24b. Cypselas oblong or ovate, slightly compressed.
25a. Cypselas finely ribbed at margin, not ribbed on both surfaces, densely villous 24. Turczaninowia
25b. Cypselas ribbed at margin, ribbed or not on both surfaces, sparsely or densely hairy.
26a. Cypselas inconspicuously ribbed; ray florets sterile, or absent; pappus 2- or 3-seriate of scabrid bristles.
27a. Capitula usually with reduced sterile ray florets; cypselas oblanceolate 28. Galatella
27b. Capitula with homomorphic hermaphrodite florets, without reduced female florets; cypselas oblong .......................................................... 29. Linosyris
26b. Cypselas distinctly ribbed; ray florets fertile; pappus 1- or 2-seriate, outer series very short or shorter.
28a. Style arms with triangular appendage; cypselas appressed villous .. 27. Asterothamnus
28b. Style arms with lanceolate appendage; cypselas sparsely hairy or glandular.
29a. Pappus 1- or 2-seriate, outer series short, scaly .............. 25. Aster
29b. Pappus 2-seriate, outer series shorter; disc florets often bilabiate 26. Krylovia
一枝黄花属 yi zhi huang hua shu
Herbs perennial, rarely subshrubs. Leaves alternate. Capitula small or rather small, heterogamous, radiate, numerous in terminal racemes, panicles, corymbs, or spiciform panicles. Involucre narrowly campanulate or elliptical; phyllaries many-seriate, imbricate. Receptacle small, usually alveolate. Florets fertile. Outer florets female, ligulate, 1-seriate, or reduced, homogenous; disc florets hermaphrodite, tubular, with expanded or narrow limb, apically 5-denticulate. Anthers obtuse at base; style arms flattened; appendage lanceolate. Cypselas oblong-obovoid, 8–12-ribbed, glabrous or pubescent. Pappus of many fine bristles, 1- or 2-seriate, rather unequal or outer rather short.
About 150 species: mainly in North America, a few species also in Asia, Europe, and South America; four species (one endemic) in China.
1a. Capitula small, less than ca. 3 mm in diam.; inflorescence branches on one side inserted, often curved 4. S. canadensis
1b. Capitula larger, 6–10 mm in diam.; inflorescence branches erect, inserted around stem, in raceme of panicles, sometimes conferted into a compound capitula head.
2a. Phyllaries rounded or obtuse ...................................................................... 2. S. pacifica
2b. Phyllaries acuminate or acute.
3a. Capitula large, ca. 10 mm in diam., 10–12 mm; leaves
thin in texture
1.
S. virgaurea
3b. Capitula smaller, 6–9 mm in
diam., 6–8 mm; leaves thicker in texture
3.
S. decurrens
毛果一枝黄花 mao guo yi zhi huang hua
Herbs perennial, 15–100 cm tall, rhizomes procumbent or ascending. Stems erect, simple or inflorescence-branched in upper part, sparsely puberulent in upper part, glabrous in lower part. Middle leaves elliptic, long elliptic, or lanceolate, 5–17 × 2–3 cm, lower cauline leaves homomorphic with middle leaves, rarely ovate, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely puberulent along nerves, base gradually narrowed and decurrent into a wing, petioles of lower leaves usually equal to blade, margin coarsely or finely serrate. Capitula larger, 10–12 × ca. 10 mm, numerous in densely or laxly terminal long panicles, panicles to 30 cm, or in 10–12 cm racemes, rarely conferted into compound-capitula. Involucre campanulate; phyllaries 4–6-seriate, lanceolate, 5–8 mm, acuminate or acute, with narrowly membranous margins. Ray florets yellow, 7–13; disc florets many. Cypselas angled, 3–4 mm, sparsely puberulent or 1/3–1/2 pilose in upper part and glabrous or almost glabrous elsewhere. Pappus white, 4–5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
Forests, forest glades, forest margins, and thickets; 1200–2700 m. Hebei, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia (Caucasus), Europe].
This species is used medicinally and as a honey plant.
1a. Cypselas sparsely puberulent ........................................................................... 1a. var. virgaurea
1b. Cypselas 1/3–1/2 pilose, in
upper part otherwise glabrous or almost glabrous
......................................................................................................................... 1b.
var. dahurica
毛果一枝黄花(原变种) mao guo yi zhi huang hua (yuan bian zhong)
Cypselas sparsely puberulent.
Forests, forest margins, and thickets; 1200–2700 m. Xinjiang (Altai and Tienshan) [Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia (Caucasus), Europe].
寡毛 gua mao
Solidago dahurica Kitagawa.
Cypselas 1/3–1/2 pilose in upper part, otherwise glabrous or almost glabrous.
Forests, forest glades. NE China, Hebei, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].
Here and elsewhere: “NE China” needs to be replaced by whichever provinces apply for this taxon.
純苞一枝黄花 tun bao yi zhi huang hua
Solidago virgaurea Linnaeus var. coreana Nakai.
Herbs perennial, rhizomes robust. Stems slender erect, to 1 m tall, simple, glabrous, lax-leaved. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, lower cauline leaves narrowly petiolate, upper cauline leaves gradually smaller, glabrous on both surfaces, or sparsely ciliate. Capitula smaller, 7–12 mm, numerous, terminal, corymbose, several corymbs arranged in racemes on stem, racemes to 35 cm. Involucre campanulate; phyllaries 3- or 4-seriate, elliptic or oblanceolate, 4–6 mm, rounded or obtuse. Ray florets ca. 5 mm. Cypselas ca. 2 mm, completely glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.
Grasslands on slopes, forests or forest margins; ca. 1600 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Russia].
一枝黄花 yi zhi huang hua
Amphirhapis chinensis Schultz Bipontinus; A. leiocarpa Bentham; Solidago cantonensis Loureiro; S. japonica Kitamura var. paludosa Honda; S. virgaurea Linnaeus subsp. leiocarpa Hulten; S. virgaurea var. leiocarpa (Bentham) A. Gray; S. virgaurea var. paludossa Honda.
Herbs perennial, (9)35–100 cm tall. Stems erect, usually slender, solitary or rarely fascicled, simple or branched in upper part. Middle cauline leaves elliptic, long elliptic, ovate, or broadly lanceolate, 2–5 × 1–1.5(–2) cm, with winged petioles, base cuneate-attenuate, upper margin denticulate or entire, lower leaves homomorphic with middle leaves, thicker in texture, puberulent on both surfaces or glabrous adaxially, petioles 2–4 cm or more, with longer winges. Capitula smaller, 6–8 × 6–9 mm, numerous in terminal dense or lax racemes or corymbose-panicles, rarely in compound-capitula. Phyllaries 4–6-seriate, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, middle and inner series 5–6 mm. Ray florets elliptic, ca. 6 mm. Cypselas ca. 3 mm, glabrous, rarely sparsely pilose at apex. Fl. and fr. Apr–Nov.
* Forests, forest margins, thickets and grasslands on slopes; 500–2900 m. Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Medicinal plant used for expelling “wind-evil,” promoting hemostasis, and treating poisonous snake bites, carbuncles, and furuncles.
加拿大一枝黄花 jia na da yi zhi huang hua
Herbs perennial, rhizomes creeping, branched. Stems to 2.5 m tall, erect, simple, green, short and softly aqua rose downy. Leaves numerous, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5–12 cm, tapering at both ends, apex acuminate, margins of lower leaves sharply serrate, of basal leaves sometimes entire, of upper leaves entire, with 3 longitudinal veins, of which 2 lateral veins protrude weakly, glabrous or downy abaxially, shortly pilose adaxially. Inflorescence a panicle of racemes with heads borne on one side and racemes curved downward. Capitula very small, 4–6 mm. Involucre 2.3–4 mm; phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 3–4 mm, slightly obtuse. Florets golden yellow; ray florets hardly longer than involucre. Fl. Aug–Sep.
An ornamental and decorative plant, widely cultivated in gardens and parks in China [native of North America].
鱼眼草属 yu yan cao shu
Herbs annual with alternate, lyrate or entire leaves. Capitula very small, heterogamous, disciform rounded or oblong, arranged in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary. Involucre small; phyllaries 2-seriate. Receptacle swollen, globose, or obconic, epaleate. Florets tubular, fertile. Outer florets pistillate, many-seriate, white or yellow; central florets perfect, 4- to 5-lobed, yellow or reddish. Anthers obtuse at base; style arms with lanceolate appendages. Cypselas obovoid, slightly compressed, glabrous, but basally and apically glandular, of pistillate florets without pappus, of bisexual florets with 1–2 short bristles and marginal vein.
Four species: Africa and tropical Asia; three species in China.
1a. Corolla of pistillate florets shortly funnel-shaped; phyllaries externally shortly pilose; receptacle distinctly swollen, obconic, acute at apex, 5–6 mm in fruiting time ................ 1. D. chrysanthemifolia
1b. Corolla of pistillate florets linear or ovate or urceolate; phyllaries externally glabrous; receptacle swollen, but flat at apex.
