13. Tribe LACTUCEAE Cassini, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 173. 1815. [Draft]

菊苣族 ju ju zu

C. Shih Chu;

                Plants lactiferous. Heads radiatiform. Florets ligulate. Pollen grains spines in rows.

                About 95 genera and ca. 2300 species; widespread in N hemisphere temperate regions but best represented in C Asia, Mediterranean region, and W North America; 42 genera and 275 species (?? endemic) in China.

1a. Pappus scaly or almost absent.

2a. Pappus scaly .................................................................................................................................................... 192. Cichorium

2b. Pappus subserrate or fimbriate, dimorphic, or absent.

3a. Inner phyllaries deformed in fruit, rigid, incurvated and enfolding outer achenes; pappus subserrate or fimbriate  199. Garhadiolus

3b. Phyllaries not deformed in fruit; pappus absent or dimorphic.

4a. Achenes dimorphic, outer achenes with short beak and without or with very short pappus; inner achenes with long slender beak, with pappus apically on beak or sometimes with short beak but without pappus ....  233. Heteracia

4b. Achenes all similar in shape, ellipsoid-lanceolate to linear; pappus absent.

5a. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, subcompressed, with 10--20 rib, glabrous, base narrowed, apex rounded and beakless .............................................................................................................................................................................  217. Lapsana

5b. Achenes scorpioid incurvate, with 5--7 ribs, glabrous or abaxially with numerous long rigid needlelike spines on ribs, apex with shorter stellate hooked needlelike spines ...............................................................................  193. Koelpinia

1b. Pappus plumose, simple and hairlike, or scabrous.

6a. Pappus plumose.

7a. Phyllaries in 1 or 2 rows .............................................................................................................................  196. Tragopogen

7b. Phyllaries in 2 or more rows.

8a. Receptacle with numerous scarious scales ...........................................................................................  197. Hypochaeris

8b. Receptacle without scales.

9a. Pappus not intertwined with each other; achenes transversely rugose .......................................................  198. Picris

9b. Pappus intertwined with each other; achenes without transverse rugas

10a. Phyllaries in 2 rows, subequal; pappus gray or brown .............................................................................  195. Epilasia

10b. Phyllaries in many rows; inner phyllaries longer; pappus white or brown .......................................  194. Scorzonera

6b. Pappus simple and hairlike or scabrous.

11a. Ligules apex 3-parted ................................................................................................................................  211. Faberiopsis

11b. Ligules apex 5-toothed.

12a. Achenes with tuberclelike or scalelike processes apically or from middle, usually apically surrounded by 5 short scales forming collar.

13a. Head solitary apically on scape; beak-base thick ..................................................................................  232. Taraxacum

13b. Heads many, solitary terminal on stems and branches; beak filiform, with or without link ............  231. Chondrilla

12b. Achenes not as above.

14a. Pappus soft, intertwined with each other; heads usually with more than 80 florets ............................  200. Sonchus

14b. Pappus not soft, not intertwined with each other; heads with fewer than 5 florets.

15a. Achenes dimorphic .......................................................................................................................  234. Paramicrorynchus

15b. Achenes all similar in shape.

16a. Achenes beaked.

17a. Pappus in two rows, dimorphic, outer shortest, scabrous or reduced to absent; inner pappus longest, simple and hairlike.

18a. Achene margin not thickened .......................................................................................................  230. Cephalorhynchus

18b. Achene margin thickened.

19a. Heads few to numerous, racemose, or corymbose, with 10--40 florets; achenes apex acute to acuminate into a slender beak .............................................................................................................................................................  228. Chaetoseris

19b. Heads narrowly cylindric, with 3--5 florets; achenes apex abruptly contracted into thick ca. 1 mm beak .........  229. Stenoseris

17b. Pappus all similar in shape, simple and hairlike.

20a. Heads with 5 florets; small shrublets ...........................................................................................................  223. Scariola

20b. Heads with many florets; herbs.

21a. Florets violet blue to purple.

22a. Beak of achene not filiform .......................................................................................................................  202. Mulgedium

22b. Beak of achene filiform ....................................................................................................................................  222. Lactuca

21b. Florets yellow, orange, white, purple, or purplish red.

23a. Heads ovoid in fruit; phyllaries thick in texture; achene margin thickened and broadened into wings ............  221. Pterocypsela

23b. Heads not ovoid; phyllaries membranous; achene margin not as above.