2a. Pistillate florets slender, linear; leaves lyrate, pinnatilobate basally, base gradually attenuate into winged petiole, petioles 1–3.5 cm .................................................................... 2. D. integrifolia
2b. Pistillate florets ovate or urceolate; leaves usually pinnatilobate, rarely lyrately pinnatilobate, sessile, base expanded auriculate-amplexicaul ........................................................... 3. D. benthamii
菊叶鱼眼草 ju ye yu yan cao
Cotula chrysanthemifolia Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 918. 1826.
Herbs annual, many branched; branches ascending, spreading or apically oblique. Stems and branches rigid, white tomentulose, pubescent or hispidulous. Leaves oblong or obovate, 3–5 × 0.8–2 cm, pinnatifid, pinnatipartite or pinnatilobate, white pubescent on both surfaces, base expanded and auriculate-amplexicaul; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, oblong, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, margin 1- or 2-serrulate on one or both sides, or entire; lateral lobes of middle leaves large, of lower leaves smaller, of upper leaves gradually smaller, uppermost linear, entire or with 1- or 2-paired teeth. Capitula globose or oblong, ca. 7 mm in diam., solitary in upper leaves axil and arranged in subraceme; peduncles densely puberulent or puberulent-tomentose, ca. 5 cm, with 1–3 linear or lanceolate bracteole leaves. Phyllaries 1- or 2-seriate, slightly unequal, ca. 1.5 mm, with white membranous margins. Marginal pistillate florets many-seriate, corolla purple, shortly funnel-shaped, ca. 0.7 mm, deeply 3–5-lobed; central bisexual florets few, tubular, ca. 1 mm, 4- or 5-lobed, externally sparsely viscid-glandular and pilose. Cypselas compressed, oblanceolate. Pappus absent or of bisexual florets with 1–2 bristles.
Grasslands on slopes, roadsides; ca. 2900 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Nepal (Africa)].
鱼眼草 yu yan cao
Hippia integrifolia Linnaeus f. Suppl. Pl. 387. 1780; Cotula bicolor Roth; Dichrocephala auriculata (Thunberg) Candolle; D. bicolor (Roth) Schlechtendal; D. latifolia (Lamark) Candolle.
Herbs annual. Stems erect, 12–50 cm tall, robust, rarely slender, simple or branched from base, branches ascending, stems and branches white villous or pubescent. Leaves ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, sparsely puberulent on both surfaces, petioles 1–3.5 cm, winged, margin doubly coarsely serrate or incised, middle cauline leaves 3–12 × 2–4.5 cm, lyrate pinnatilobate, terminal lobe large, ca. 4.5 cm wide, lateral lobes 1- or 2-paired, upper or lower leaves gradually smaller, basal leaves often simple. Capitula small, globose, 3–5 mm in diam., numerous in terminal corymbs or corymbose-panicles; peduncles slender, to 3 cm. Phyllaries 1- or 2-seriate, membranous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, unequal, ca. 1 mm. Marginal florets many-seriate, purple, corolla slender, linear, ca. 0.5 mm, apically usually 2-denticulate; central bisexual florets few, ca. 0.5 mm, with short tube and campanulate limb, 4- or 5-denticulate. Cypselas compressed, obovate, glabrous. Pappus absent, or of bisexual florets with 1–2 bristles. Fl. and fr. whole year.
On slopes, shaded places in valleys, under forests on slopes, watersides; 200–2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [tropical Africa, Asia].
A medicinal plant, used for dyspepsia, indigestion, as an antiphlogistic, and an antiemetic.
小鱼眼草 xiao yu yan cao
Dichrocephala amphiloba H. Léveillé; Dichrocephala bodinieri Vaniot.
Herbs annual, 15–35 cm tall. Stems solitary or fascicled, robust, rarely slender, many branched, white villous or pubescent. Leaves ovate, obovate oblong-spatulate or oblong, both surfaces sometimes glabrescent or subglabrous, sessile, middle cauline leaves 3–6 × 1.5–3 cm, pinnate or lyrate-pinnatilobate, lateral lobes 1–3-paired, spatulate or broadly spatulate, gradually attenuate and expanded, base auriculate-amplexicaul, margin deeply crenate-serrate, densely or sparsely white shortly hairy. Capitula small, globose, ca. 5 mm in diam., few or numerous in lax or dense corymbs or paniculate corymbs; peduncles slightly robust, puberulent or subglabrous. Phyllaries 1- or 2-seriate, oblong, ca. 1 mm, margin denticulate. Receptacle swollen, apically flat. Marginal florets pistillate, many-seriate, white, corolla ovoid or urceolate, 0.5–0.7 mm, 2- or 3-denticulate; central florets bisexual, few, yellow-green, 0.8–0.9 mm, with shortly slender tube and campanulate limb, 4- or 5-denticulate. Cypselas compressed, obovoid, glabrous. Pappus absent, or of bisexual florets with 1–2 fine bristles. Fl. and fr. whole year.
Grasslands in valleys, riverbanks, fields, roadsides; 1300–3200 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indochina, Nepal].
Here and elsewhere: “Indochina” (or “Indochinese peninsula”) needs to be replaced by whichever countries apply for this taxon.
杯菊属 bei ju shu
Herbs annual or perennial with alternate pinnatifid or pinnatisect leaves. Capitula rather small, heterogamous, disciform corymbose-paniculate or nearly racemose. Receptacle cup-shaped, or funnel-shaped, naked. Involucre hemispherical; phyllaries 2-subseriate, slightly unequal, lanceolate, margin scarious. Outer florets many-seriate, female, fertile, filiform, white, 2-toothed; disc-florets bisexual, usually sterile, tubular, 5-cleft. Anthers truncate at base; style exserted, of bisexual florets simple or cleft. Cypselas minute, oblong, flattened. Pappus absent.
Three species: tropical Asia; one species in China.
杯菊 bei ju
Tanacetum purpureum Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal, 181. 1825; Cyathocline lyrata Cassini; Dichrocephala minutiflora Vaniot.
Herbs annual, 10–15 cm tall. Stems erect, usually branched from base, branches ascending, reddish purple or red-tinged, viscid-villous, dense in upper part. Middle cauline leaves ovate or obovate, 2.5–12 cm, pinnatisect or pinnatifid, segments opposite or oblique, or 1 lateral segment reduced into pectinate, triangular, entire or minutely toothed margin, upper leaves smaller, abaxially puberulent, adaxially sparsely hairy or subglabrous, base expanded auriculate-amplexicaul, sessile. Capitula small, numerous or few in terminal corymbs or paniculate corymbs; peduncles white viscid villous or pubescent. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 2 mm in diam.; phyllaries 2-seriate, subequal, margin scarious, ciliate, externally sparsely white multicellular villous or glabrous, apically purple. Outer florets female, many-seriate, fertile, filiform, purple, 2-toothed; disc florets bisexual. Cypselas oblong. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. nearly whole year.
Forests, grasslands on slopes, watersides, roadsides; 100–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indochina, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].
田基黄属 tian ji huang shu
Herbs annual or perennial, often prostrate. Leaves alternate, oblong-obovate to spatulate, lyrate-pinnatifid or serrate-dentate. Capitula solitary or laxly corymbose, disciform, heterogamous. Involucre broadly campanulate; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, herbaceous, rather unequal, inner series scarious at apex. Receptacle swollen, hemispheric or obconic, naked. Florets yellow. Outer florets 1- to many-seriate, female, narrowly tubular; central florets perfect, fertile. Corolla of female florets filiform, of outer usually 2-toothed, of inner 3- or 4-toothed, of bisexual with campanulate limb, 4- or 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse at base, apically with distinct appendage; style arms truncate, obtuse, or with triangular appendage, sometimes simple. Cypselas compressed or subcylindrical, margin scaly or hairy fine toothed, apex truncate, usually with a cartilaginous ring.
Ten species: tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia; one species in China.
田基黄 tian ji huang
Artemisia maderaspatana Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 849. 1753; Cotula sphaeranthes Link; Grangea procumbens Candolle; Grangea sphaeranthus (Link) C. Koch.
Herbs annual, (5–)10–30 cm tall. Stems slender, usually procumbent, branched, white villous or glabrous in lower part by anthesis. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or obspatulate, 3.5–7.5 × 1.5–2.5 cm, shortly pubescent and yellow glandular on both surfaces, basal leaves sometimes ca. 10 × 4 cm, sessile, usually auriculate at base, pandurate or lyrate-lobate, terminal lobe obovate or subrounded, margin serrate, lateral lobes 2–5-paired; upper leaves gradually smaller. Capitula globose, 8–10 mm in diam., terminal, solitary, rarely paired. Involucre cup-shaped; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, outer series lanceolate, 4–8 mm, margin lacerate-ciliate, inner series oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse, distinctly clawed. Receptacle swollen. Florets sparsely brown-yellow glandulous. Female florets yellow, 2–6-seriate, filiform, ca. 1 mm, shortly 3- or 4-toothed; bisexual florets ca. 1.5 mm, short campanulate, 5-lobed. Cypselas compressed, with ± thickened margin, numerous brown-yellow glands, apex truncate, ring-like, thickened. Pappus scaly and conical lacerate. Fl. and fr. Mar–Aug.
Riverbanks, watersides, lax forests and thickets; below 100–1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, S Yunnan [India, Indochinese peninsula, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal; Africa].