24a. Achene apically with a stout beak.

25a. Stem creepings; leaves 3--5-palmatilobate, palmatipartite, or pinnatisect ..............................................  226. Chorisis

25b. Stem erect; leaves not divided or pinnate ...............................................................................................  227. Paraixeris

24b. Achenes with an apical filiform beak.

26a. Beak longer than body of achene ..................................................................................................................  222. Lactuca

26b. Beak shorter than body of achene.

27a. Achenes with 10 sharp ribs .................................................................................................................................  224. Ixeris

27a. Achenes with 8--10 obtuse ribs ...................................................................................................................  225. Ixeridium

16b. Achenes without beaks.

28a. Pappus dimorphic, in 2 rows, outer pappus very short, inner scabridous ...........................................  220. Cicerbita

28b. Pappus all similar, simple and hairlike or scabrous.

29a. Heads with 3--7 florets.

30a. Florets yellow, purple, or purplish red.

31a. Heads terminal, corymbose ...........................................................................................................................  203. Dubyaea

31b. Heads densely glomerate or long cylindric.

32a. Achenes subcompressed, with 16--30 ribs on each surfrace ..................................................................  214. Soroseris

32b. Achenes compressed, with 1 or 2 lines or selenderly ribs on each surface ...................................  215. Syncalathum

30b. Florets purple, red, purplish red, or white.

33a. Achenes cylindric, not compressed ........................................................................................................  213. Prenanthes

33b. Achenes ellipsoid, ellipsoid-ovate, or oblanceolate, compressed.

34a. Heads terminal, corymbosely, corymbose-paniculate, or paniculate; achenes with 6--9 ribs on each surface .  218. Notoseris

34b. Heads densely glomerulate apically of stem or roots-tock; achenes with 1 or 2 line on each surface ..............  215. Syncalathium

29b. Heads with at least 7 florets.

35a. Achenes brown or olive green, ellipsoid, compressed, ca. 4 mm, with 4--7 elevated unequal slender ribs on each side, with thick margin,  ........................................................................................................................................  201. Lagedium

35b. Achenes not as above.

36a. Florets purplish red, red, or blue.

37a. Achenes compressed; plants scapiform or almost so.................................................................................. 210. Faberia

37b. Achenes not compressed; plants not scapiform.

38a. Herbaceous vines ......................................................................................................................................  213. Prenanthes

38b. Herbs.

39a. Phyllaries imbricate .........................................................................................................................................  203. Dubyaee

39b. Phyllaries not imbricate ....................................................................................................................  212. Paraprenanthes

36b. Florets yellow.

40a. Plants fleshy; leaves purplish red .............................................................................................................  216. Stebbinsia

40b. Plants not fleshy; leaves green.

41a. Phyllaries imbricate.

42a. Achenes with unequal ribs; style arms subcompressed ............................................................................  203. Dubyea

42b. Achenes with equal ribs; style arms terete ..............................................................................................  204. Hieracium

41b. Phyllaries not imbricate.

43a. Pappus in 5--15 rows; plants equally dichotomous ....................................................................................  207. Hexinia

43b. Pappus in 1--3 rows; plants unequally dichotomous.

44a. Achenes apically constricted.

45a. Achenes cylindric or fusiform, with equal ribs ...............................................................................................  205. Crepis

45b. Achenes compressed, with unequal ribs .....................................................................................................  206. Youngia

44b. Achenes not apically constricted.

46a. Heads with more than 20 florets; achenes compressed, with ca. 11 ribs on each side .........................  219. Nabalus

46b. Heads with less than 20 florets; achenes terete to subterete, with 3--10 ribs on each side.

47a. Small shrublets ......................................................................................................................................  208. Crepidiastrum

47b. Herbs.

48a. Achenes with ca. 10 ribs on each side ..............................................................................................  208. Crepidiastrum

48b. Achenes with 4--6 ribs on each side ............................................................................................................  209. Launaea

Subtribe HYOSERIDINAE Less, Synops. Compos. 127. 1832.

菊苣亚族 ju ju ya zu

                Pappus scaly or absent.

                About ?? genera and ?? species: N Africa, Asia, Europe, ??; two genera and three species in China.

192. CICHORIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 813. 1753.

菊苣属ju ju shu

Acanthophyton Lessing.