瓶草属 ping tou cao shu
Scapose perennial herbs. Leaves radical or very rarely cauline. Capitula very small or small, heterogamous, radiate or disciform, solitary, usually pedunculate or scapose. Involucre small, hemispherical or subhemispherical; phyllaries 2–4-seriate, unequal. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Ray florets in 1-seriate or more, female, white to purple; disc florets few, perfect or male, tubular, yellow, with campanulate limb, 4- or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base, entire; style arms slender, flattened, with lanceolate or triangular appendage. Cypselas fattened, obovate to oblanceolate, with marginal ribs, with or without a short beak and an apical rim, ± glandular apically. Pappus absent.
Thirty species: SE Asia, Australia, Cental and South America, New Zealand; one species in China.
瓶头草 ping tou cao
Bellis stipitata Labillardiere, Pl. Holl. Nov. 2: 55. 1806; Lagenophora billardieri Cassini.
Dwarf annual herbs, 3.5–12 cm tall. Radical leaves rosulate, persistent by anthesis, obovate or broadly spatulate, 1.2–3 × 0.7–1.3 cm, sparsely shortly pubescent on both surfaces, base cuneate-attenuate into very short petioles, margin repand-dentate mucronulate, apex rounded or obtuse, scapigerous leaves few, 1–2, very small, linear, 1–l.5 × 3–5 mm, bracteole leaf-like. Capitula small, 4–7(–9) mm in diam., solitary. Involucre hemispherical, 2.5 × 3–5 mm; phyllaries 3- or 4-seriate, acute, margin scarious, outer series lanceolate, ca. 1 mm, middle series oblanceolate or long elliptic, ca. 2 mm, apically purple tinged, inner series linear, with broadly scarious margin. Ray florets female, 3- or 4-seriate, rays 1.5–2.5 × 0.5 mm, purplish, entire, reflexed by anthesis; disc florets shortly campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm, 4- or 5-toothed. Cypselas oblanceolate, compressed, 2.5–3.5 mm, many glandular. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. Sep.
Forest margins, grasslands on slopes; 1700–1800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan [India, Indochinese peninsula, Indonesia (Java); Australia].
秋分草属 qiu fen cao shu
Herbs perennial. Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblanceolate, sparsely dentate. Capitula small, heterogamous, paniculate-racemose or spicate, sessile or shortly pedunculate. Involucre small, campanulate or hemispherical; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, imbricate, slightly unequal, margin scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Ray florets 2- or 3-seriate, female, whitish; disc florets numerous, bisexual, fertile; corolla tubular, with broadly campanulate limb, (4 or)5-toothed. Anthers obtuse, entire; style arms short, flattened, with inconspicuous appendages. Cypselas obovate, compressed, with thickened margins, with a beak in ray florets. Pappus absent or of few, minute, easily deciduous bristles.
One species: E and SE Asia.
秋分草 qiu fen cao
Rhynchospermum formosanum Yamamoto; Rhynchospermum verticillatum var. subsessilis Oliver ex Miquel; Zollingeria scandens Schultes-Bip.
Herbs perennial, 25–100 cm tall. Stems rigid, solitary or fascicled, erect, usually divaricate-branched from middle part, or sometimes with racemose inflorescence branches, puberulent. Radical leaves deciduous or persistent by anthesis, lower leaves oblanceolate, elliptic-oblanceolate, or elliptic, rarely spatulate, 4.5–14 × 2.5–4 cm, petioles narrowly winged, base cuneate, margin repand-serrate, apex acute, middle leaves lanceolate, shortly petiolate, entire or repand-crenate, upper leaves gradually smaller, entire or mucronulate. Capitula terminal or axillary, solitary or subracemose, 4–5 mm in diam., shortly pedunculate. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical, 3–4 mm wide; phyllaries rather unequal, obtuse, margin scarious, outer series ovate-elliptic, middle and inner seriess elliptic. Ray florets 2- or 3-seriate, ca. 1.2 mm, tube very short, glandular; disc florets ca. 2 mm, glandular. Cypselas in ray florets compressed, elliptic, ca. 4 × 1 mm, with thickened margins and a longer beak, in disc florets brown glandular, without beak or with a short beak. Pappus of minute, easily deciduous bristles. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov.
Forest margins, in shady places of forests or watersides; 400–2500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar].
粘冠草属 nian guan cao shu
Herbs annual or perennial. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate-oblong to spatulate, dentate-lobed. Capitula small, heterogamous, solitary or laxly corymbose-paniculate, long pedunculate. Involucre hemispherical; phyllaries 2-seriate. Receptacle convex, hemispherical or spatulate-globose, naked. Florets fertile. Ray florets, female, 2- to many-seriate white to purplish; disc florets male, tubular, with narrow limb, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base; style arms flattened, with lanceolate appendage. Cypselas somewhat compressed, oblong-obovoid, with thickened margins, and shortly beaked or beakless, ± glandular. Pappus absent, but sometimes apex of cypselas with a viscid secretion.
About 12 species: tropical Africa and Asia; five species (one endemic) in China.
1a. Rays of ray florets rounded or subrounded, length and width equal or nearly so, apex rounded, female florets many-seriate.
2a. Leaves simple, sometimes lower leaves shallowly or deeply lobed, lateral lobes 1- or 2-paired 1. M. nepalensis
2b. Leaves lyrate-pinnatipartite or lobed or pinnatisect, or sometimes lower leaves rounded, simple 2. M. longipedunculata
1b. Rays of ray florets linear or long linear, apex acute, female florets (l or)2- or 3-seriate.
3a. Middle leaves ovate, broadly ovate, or long ovate ...................................... 3. M. wightii
3b. Middle leaves lanceolate, long lanceolate, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate.
4a. Leaves serrate, dentate or parted or lobed, but not pinnatilobed ............. 4. M. wallichii
4b. Leaves pinnatipartite .............................................................................. 5. M. delavayi
圆舌粘冠草 yuan she nian guan cao
Dichrocephala leveillei Vaniot.
Herbs perennial, usually robust, to 1 m tall, rhizomes short, procumbent. Stems erect, branched from middle or basal part, branches ascending, stems and branches glabrous or sparsely short or paleaceous hairs below capitula. Middle cauline leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 4–10 × 2.5–4.5 cm, margin coarsely serrate or crenate, base decurrent into winged petioles, petiole expanded and contracted at base, basal and lower leaves large, sometimes lobed or parted, lateral lobes 1–2(or 3)-paired, petioles to 10 cm, upper leaves gradually smaller, elliptic or long lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely puberulent along veins, base expanded and contracted with stem or auriculate-amplexicaul, sessile. Capitula globose or hemispherical, 1–1.5 cm, solitary or numerous, laxly corymbose or corymbose-paniculate. Phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, subequal, externally puberulent. Ray florets female, many-seriate, rays rounded, apically rounded, or emarginate; disc florets tubular, with broadly campanulate limb, 4-toothed, tube puberulent. Cypselas compressed, with thickened margins, apically with a viscid secretion. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. Apr–Nov.
Forests, forest margins, thickets, on slopes, or moist and humid places by watersides; 1200–3400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Nepal, Vietnam].
台湾粘冠草 tai wan nian guan cao
Herbs perennial, 10–35 cm tall, rhizomes short, oblique. Stems solitary or 3, erect, branched, or simple, scapose; branches ascending, glabrous or ± puberulent. Leaves usually conferted in lower part, elliptic, spatulate, or long ovate, 2–3(or 4–7) × 1–2(or 2–4) cm, lyrate-pinnatipartite or pinnatipartite, or subrounded and simple, or radical leaves lyrate-bipinnatisect, both surfaces ± puberulent or subglabrous, lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, oblong or obovate, entire or 1-serrate at one side of margin, terminal lobe large, broadly ovate or rounded, or oblong, margin coarsely serrate or lobed-serrate, upper cauline leaves few, oblanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate, pinnatipartite, terminal lobe triangular or lanceolate, uppermost leaves linear, simple; petioles of lower leaves 2.5–4 cm, base expanded and contracted with stem or auriculate, amplexicaul. Capitula hemispherical, 7–9 mm in diam., few (usually 3–4), solitary at top of stem and branches; peduncles 7–9 cm. Phyllaries 2-seriate, subequal, oblong or narrowly oblong with narrow scarious margin, outer series pulverous-puberulent. Ray florets female, many-seriate, rays rounded, apically emarginate or rounded; disc florets 4-toothed. Cypselas oblanceolate, compressed, ca. 2 mm, with a thickened margin, apically with a viscid secretion. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. May–Oct.
* Moist and humid places on shady slopes; 2300–2500 m. Taiwan.
Make diagnoses of varieties parallel and insert key to varieties (if the varieties are worth recognizing).
台湾粘冠草(原变种) tai wan nian guan cao (yuan bian zhong)
Leaves lyrate-pinnatipartite or pinnatipartite, or subrounded and simple, lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired.
* Moist and humid places on shady slopes; 2300–2500 m. Taiwan.
再裂 zai lie
Myriactis bipinnatisecta Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 196. 1934.
Radical leaves lyrate-bipinnatisect, lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired.
* Taiwan.
单头 dan tou
Myriactis formosana Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 135. 1934.
Stems simple, scapose. Capitula terminal, solitary.
* Taiwan.
粘冠草 nian guan cao
Myriactis javanica Candolle.
Herbs annual, 20–90 cm tall. Stems erect, to 6 mm in diam. at base, usually branched from middle part, rarely from basal part, or simple, subscapose, branches ascending or spreading, stems and branches densely or sparsely villous or puberulent or subglabrous in lower part. Leaves alternate, often with axillary branches or fascicled, middle cauline leaves broadly ovate to ovate, 5–8 × 3–6 cm, rarely lyrate pinnatilobate, terminal lobe same shape as blade, wider toward base, gradually smaller toward apex, both surfaces villous or puberulent or only along veins pubescent, base expanded or contracted with stem, or auriculate semiamplexicaul, petiole winged, margin deeply crenate or serrate or incised-serrate, uppermost leaves or lateral lobes entire. Capitula few or numerous, terminally laxly corymbose or corymbose paniculate; peduncles ca. 5 cm, or arranged laxly in racemes, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., hemispherical. Phyllaries nearly 2-seriate, subequal, narrowly oblong, ca. 4 mm, glabrous fimbriate-lacerate at apex. Ray florets female, 2-seriate, rays linear, apically bilobed; disc florets tubular, with broadly campanulate limb, 5-toothed. Cypselas compressed, oblanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, with a thickened margin, shortly beaked, apically with a viscid secretion. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov.
Forests on slopes, mixed forests, grasslands, riverbanks, watersides; 2100–3600 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Sri Lanka].
1a. Middle cauline leaf base expanded or contracted with stem ................................... 3a. var. wightii
1b. Middle cauline leaf base cordate, auriculate semiamplexicaul ................................ 3b. var. cordata
粘冠草 (原变种) nian guan cao (yuan lian zhong)
Middle cauline leaf base expanded or contracted with stem.
Forests on slopes, grasslands, riverbanks, watersides; 2100–3600 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Sri Lanka].
心叶 xin ye lian zhong
Middle cauline leaf base cordate, auriculate semiamplexicaul.
* Mixed forests; ca. 2700 m. Yunnan (Chingtung).
狐狸草 hu li cao
Herbs annual, 15–60 cm tall. Stems erect, ca. 5 mm in diam. at base, often many branched from basal or middle part; branches long and spreading, white strigulose, or sparsely white crisped hairs or subglabrous. Leaves sparsely white strigose on both surfaces, sometimes subglabrous, margin serrate, or not serrate or repand-dentate, base decurrent into narrowly winged petiole, petioles slightly expanded or auriculate-amplexicaul, between petiole and blade usually distinctly contracted, middle cauline leaves long elliptic-lanceolate, or long elliptic, 4–4.6 × 2–3 cm, uppermost leaves homomorphic with middle leaves, or nearly linear. Capitula hemispherical, ca. 1 cm in diam., numerous, laxly corymbose or subcorymbose; inflorescences ca. 22 cm in diam., or of lower arranged in paniculate corymbs or racemose-panicles; peduncles short and slender. Phyllaries 2-seriate, subequal, oblong or oblanceolate 3–4 mm, sometimes sparsely pubescent at base. Ray florets female, 2- or 3-seriate, rays linear, acute; disc florets tubular, with broadly campanulate limb. Cypselas compressed, oblanceolate, ca. 3.5 mm, with thickened margin, shortly beaked, apically with a viscid secretion. Fl. Aug–Oct.
Grasslands, or forests on slopes, 2600–3600 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Nepal].
羽裂粘冠草yu lie nian guan cao
Herbs perennial, 18–50 cm tall, rhizomes usually curved. Stems erect, base often curved, branched from middle part; branches elongate and spreading, or simple and subscapose, glabrous or sparsely paleaceous hairy in upper part only. Leaves subglabrous on both surfaces or sparsely paleaceous hairy along veins or sometimes sparsely ciliate at margin, petioles decurrent into a narrow wing, base expanded, middle cauline leaves lanceolate to long lanceolate, 4–7 × 2.5–3.5 cm, pinnatipartite, lateral lobes 1- or 2-paired, terminal lobe large, elliptic or long elliptic, margin pinnatilobed serrate, lower leaves homomorphic with middle, upper leaves long lanceolate or long elliptic, or linear, pinnatifid or pinnatilobate. Capitula hemispherical, ca. 8 mm in diam., few arranged in lax racemes. Phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, outer series rather externally puberulent. Ray florets female 2- or 3-seriate, rays linear, entire; disc florets tubular, with broadly campanulate limb, 5-toothed. Cypselas compressed, oblanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, with thickened margins, shortly beaked, apically with a viscid secretion. Fl. and fr. Aug–Sep.
* Grasslands, or forests on slopes; ca. 3000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
雏菊属 chu ju shu
Herbs annual or perennial, scapose, caespitose or stem rarely branched. Leaves mainly rosulate, spatulate or oblanceolate, entire or repand-dentate. Capitula often solitary, heterogamous, pedunculate or scapose, radiate. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate; phyllaries 2-seriate, rather unequal, herbaceous. Receptacle swollen or conical, naked. Ray florets 1-seriate, white, often tinged purplish crimson, apically entire; disc florets numerous, yellow fertile, style arm appendages short, triangular. Cypselas compressed, obovate, thickened at margins, beakless. Pappus absent or rarely of few, very short, basally connate bristles.
Eight species: Asia, Europe; one species in China.
雏菊 chu ju
Herbs perennial or annual, scapose, ca. 10 cm tall. Leaves radical, rosulate, spatulate, base gradually attenuate into petioles, apex obtuse, upper margin laxly obtusely dentate or repand-dentate. Capitula solitary, 2.5–3.5 cm in diam.; scape hairy. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate; phyllaries 2-seriate, rather unequal, long elliptic, obtuse, externally pubescent. Ray florets 1-seriate, female, rays white or tinged purplish, entire or sometimes 2- or 3-toothed; disc florets numerous, bisexual, fertile. Cypselas obovate, compressed, with thickened margin, puberulent. Pappus absent.
An ornamental, widely cultivated in gardens and parks [native of Europe].
刺冠菊属 ci guan ju shu
Herbs annual or perennial, or rarely subshrubs. Leaves alternate, entire to variously dissected. Capitula small, heterogamous, solitary or laxly corymbose, pedunculate or sessile, radiate or disciform. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate; phyllaries 3-subseriate, rather unequal, with scarious margins. Receptacle convex, naked. Ray florets 1- to many-seriate, female, white, pink, violet, or purple; disc florets bisexual, tubular, with broad limb, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse, entire; style arms linear, with short appendages, obtuse. Cypselas of ray florets compressed, obovate or oblong, often winged, glabrous to hairy. Pappus very variable, bristles or 2 to many awns, shortly barbed, 1 to several, elongate after flowering, spreading spiniform, sometimes with 2 to many scales.
Twenty-six species: mainly in Australia, few species in SE Asia; one species (endemic) in China.
刺冠菊 ci guan ju
Herbs annual, ca. 10 cm tall. Stems many branched, erect or ascending; branches slender, glabrous. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 × 0.15 cm, glabrous, base gradually narrow, sessile, margin entire, apex obtuse, upper leaves smaller. Capitula small, terminal, solitary, ca. 4 mm in diam. Involucre hemispherical; phyllaries 3-seriate, rather unequal, linear or linear-lanceolate, with scarious margins, ciliate and sparsely villous. Ray florets 1-seriate, female, fertile, rays white; disc florets many, bisexual, corolla tubular, yellow, with broad limb, 5-lobed. Cypsela obovate, compressed, sparsely stellate or branched minutely pubescent, with rather thickened margins. Pappus spiniform, barbellate, easily deciduous. Fl. and fr. ????–Nov.
* Open dry sand by sea beaches. Hainan.
裸宛属 luo wan shu
Gymnaster Kitamura, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Univ. Ser. B. 13: 301. 1937.
Herbs perennial. Stems often branched. Leaves alternate, entire or coarsely dentate. Capitula solitary or corymbose, heterogamous, radiate. Ray florets female, 1- or 2-seriate; disc florets numerous, bisexual, fertile. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate; phyllaries 2- to many-seriate, subequal or outer series gradually shorter, imbricate, outer series herbaceous, inner series with broadly scarious margins. Receptacle conical, violet, naked. Rays white or blue-purple, spreading, entire or toothed; disc florets tubular, yellow with campanulate limb, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at base; style arms with triangular or lanceolate appendages. Cypselas compressed, or slightly 4-angled, oblong-obovate, few-ribbed at margins and both surfaces, or not ribbed, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, apically narrowly ringed margin. Pappus absent.
Seven species: E Asia; four species (all endemic) in China.
1a. Phyllaries 4- or 5-seriate; cypselas obovoid, compressed, marginally ribbed.
2a. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 7–9 cm, coarsely serrate; stems many branched; phyllaries 7–8 mm; cypselas major, ca. 3 × 1.8 mm ................................................................. 1. M. piccolii
2b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or subelliptic, 1.5–2.5(–4) cm,
entire; stems few, branched or simplex; phyllaries ca. 6 mm; cypselas small, ca.
2 × 1.3 mm
.................................................................................................................. 2.