                Herbs, perennial, biennial, or annual. Stem usually solitary, branched. Basal leaves with winged petioles; leaf blade base attenuate, margin runcinate or toothed. Stem leaves basally amplexicaul. Heads terminal or axillary in middle or apical leaves, homogamous, with 8--20 florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate to ovate, basally rigid, apically herbaceous. Receptacle ± flat, foveolate, edges of foveola fimbriate or scaly. Florets blue, yellow, or white. Achenes obovate, ellipsoid, or obcuneate, ± 3--5-angular, compressed, apically truncate. Pappus in 2 or 3 rows, scaly.

                About six species: N Africa, Asia, Europe; two species in China.

                Two species, ?? and ??, introduced to China as ornaments.

1a. Plants perennial; scale of pappus 0.2--0.3 mm ...............................................................................................  1. C. intybus

1b. Plants annual or biennial; scales of pappus ca. 0.1 mm .....................................................................  2. C. glandulosum

1. Cichorium intybus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 813. 1753.

菊苣 ju ju

                Herbs, perennial, 40--100 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect. Branches spreading-ascending, subglabrous, apically ± thickened below head. Leaf blades membranous, sparsely covered with long multicellular nodiferous hairs. Basal leaves rosular; petiole 5--6 cm, winged; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, 15--34 X 2--4 cm, base attenuate, margin runcinate-pinnatipartite, pinnatipartite, or toothed; lateral lobes 3--6-paired, triangular; terminal lobe larger than others. Stem leaves few, sessile, ovate-oblanceolate to lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves, base semiamplexicaul, margin entire or with few teeth. Heads numerous, axillary. Involucre cylindric, 0.8--1.2 cm. Outer phyllaries lanceolate, 8--12 X 2--2.5 mm, adaxially sparsely covered with capitate stipitate nodiferous long glandular hairs or with simple hair, margin long ciliate, basal half pale yellowish white and leathery, apical half green and herbaceous; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2 mm, abaxially sparsely covered with stipitate noduliferous long glandular hairs mixed with simple hairs, basally subrigid. Florets blue. Achenes obovoid, ellipsoid, or obcuneate, 3--5-angular, apex truncate. Scales of pappus 0.2--0.3 mm. Fl. May--Oct.

                By river, wastelands along seashore, slopes, by ditches; low elevations. Beijing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi, Xinjiang [N Africa, C and SW Asia, Europe].

                Escaped as a ruderal weed in many part of the world. Formerly cultivated as a medicinal plants but more recently as coffee substitute and ornament.

2. Cichorium glandulosum Boissier & A. Huet, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 3(3): 87. 1856.

腺毛菊苣 xian mao ju ju

               Herbs, annual or biennial. Roots cylindrical, fibrous. Stem grayish green, 30--60 cm tall, ± branched, basally glabrous to subglabrous, apically thickened and densely covered with stipitate capitate glandular long hairs. Leaves villous. Basal leaves early deciduous. Lower stem leaves with winged 6--8 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong, 13.5--14.5 X 3--4 cm, base attenuate, margin pinnatisect. Middle stem leaves narrowly oblong, base amplexicaul. Upper stem leaves progressively smaller, base auriculate and amplexicaul, margin entire or toothed. Heads terminal on stem or to 3 on branches, with ca. 15 florets. Involucre campanulate. Outer phyllaries broadly ovate, 6--7.5 mm, rigid, basal half leathery; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 9--10 mm, abaxially with capitate and stipitate long hairs. Florets blue. Achenes 4- or 5-angular, 2--3.4 mm. Pappus scales white, ca. 0.1 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

                Disturbed floodplains. Xinjiang [C and SW Asia].

                Also cultivated as an ornamental in Xi'an. No material from Xinjiang was seen, and the description is based on the account in Flora Tsinlingensis 1(5): 391. 1985.

193. KOELPINIA Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 755. 1776.

蝎尾菊属 xie wei ju shu

                Herbs, annual. Stem usually solitary, often branched. Leaves linear, filiform, or oblong, margin entire. Heads 1--5, solitary, terminal on stem and branches, homogamous, with 5--12 florets. Involucre cylindric. Receptacle without scales. Phyllaries in 1 or 2 rows, herbaceous. Anthers appendages basal, sagittate. Style arms slender, apex subobtuse. Achenes scorpioid, with 5--7 ribs, glabrous or abaxially with numerous long rigid needlelike spines on ribs, apex with shorter stellate hooked needlelike spines. Pappus absent.