M. simplex
1b. Phyllaries 3- or 4-seriate; cypselas long obovoid, 4- or 5- or more ribbed.
3a. Leaves linear-lanceolate, base gradually narrowed into winged petioles, remotely serrulate at middle margins ............................................................................................ 3. M. angustifolius
3b. Leaves broadly elliptic or obovate-lanceolate, base cuneate, margin inconspicuously repand-dentate 4. M. lushiensis
裸宛 luo wan
Aster piccolii J. D. Hooker, Curtis’s Bot. Mag. t. 7669. 1899; Asteromoea piccolii (J. D. Hooker) Mandel-Mazzetti; Kalimeris piccolii (J. D. Hooker) S. Y. Hu.
Herbs perennial, 60–120 cm tall. Stems erect, densely or laxly hispidulous and glandular-puberulent, many spreading branched, or few branched. Leaves abaxially pale, adaxially green, oblong-oblanceolate, 7–9 × 1.2–1.8 cm, hispidulous on both surfaces or adaxially subglabrous, veins abaxially prominent, base attenuate, sessile, margin coarsely serrate, only margin and abaxially along veins hairy, apex acuminate, leaves in branches small, 2–3 × 0.4–0.6 cm, entire or toothed. Capitula numerous, 2–2.5 cm in diam., corymbose. Involucre turbinate-hemispherical, 7–8 × ca. 12 mm, basally with bract-shaped leaves; phyllaries ca. 5-seriate, laxly imbricate, outer series herbaceous, ovate-oblong, obtuse, apically often reflexed and tinged purplish, inner series narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, with broadly scarious margins, ciliate. Ray florets blue-purple, ca. 15 mm, tube ca. 2 mm, rays ca. 13 × 2.5 mm; disc florets yellow, 5–6 mm, tube ca. 1.8 mm, glandular. Cypselas obovoid, ca. 3 × 1.8 mm, with marginal ribs, glabrous, apically with narrow ringed margin. Pappus absent. Fl. Aug–Oct.
* Grasslands on slopes; 900–1700 m. Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.
四川裸宛 si chuan luo wan
Aster simplex Chang, Sinensia 6: 541. 1935, not Willdenow (1809); Asteromoea simplex (Chang) Handel-Mazzetti; Gymnaster simplex (Chang) Ling.
Herbs perennial, 10–35 cm tall. Stems ascending, solitary or 2–4-fascicled, simple or 2- or 3-branched from middle part, white hispidulous-villous. Basal leaves spatulate, long petiolate, lower cauline leaves withered by anthesis, middle leaves oblong-lanceolate or subelliptic, 1.5–2.5(–4) × 0.3–0.6(–0.9) cm, white hispidulous-villous on both surfaces, midrib abaxially convex, adaxially concave, base rounded, sessile, margin entire, apex obtuse or acute, uppermost leaves remote, linear, ca. 1 cm. Capitula solitary, 2–2.5 in diam. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 6 × 1.5 mm; phyllaries 3- or 4-seriate, imbricate, outer series green, rather short, lanceolate, 4–5 × 1.2–1.5 mm, acute or obtuse, externally pubescent, inner series obovate-oblong, 5–5.5 × 1.5–2 mm, acute, margin broadly scarious, ciliate, apically red-purplish. Ray florets purplish red, ca. 16 × 2 mm, tube ca. 2 mm, glandular-puberulent; disc florets ca. 4 mm, tube ca. 1 mm, puberulent. Cypselas obovoid, slightly compressed, ca. 2 × 1.3 mm, inconspicuously marginally ribbed, yellowish, glabrous. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
* Grasslands on slopes, canal sides; 2600–3000 m. NW Sichuan.
狭叶裸宛 xia ye luo wan
Aster angustifolius Chang, Bull. Fan. Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 43. 1935; Aster falri J. D. Hooker, in Shed; Asteromoea angustifolia (Chang) Handel-Mazzetti; Gymnaster angustifolius (Chang) Ling; Kalimeris angustifolia (Chang) S. Y. Hu.
Herbs perennial, 30–50 cm tall. Stems erect or somewhat flexuous, angled-striate, glabrous, few branched above or simple; branches elongate, sparsely shortly white hairy. Lower leaves caducous by anthesis, present leaves linear-lanceolate, 6–15 × 0.8–2.5 cm, abaxially grayish white, with appressed short hairs, adaxially green, glabrous or somewhat scabrid, pinnate veins abaxially prominent, base gradually narrowed into winged petioles, margin scabrid, remotely serrulate, apex acute, uppermost leaves linear, entire. Capitula solitary, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., long pedunculate. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 5 × 1 cm; phyllaries 3- or 4-seriate, imbricate, green, obovate to oblanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse, with scarious margins, glabrous, orange veined. Ray florets 1-seriate, purplish or bluish, ca. 13 × 2–2.5 mm, tube ca. 2 mm, glabrous; disc florets yellow, ca. 4 mm, tube ca. 1.3 mm, glabrous. Cypselas long obovoid, ca. 2.8 × 1 mm, 4- or 5-ribbed, multi-angular, glabrous. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
* Riverbanks in valleys and forest margins; ca. 600 m. Fujian, Zhejiang.
卢氏裸菀 lu shi luo wan
Basionym: Gymnaster lushiensis J. Q. Fu, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3(1): 110. 1983.
Herbs perennial. Stems erect, terete, slightly flexuous, branched in upper part, densely white appressed villous. Leaves shortly petiolate or subsessile, narrowly winged, basal and lower leaves not seen, middle and upper leaves ovate, broadly elliptic, or obovate, 2–8 × 1–4 cm, abaxially gray-white appressed-villous, adaxially dark green, white hispidulous, lateral veins 3- or 4-paired, veins adaxially prominent, base attenuate, margin obscurely repand-crenate, apex obtuse-acute or rounded, callous. Capitula 2–3 cm in diam., 2–5, laxly corymbose. Involucre campanulate; phyllaries 3-seriate, outer series shorter, ovate, inner series longer, oblong, herbaceous, with hyaline membranous margins, externally puberulent. Ray florets female, rays bluish purple, oblong, 8–16 mm, apically inconspicuously 3-toothed; disc florets numerous, tubular, yellow, 3–4 mm. Cypselas (immature) obovate-oblong, 5- or multi-ribbed. Pappus absent, papillose. Fl. Oct.
* Path sides on slopes; ca. 7900 m. Henan (Lushi).
马兰属 ma lan shu
Asteromoea Blume; Boltonia L’Heritier sect. Asteromoea (Blume) Bentham & J. D. Hooker; Kalimeris Nees, p.p.
Herbs perennial. Leaves alternate, entire or sometimes dentate or pinnatifid. Capitula smaller, solitary or laxly corymbose. Radiate involucre hemispherical; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate. Ray florets 1- or 2-seriate, female, rays white, pale blue to purple, toothed or entire; disc florets bisexual, campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, yellow. Anthers obtuse at base, entire; style arms with triangular or lanceolate appendages. Cypselas rather compressed, obovoid, marginally ribbed, facially smooth or ribbed on one side, glabrous or sparsely sericeous. Pappus of short, free or basally connate scales.
About 20 species: C, E, and SE Asia, Himalayan region, Russia (E Siberia); eight species (five endemic) in China.
1a. Leaves broadly ovate to cordate, margin dentate ................................. 8. K. longipetiolata
1b. Leaves oblong, ovate, or linear, margin entire, dentate, or pinnatifid.
2a. Phyllaries subcoriaceous, with scarious margins, apically rounded or obtuse, green or reddish purple; cypselas 2.5–3.5 mm, sparsely long hairy; pappus 0.7–1.5(–2) mm.
3a. Involucre smaller, 10–12 mm in diam., phyllaries narrow and small, 4–5 mm; leaves incised-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid ................................................................................... 5. K. incisa
3b. Involucre large, 10–15 mm in diam., phyllaries broader, 5–7 × 2–3 mm.
4a. Leaves entire or pinnatifid, or shallowly dentate,
thicker in texture
........................................................................................................ 6.
K. lantureana
4b. Leaves pinnatilobate, thinner ............................................................. 7. K. mongolica
2b. Phyllaries herbaceous in upper part, apically slightly acute; cypselas small, 1.5–2.5 mm, glandular and puberulent in upper part.
5a. Leaves obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, dentate or pinnately lobed, often entire in upper part.
6a. Leaves thinner, sparsely puberulent or subglabrous; cypselas 1.5–2 mm; pappus 0.1–0.3 mm; leaf margin more variable .............................................................................. 1. K. indica
6b. Leaves thicker, densely velutinous; cypselas 2.5–2.7 mm; pappus ca. 0.3 mm; leaf margin toothed in 1–2 pairs or subentire ........................................................................ 2. K. shimadai
5b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate, entire or minutely 1–3-denticulate.
7a. Plant to 120 cm tall; leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong densely puberulent-hairs on both surfaces, lower leaves withered by anthesis; cypselas 1.8–2 mm; pappus 0.3–0.5 mm 3. K. integrifolia
7b. Plant ca. 30 cm tall; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, abaxially white glandular-hairs, adaxially appressed hispidulous and glandular, lower leaves persistent by anthesis; cypselas ca. 2 mm; pappus ca. 0.5 mm ........................................................................................ 4. K. lancifolia
马兰 ma lan
Aster indicus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 876. 1753; A. yantzensis Migo.
Herbs perennial, rhizomes stoloniferous, sometimes with vertical roots. Stems erect, 30–70 cm tall, puberulent above, branched from upper or lower part. Basal leaves withered by anthesis, cauline leaves oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, 3–6(–10) × 0.8–2(–5) cm, base gradually narrowed into winged long petioles, medial margin mucronate, obtusely or acutely toothed or pinnately lobed, apex obtuse or acute, upper leaves small, entire, slightly thin, sparsely puberulent on both surfaces or subglabrous, base abruptly narrowed, sessile, margin and adaxially along veins hispidulous, midrib abaxially prominent. Capitula corymbose. Involucre hemispherical, 6–9 mm in diam., 4–5 mm; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, imbricate, outer series oblanceolate, ca. 2 mm, inner series oblanceolate-oblong, ca. 4 mm, obtuse or acute, herbaceous in upper part, sparsely puberulent, margin scarious, ciliate. Receptacle conical. Ray florets 1-seriate, 15–20, tube 1.5–1.7 mm, rays purplish, ca. 10 × 1.5–2 mm; disc florets ca. 3.5 mm, tube ca. 1.5 mm, densely puberulent. Cypselas obovate-oblong, compressed, 1.5–2 × ca. 1 mm, brown, marginally thickly ribbed, apically glandular and puberulent. Pappus 0.1–0.8 mm, subequal, easily deciduous. Fl. May–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct.
Forest margins, grasslands, riverbanks, roadsides. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, S Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Indochinese peninsula to India, Japan, Korea].
This species is often referred to American boltonia, but it differs from the latter in having cypselas without long hairs at the top of the marginal ribs and cypselas in the ray florets often thickly 3-ribbed and triangular.
This species is used medicinally to expel heat and toxic materials, promote digestion and relieve dyspepsia, promote diuresis, dissipate blood stasis, and stop bleeding. The young leaves are usually used as a vegetable in the East.
This species is very variable.
1a. Phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute; stems multi-branched 1d. var. stenolepis
1b. Phyllaries obovate-oblong, slightly acute; stems ± branched.
2a. Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, subglabrous ................................ 1c. var. stenophylla
2b. Leaves lanceolate to obovate-oblong, sparsely hairy.
3a. Lower and middle leaves dentate or subentire .......................................... 1a. var. indica
3b. Lower and middle leaves pinnatipartite ............................................ 1b. var. polymorpha
马兰(原变种) ma lan (yuan bian zhong)
Aster indicus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 876. 1753; A. ursinus H. Léveillé; A. yangtzensis Migo; Asteromoea cantonensis (Loureiro) Matsumura; A. indica (Linnaeus) Blume; Boltonia cantonensis (Loureiro) Franchet & Savatier; B. indica (Linnaeus) Bentham, p.p.; Hisutsua cantonensis (Loureiro) Candolle; H. serrata Hooker & Arnott; Matricaria cantonensis Loureiro.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong, lower and middle leaves usually 3–6 × 0.8–2 cm, adaxially sparsely or densely hairy, margin shallowly or deeply toothed in 2–4 pairs. Phyllaries obovate-oblong.
Forest margins, grasslands, riverbanks, roadsides; very common. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Indochinese peninsula to India, Japan, Korea].
多型 duo xing
Martina polymorpha Vaniot, Bull. Ac. Geogr. Bot. 12: 32. 1903.
Leaves obovate-oblong, lower and middle leaves usually 4–10 × 2–4 cm, deeply lobed, lobes 2–4-paired, linear, upper leaves linear, entire or with 1-paired lobes, adaxially sparsely hairy or subglabrous, basal leaves shallowly toothed. Phyllaries obovate-oblong.
* Anhui, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
The cypselas in this variety are often less glandular or more conspicuously puberulent.
狭叶 xia ye
Leaves linear-lanceolate, lower and middle leaves shallowly toothed, subglabrous. Stems often much branched. Phyllaries obovate-oblong.
* Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shanxi.
狭苞 xia bao
Asteromoea indica var. stenolepis Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 225. 1938.
Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, lower and middle leaves shallowly toothed. Phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, acute.
* Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, SW Shaanxi, E Sichuan, Zhejiang.
毡毛马兰 zhan mao ma lan
Asteromoea shimadai Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 37. 1933; Aster indicus (Linnaeus) Schultz Bipontinus var. lautureana Yamamoto; A. shimadai (Kitamura) Nemoto; Asteromoea indica Blume var. lantureana Yamamoto.
Herbs perennial, with rhizomes. Stems erect, ca. 70 cm tall, densely hispidulous, much branched. Leaves thick, densely velutinous on both surfaces, adaxially along veins and margin densely hispidulous, trinerved, lower leaves withered by anthesis, middle leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or elliptic, 2.5–4 × 1.2–2 cm, base gradually attenuate, subsessile, margin shallowly toothed in 1–2 pairs or entire, upper leaves gradually smaller, oblanceolate or linear. Capitula 2–2.5 cm in diam., solitary on top branches and arranged in lax corymbs. Involucre hemispherical, 6–7 × 0.8–1 cm; phyllaries 3-seriate, imbricate, outer series narrowly oblong, 2–3 mm, inner series oblanceolate-oblong, ca. 5 mm, apically herbaceous with scarious margin, densely hairy and ciliate. Ray florets 1-seriate, ca. 10, tube ca. 1.5 mm, hairy, rays purplish, 11–12 × 2–3 mm; disc florets 4–4.5 mm, tube ca. 1.5 mm, hairy. Cypselas obovoid, compressed, 2.5–2.7 mm, gray-brown, marginally ribbed, appressed puberulent. Pappus scaly, ferruginous, ca. 0.3 mm, persistent. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug.
* Forest margins, grassy slopes, riverbanks; common. Anhui, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang.
全叶马兰 quan ye ma lan
Aster franchetianus H. Léveillé, Cat. Pl. Yunnan 40. 1915; A. pekinensis (Hance) Chen; A. pekinensis (Hance) Kitagawa, nom. illeg.; Asteromoea integrifolia (Turczaninow) Loes; A. pekinensis Hance; Boltonia integrifolia (Turczaninow) Bentham & J. D. Hooker; B. pekinensis Hance.
Herbs perennial with fusiform erect root. Stems erect, 30–70 cm tall, solitary or several fascicled, hispidulous, fastigiately branched from middle part. Leaves gray-green, puberulent-tomentulose on both surfaces, midrib adaxially prominent, lower leaves withered by anthesis, middle leaves more and dense, linear-lanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong, 2.5–4 × 0.4–0.6 cm, mucronate, base gradually attenuate, sessile, entire, margin rather reflexed, apex obtuse or acuminate, upper leaves smaller, linear. Capitula solitary at top of branches and laxly corymbose. Involucre hemispherical, 7–8 in diam., ca. 4 mm; phyllaries 3-seriate, imbricate, outer series sublinear, ca. 1.5 mm, inner series oblong-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, acute, herbaceous in upper part, hispidulous and glandular. Ray florets 1-seriate, ca. 20, tube ca. 1 mm, hairy, rays purplish, ca. 1 × 2.5 mm; disc florets ca. 3 mm, tube ca. 1 mm, hairy. Cypselas obovoid, 1.8–2 × ca. 1.5 mm, brownish, compressed, with pale marginal ribs or ribbed on one side and triangular, apically puberulent and glandular. Pappus tinged brown, 0.3–0.5 mm, unequal, fragile, easily deciduous. Fl. Jun–Oct, fr. Jul–Nov.
Forest margins, thickets, mountain slopes, roadsides; 800–1000 m. Widely spreading in Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Korea, Russia (E Siberia)].
披针叶马兰 pi zhen ye ma lan
Herbs perennial, with slender roots. Stems erect, ca. 30 cm tall, rigid, fascicled, simple, slender, rather quadrangular, purplish in lower part, white appressed hispidulous. Radical leaves rosulate, obovate or obovate-lanceolate, 10–20 × 0.5–0.7 cm, base gradually attenuate, decurrent, margin ciliate, small toothed in 1–3 pairs, apex shortly acute; petioles 1–2 cm, narrowly winged; cauline leaves smaller upward, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.8–4.8 × 0.1–0.6 cm, abaxially appressed, hirtellous and glandulous, adaxially white glandular-pilose, sessile, base slightly amplexicaul, lower margin minutely 1–3-toothed, ciliate, apex acuminate. Capitula 2–2.5 cm in diam., 2–3, laxly corymbose. Involucre broadly campanulate; phyllaries 3-seriate, herbaceous, outer series shorter, lanceolate obtuse, with white broadly scarious and ciliate margins. Ray florets purplish, ca. 11 mm; disc florets numerous, yellow, ca. 5 mm, 5-lobed, lobes reflexed, sparsely glandular. Cypselas obovoid, ca. 2 mm, compressed, 3-ribbed, densely appressed, hirtellous and glandular. Pappus ca. 0.5 mm, scaly unequal. Fl. Apr–May, fr. May–Jun.
* Grasslands by roadsides; ca. 700 m. Shaanxi (Lueyang).