                Five species; N Africa, C and S Asia, Europe; one species in China.

1. Koelpinia linearis Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 755. 1776.

蝎尾菊 xie wei ju

Rhagadiolus koelpinia Willdenow.

                Herbs 15--20 cm tall. Stem slender, branched from base, glabrous or very sparsely pilosulose. Leaves sessile; leaf blade linear, 4.5--9 cm X 2--4 mm, glabrous or subglabrous. Heads 1--5, terminal on stem, axillary, or basal, small, with 5--8 florets. Involucre ca. 6 mm. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries 2 or 3, narrowly triangular, ca. 2 X 0.5 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries 5--7, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, ca. 6 X 1.5 mm, glabrous or abaxially ± pilosulose, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes brown to yellowish pink, linear-cylindric, with 5 ribs, abaxially with numerous rigid needlelike spines on ribs. Fl. and fr. Feb--Jul.

                Gravel deserts; 400--1000 m. Xinjiang, SW Xizang [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan; N Africa].

Subtribe SCORZONERINAE Dumortier, Fl. Belg. 63. 1827.

鸦葱亚族 ya cong ya zu

                Bristles of pappus plumose; veins parallel.

                About ?? genera and ?? species: general distribution??; three genera and 40 species (5 endemic) in China.

194. SCORZONERA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 790. 1753.

鸦葱属 ya cong shu

                Herbs, perennial or annual, rarely shrublets. Leaves not divided, pinnatifid, or pinnatisect, margin entire. Head solitary, homogamous, large, corymbose or racemose, with numerous florets. Involucre cylindric to ellipsoid. Receptacle without scales. Phyllaries in many rows, imbricate. Florets yellow or rarely each surface of a different color, apex 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender, apex acute to obtuse. Achenes cylindric to ellipsoid, with many tuberculate ribs, puberulent or villous, apex truncate and beakless or almost so. Pappus in several rows, base connate into a ring, usually plumose for most of length, usually with 3--10 superlong hairs, persistent or caducous.

                About 175 species: N Africa, Asia, Europe; 24 species (5 endemic) in China.

1a. Stem many branched, virgate or hemispheric.

2a. Caudex with sheath residues; heads with 4 or 5 florets ..........................................................................  1. S. divaricata

2b. Caudex with fibrous and lacerate residues; heads with 7--12 florets......................................... 2. S. pseudodivaricata

1b. Stem unbranched or few branched, not virgate or hemispheric.

3a. Head solitary, terminal on stem or caudex; herbs scapiform to subscapose, acaulis or subacaulis.

4a. Caudex with sheath residue.

5a. Achenes apically villous; leaves margin crisp; sheath base adaxially thickly lanate .................................  6. S. capito

5b. Achenes glabrous; leaves margin flat; sheath base adaxially glabrous.

6a. Stem with arachnoid hairs especially at base of heads .................................................................................  4. S. radiata

6b. Plants glabrous.

7a. Heads large; involucre cylindric, 1--1.5 cm in diam. ..................................................................................  3. S. parviflora

7b. Heads small; involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 0.5 cm in diam. .............................................................  5. S. luntaiensis

4b. Caudex with fibrous and lacerate sheath residue.

8a. Achenes villous.

9a. Leaf blade margin not crisp .....................................................................................................................  11. S. manshurica

9b. Leaf blade margin crisp ............................................................................................................................  12. S. ikonnikovii

8b. Achenes glabrous.

10a. Plants to 7 cm tall, subacaulis.

11a. Leaf blade not filiform nor filiform-linear; pappus base without a ring of arachnoid hairs .............  7. S. subacaulis

11b. Leaf blade filiform to filiform-linear; pappus base with a ring of arachnoid hairs ..................................  8. S. curvata

10b. Plants 5--53 cm tall, scapose or cauliferous.

12a. Basal leaves broadly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, linear-elliptic, or linear, margin crisp ..............................................................................................................................................................................  9. S. sinensis

12b. Basal leaves linear, narrowly linear, linear-lanceolate, or linear-elliptic, margin flat or ± crisp ........  10. S. austriaca

3b. Head solitary apically of stem and branches; plants with prominent stem and branches.

13a. Achenes villous, sericeous, or apically pilose.

14a. Leaf blade filiform .........................................................................................................................................  24. S. rugolosa

14b. Leaf blade not filiform.