裂叶马兰 lie ye ma lan
Aster incisus Fischer, Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 3: 76. 1812; A. incisus var. custralis Kitagawa; A. macroden H. Léveillé; A. pinnatifidus Makino f. robustus Makino; Asteromoea incisa Koidzumi, p.p.; Boltonia incisa (Fischer) Bentham; Grindelia incise (Fischer) Sprang; Kalimeris platycephala Cassini.
Herbs perennial with rhizomes. Stems erect, 60–120 cm tall, sulcate, glabrous or sparsely white hirsutulous upward, branched in upper part. Leaves papyraceous, lower leaves withered by anthesis, middle leaves elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate; 6–10(–15) × 1.2–2.5(–4.5) cm, abaxially subglabrous, adaxially glabrous, veins prominent, base gradually attenuate, sessile, margin sparsely incised-serrate, sometimes pinnatilobed, scabrid or upward setulose, apex acuminate, upper leaves small, linear-lanceolate, entire. Capitula 2.5–3.5 cm in diam., terminal, solitary and corymbose. Involucre hemispherical, 10–12 mm in diam.; phyllaries 3-seriate, imbricate, puberulent, outer series shorter, elliptic-lanceolate, 3–4 mm, acute, inner series 4–5 mm, obtuse with scarious margins. Ray florets bluish purple, tube ca. 1.5 mm, rays 1.5–1.8 × 2–2.5 mm; disc florets yellow, 3–4 mm, tube 1–1.3 mm. Cypselas obovoid, 3–3.5 mm, brownish, compressed, with pale marginal ribs or sometimes 3-ribbed, triangulate, white puberulent. Pappus reddish, 0.5–1.2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
Grasslands on slopes, thickets, open places between forest, wet grasslands; 400–1000. NE China, E Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Russia (Siberia)].
山马兰 shan ma lan
Boltonia lautureana Debeaux, Acta Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 31: 215. 1876; Aster associates Kitagawa; A. associates var. stenslobus Kitagawa; A. lautureanus (Debeaux) Franchet; Aster lautureanus var. mangtaoensis (Kitagawa) Kitamura; A. mangtaoensis Kitagawa; Asteromoea lautureana (Debeaux) Handel-Mazzetti; B. lautureana Debeaux var. holophylla Chen; Calimesis incise Candolle var. holophylla Maximowicz; Kalimeris mangtaoensis (Kitagawa) Kitamura.
Herbs perennial, 50–100 cm tall. Stems erect, solitary or 2–3 fascicled, sulcate, white scabrid hairy, branched in upper part. Leaves thick or subcoriaceous, lower leaves withered by anthesis, middle leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3–6(–9) × 0.5–2(–4) cm, base gradually attenuate, sessile, margin laxly dentate or pinnatifid, apex acuminate or obtuse, leaves on branches linear-lanceolate, entire, sparsely scabrid hairs on both surfaces or glabrous. Capitula solitary at top of branches and arranged in corymbs, 2–3.5 cm in diam. Involucre hemispherical, 10–14 mm in diam.; phyllaries 3-seriate, imbricate, apically green, glabrous, outer series shorter, elliptic, slightly acute, inner series oblanceolate-elliptic 5–6 × 2–3 mm, obtuse, with scabrous lacerate margins. Ray florets bluish, 1.5–2 × 2–3 mm; disc florets yellow, ca. 4 mm, tube ca. 1.3 mm. Cypselas obovoid, ca. 3(–4) × 2 mm, compressed, brownish, sparsely puberulent, with pale marginal ribs or sometimes 3-ribbed, triangular. Pappus reddish, 0.5–1 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug–Sep.
* Meadows, thickets, mountain slopes; 400–1600 m. NE, N China, Henan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong.
蒙古马兰 meng gu ma lan
Aster mongolicus Franchet, Pl. David. 11: 161. 1181; Aster lautureanus Franchet var. mongolicus (Franchet) Kitagawa; Asteromoea mongolica (Franchet) Kitamura.
Herbs perennial. Stems erect, 60–100 cm tall, sulcate upward strigose, branched in upper part. Leaves papyraceous or submembranous, lowermost leaves withered by anthesis, lower and middle leaves oblanceolate or narrowly oblong, 5–9 × 2–4 cm, pinnatifid, sparsely hispidulous or subglabrous, margin more densely hispidulous, lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, uppermost leaves linear-lanceolate, 1–2 cm. Capitula solitary on top of branches, 2.5–3.5 cm in diam. Involucre hemispherical, 1–l.5 cm in diam.; phyllaries seriate, imbricate, glabrous, elliptic to obovate, 5–7 × 3–4 mm, obtuse, with white or tinged purple-red scarious lacerate margins, apically green. Ray florets bluish purple, bluish, or white, tube ca. 2 mm, rays ca. 2.2 × 3.5 mm; disc florets yellow, ca. 5 mm, tube ca. 1.5 mm. Cypselas obovoid, ca. 3.5 × 2.5 mm, yellow-brown, compressed, with yellow-green marginal ribs or sometimes ribbed and triangular, sparsely puberulent. Pappus reddish, unequal, 0.5–l.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
* Mountain slopes, thickets, field sides; below 1300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, NW Sichuan.
长柄马兰 chang bing ma lan
Aster longipetiolaltus Chang, Sunyatsenia 4: 22. 1941; A. trichanthus Handel-Mazzetti.
Rhizomes procumbent. Stems erect, 50–70 cm tall, slender, spreading or crisped villous, simple or with 1–2 inflorescence branches. Leaves remote, thin, sparsely hairy on both surfaces, margin, adaxially along veins, and petiole densely villous, basally palmately veined, lateral veins 2- or 3-paired, reticulate veins ± conspicuous, basal leaves withered by anthesis or rarely persistent, lower leaves broadly ovate, 6–7 × 4–6 cm, long petiolate, petioles slender, 12–16 cm, base truncate or shallowly cordate, gradually expanded-amplexicaul, margin coarsely dentate, mucronulate, apex acute or cuspidate, middle leaves cordate, margin coarsely rounded dentate, petioles shorter, upper leaves small, subentire, gradually narrowed into linear-lanceolate bracteole leaf. Capitula 3.5–4.5 cm. Involucre 2- or 3-seriate, equal, linear-oblanceolate, 5–6 mm, acuminate, subulate-mucronate, herbaceous, inner series herbaceous in upper part, hairy, margin scarious, pectinate. Ray florets 1-seriate, ca. 30, tube ca. 2 mm, sparsely hairy near base, rays bluish, linear, ca. 20 × 1–1.3 mm; disc florets yellow, ca. 3 mm, tube short, glabrous. Ovary cylindrical, rather compressed. Cypselas not seen. Pappus sordid-white, 0.3–1 mm, with unequal scalelike hairs. Fl. Jul.
* Brooklet banks, valleys; ca. 2500 m. W Sichuan.
翠菊属 cui ju shu
Callistema Cassini, l.c. 6. Suppl. 45. 1875, not R. Brown (1810).
Herbs annual. Leaves alternate, dentate or lobed. Capitula large, radiate, solitary on stem and at ends of branches. Involucre hemispheric; phyllaries 3-seriate, imbricate, outer series large, herbaceous or foliaceous and leaflike, inner series shorter, membranous or scarious. Receptacle flat or subconvex, alveolate, sometimes with short palea. Ray florets 1- or 2-seriate, rays usually red-purple, entire or shallowly 2-toothed at apex; disc florets bisexual, multi-seriate, yellow tubular, with widened limb, shallowly 5-toothed at apex. Anthers obtuse and entire; style arms flattened, with triangular-lanceolate appendages. Cypselas elliptic-lanceolate, slightly compressed, many-ribbed, apically pubescent. Pappus double, outer a short membranous crown, inner of long scabrid, deciduous bristles.
One species: China, Japan, Korea; widely cultivated.
翠菊 cui ju
Aster chinensis Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 877. 1753; Callistemma chinense (Linnaeus) Skeels; C. hortense Cassini; Callistephus hortensis Cassini; Diplopappus chinensis (Linnaeus) Lessing.
Herbs annual or biennial. Stems rigid, to 100 cm tall, erect, solitary, simple or sparingly branched, with spreading branches, longitudinally sulcate covered with spreading slightly curved hairs, sometimes reddish. Lower leaves shed by anthesis or persistent, middle leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate, or subrounded, 2.5–6 × 2–4 cm, sparsely strigose on both surfaces, base truncate, cuneate, or rounded, margin irregularly largely toothed-serrate, apex acuminate; petioles 2–4 cm, white strigulose, narrowly winged; upper leaves gradually smaller, elliptic or oblanceolate, 1- or 2-serrate or linear, entire. Capitula solitary, at apex of stem and branches, 6–8 cm in diam., long pedunculate. Involucre hemispherical, 2–5 mm wide; phyllaries 3-seriate, subequal, outer series elliptic-lanceolate, foliaceous, 1–2.4 × 0.2–0.4 cm, obtuse, white ciliate, middle series shorter, thin, purple-tinged, inner series elliptic, membranous, subhyaline, obtuse. Ray florets 1-seriate, red, pink, blue, purple, violet, lilac, or white, rays 2.5–3.5 × 0.2–0.7 cm, tube 2–3 mm; disc florets yellow, tube 1–1.5 mm, limb 4–7 mm. Cypselas grayish, elliptic-oblanceolate, slightly compressed, 3–3.5 mm, shortly pilose. Pappus double, outer persistent, inner white, 3–4.5 mm, unequal, easily deciduous. Fl. and fr. May–Oct.
Grasslands on slopes, watersides, shady places or lax forests; 300–2700 m. Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Japan, Korea].
A beautifully blossoming decorative plant as an ornamental, this species is widely cultivated in parks and gardens in Russia and Europe.
狗娃花属 gou wa hua shu
Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or remotely obtuse-dentate. Capitula in corymbiform-panicles or solitary, heterogamous. Involucre hemispheric; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, subequal or slightly imbricate, linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, at least inner series with membranous bordered margins. Receptacle slightly convex or flat, alveolate, pistillate florets ligulate. Rays blue or purple, apically minutely toothed, rarely rays absent; disc florets numerous, bisexual, yellow, unequally lobed, and zygomorphic, with 1 lobe longer; marginal florets 1-seriate, female, radiate; all florets fertile, sometimes with homomorphic hermaphrodite florets; female florets absent. Anthers obtuse at base, entire; style arm appendages triangular. Cypselas obovate, compressed, sericeous, with marginal ribs. Pappus either of subequal, brownish or reddish, slender bristles or double, with an additional crown of short scales; in ray pappus floret sometimes absent.
About 30 species: C and E Asia; 12 species in China.
1a. Perennial herbs; pappus in all florets identical.
2a. Capitula without ray florets ..................................................................... 5. H. eligulatus
2b. Capitula with ray florets.
3a. Plant dwarf, with robust terete erect roots ............................................... 4. H. bowerii
3b. Plant tall, without terete roots.
4a. Phyllaries with herbaceous margins ........................................................ 2. H. ciliosus
4b. Phyllaries with membranous margins or at least inner series margins membranous.
5a. Phyllaries with membranous margins; stems erect; ray
florets ca. 20
1.
H. altaicus
5b. Phyllaries with membranous margins at least in inner series; stems ascending or subprostrate; ray florets 25–35 ......................................................................... 3. H. semiprostratus
1b. Annual or biennial herbs; florets homomorphic; pappus or marginal florets with short pappus or pappus absent.
6a. Stems procumbent; leaves glabrous or subglabrous on both surfaces, conspicuously ciliate.
7a. Cauline leaves subglabrous on both surfaces ......................................... 10. H. oldhami
7b. Cauline leaves glabrous on both surfaces or sometimes sparsely appressed hairy 9. H. arenarius
6b. Stems erect, ± branched; leaves hairy on both surfaces.
8a. Plant dwarf, prostrately branched from base ........................................... 12. H. gouldii
8b. Plant tall.
9a. Ray florets with long pappus ................................................................ 8. H. tataricus
9b. Pappus in ray florets absent or of short bristles only.
10a. Cypselas fully developing only in disc florets ............................... 7. H. meyendorffii
10b. Cypselas in ray florets narrow, sterile, sometimes pappus absent.
11a. Cypselas in ray florets with scaly crown; cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, entire 6. H. hispidus
11b. Cypselas in ray florets with few pappi or pappus very short, not scaly; cauline leaves spatulate-oblong, crenate ...................................................................... 11. H. crenatifolius
阿尔泰狗娃花 a er tai gou wa hua
Herbs perennial, with procumbent or vertical roots. Stems usually many in number, erect, 20–60(–100) cm, covered with closely-set thin hairs directed upward and often glandular in upper part, branched. Basal leaves withered by anthesis, lower leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate, or subspatulate, 25–6(–10) × 0.7–1.5 cm, margin entire or remotely shallowly toothed, upper leaves gradually diminished, pubescent on both surfaces with closely-set thin hairs and numerous very fine shining glands, midrib abaxially slightly convex. Capitula numerous, together with rays 2–3.5(–4) cm in diam., solitary and terminal or arranged in corymbiform-paniculate inflorescences. Involucre hemispherical, 0.8–1.8 cm in diam.; phyllaries 2- or 3-seriate, subequal or outer series rather short, oblong-lanceolate or linear, 4–8 × 0.5–1.8 mm, acuminate, abaxially or all outer series grassy, short rough pilose and short glandular, outermost phyllaries linear and shorter than those of inner seriess, with membranous margins. Ray florets ca. 20, tube 1.5–2.8 mm, puberulent, rays bluish purple or lilac, oblong-linear, 10–15 × 1.5–2.5 mm; disc florets 5–6 mm, yellow, tube 1.5–2.2 unequally lobed, lobes 0.6–1 × 1–1.4 mm, puberulent. Cypselas compressed, obovate-oblong, 2–3 mm, pilose and glandular. Pappus sordid-white or pallid brown, 4–6 mm, with almost equal bristly hairs. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug.
Steppes, salt marshes, grasslands, open slopes, stony slopes of hills, seasides, metaled roads; 2200–4000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, W Sichuan, Xinjiang, NW Yunnan [C and N Asia, W Himalayan region, NW India, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia); SW Asia (Iran)].
Here and elsewhere: “C and N Asia” (or variants) needs to be replaced by whichever countries apply for this taxon.
1a. Phyllary inner series with narrowly membranous margins .................................... 1f. var. taitoensis
1b. Phyllary inner series with narrowly or broadly membranous margins.
2a. Stems and leaves covered with ca. 1 mm spreading white coarse hairs ........... 1e. var. hirsutus
2b. Stems and leaves covered with upwardly curved ± appressed hairs.
3a. Plants often gray-green, virgate-branched; leaves, especially upper leaves, adnate to stems or peduncles ........................................................................................... 1b. var. canescens
3b. Plants green, procumbent-branched; leaves not always appressed at stems.
4a. Stems 10–30 cm tall, usually branched from base, ascending, ± procumbent at base; capitula solitary on branches or more branched ................................. 1a. var. altaicus
4b. Stems 20–60 cm tall, always branched in upper part, or multi-branched and short subequal; capitula solitary at top of branches.
5a. Leaves lanceolate, ca. 3 × 0.4 cm; inflorescences few branched; stems erect 1c. var. scaber
5b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrow; inflorescences multi-branched; stems erect or ascending ............................................................................... 1d. var. millefolius
阿尔泰狗娃花(原变种) a er tai gou wa hua (yuan bian zhong)
Aster altacus Willdenow, Enum. Hort. Berol., 2: 880. 1809; A. angustipolius Lindley ex Royle; A. gmelini Tausch; Calimeris altaica (Willdenow) Nees; C. altaica var. subincana Avé-Lallemant; Heteropappus altaicus (Willdenow) Novopokrovsky.
Plants green. Stems ascending or erect, about 20–60 cm tall, covered with upwardly curved appressed short hairs, branched from base, bearing few branches. Leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate, 3–7(–10) × 0.2–0.7 cm, spreading. Capitula solitary, terminal on branches. Involucre 5–15 mm in diam.; outer phyllaries margin narrowly membranous, inner series with broadly membranous margin, glandular and hairy.
Steppes, meadows, salt marshes, stony slope of lower hills, metaled roads, roadsides by riverbanks. NW, W, NE China, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, NW Sichuan, Xinjiang [C and N Asia, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].
灰白 hui bai
Calimaris canescens Nees, Gen. Sp. Aster, 229. 1932; Aster altaicus var. canescens (Nees) Sergievskaja; A. pyropappus Boissier; A. spatioides C. B. Clarke; Heteropappus albertii (Regel) Novopokrovsky; H. canescens (Nees) Novopokrovsky.
Plants gray-white. Stems erect or ascending, 30–60 cm tall, covered with upwardly curved appressed hairs, glandular branched from base, virgate-branched in upper part. Broader leaves subspatulate, 0.5–0.6 cm, upper leaves linear, ca. 1 × 0.1–0.2 cm, or oblong-linear, always adnate to branches and peduncles. Involucre 0.9–1.1 cm in diam.; outer phyllaries herbaceous, inner series margin membranous, glandular and puberulent.
Dry stony mountains. N Xinjiang [C Asia, NW India, Russia (W Siberia); SW Asia (Iran)].
糙毛 cao mao
Calimeria altaicus Nees var. scabra Avé-Lallemant, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 52. 1841; Aster altaicus var. scaber (Avé-Lallemant) Handel-Mazzetti.
Plants green. Stems erect, 20–60 cm, usually branched from middle part, sparsely strigulose. Leaves remote, lanceolate, ca. 3 × 0.4 cm. Inflorescences few branched.
NE, N China.
千叶 qian ye
Aster millefolius Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. 12: 496. 1903; A. altaicus var. millefolius (Vaniot) Handel-Mazzetti.
Plants green. Stems erect or ascending, covered with upwardly curved appressed short hairs, glandular, bearing many subequal and spreading branches. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.1–0.25 cm, spreading. Inflorescences multi-branched, densely leafy. Involucre 0.5–8 mm in diam.; phyllaries with narrow or broad margins, outer series herbaceous, hairy or subglabrous and glandular. Rays 5–6 mm.
* Stony or soil slopes, roadsides; very common. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi.
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