15a. Leaf blad margin crisp; roots with globose buried tubers ................................................................  23. S. circumflexa

15b. Leaf blade margin flat not crisp.

16a. Plants of saline soil; leaves thick; stem apically with opposite leaves .............................................  20. S. mongolica

16b. Plants not of saline soil; leaves thin; stem without opposite leaves.

17a. Roots without buried globose tuber; phyllaries apex acuminate ..........................................................  21. S. ensifolia

17b. Roots with buried globose tuber; phyllaries apex acute to subobtuse ......................................  22. S. sericeolanata

13b. Achenes glabrous.

18a. Leaf blade margin crisp .........................................................................................................................  19. S. inconspicua

18b. Leaf blade margin not crisp.

19a. Herbs, biennial or perennial; basal leaves pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, sometimes not divided ..  18. S. songarica

19b. Herbs, perennial; leaves not divided.

20a. Roots with deeply buried tubers.

21a. Leaf blade apically hooked .............................................................................................................................  16. S. pusilla

21b. Leaf blade not apically hooked ..................................................................................................................  17. S. pamirica

20b. Roots without deeply buried tubers.

22a. Achenes with tubercles on ribs ...............................................................................................................  15. S. pubescens

22b. Achenes without tubercles on ribs.

23a. Heads numerous, cymose to corymbose; pappus numerous, 3--5 ca. 2.4 cm, base connate into a ring  13. S. albicaulis

23b. Heads racemose; pappus numerous, 5--10 superlong, base not connate into a ring ...........................  14. S. iliensis

1. Scorzonera divaricata Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5(2): 200. 1832.

拐轴鸦葱guai zhou ya cong

                Herbs, perennial, 20--30 cm tall. Roots vertical, 4--10 mm in diam. Caudex without sheath residue. Stem grayish green, erect, slender, many branched from base, pubescent or glabrous. Branches diffuse, erect or ascending. Leaves sessile, linear to filiform, 1--9 cm X 1--2(--5) mm, apex acuminate and conspicuously or inconspicuously hooked; apical stem leaves small, puberulent, glabrescent, or glabrous. Heads many, terminal, lax, corymbose, with 4 or 5 florets. Involucre cylindric, 5--6 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, puberulent, pubescent, or sparsely pubescent in fruit; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 X 2.5 mm; middle and inner phyllaries progressively larger, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to linear-elliptic, 12--20 X 2.5--3.6 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Florets yellow or pale purple. Achenes pale yellow to yellowish brown, cylindric, ca. 8.5 mm, with many ribs, glabrous or apically villous, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus numerous, 3--5, to 2.5 cm, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, basally plumose, apically scabrous; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. May--Sep.

                Dry river beds, lowland sand dunes, gullies, valleys, hills, slopes, plains at base of mountains; 500--2000 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia].

1a. Florets yellow; achenes glabrous............................................................................................................ 1a. var. divaricata

1b. Florets pale purple; achenes apically villous ......................................................................................  1b. var. subliacina

1a. Scorzonera divaricata var. divaricata

拐轴鸦葱 guai zhou ya cong

Scorzonera divaricata var. intricatissima Maximowicz.

                Florets yellow. Achenes glabrous.

                Dry river beds, lowland sand dunes, gullies, valleys; 500--2000 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia].

1b. Scorzonera divaricata var. sublilacina Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 494. 1888.

紫花拐轴鸦葱zi hua guai zhou ya cong

                Florets purple. Achenes apically villous.

                * Hills, slopes, plains at base of mountains; ca. 1500 m. Nei Mongol (Hohhot).

                Used medicinally for treating serious cases of boils.

2. Scorzonera pseudodivaricata Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 42: 158. 1933.

帚状鸦葱zhou zhuang ya cong

Scorzonera divaricata Turzaninowii var. foliosa Maximowicz; S. divaricata var. virgata Maximowicz.

                Herbs, perennial, 7--50 cm tall. Roots vertical, ca. 9 mm in diam. Caudex with fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stem and branches puberulent, glabrescent, or glabrous. Stem branched from base. Branches virgate. Basal leaves sessile; sheath expanded, basally semiamplexicaul; leaf blade linear, to 6 cm X 0.5--5 mm, pubescent, glabrescent, or glabrous, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Upper stem leaves progressively smaller, needlelike to scalelike. Heads numerous, terminal on stem and branches, lax, with 7--12 florets. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 5--7 mm diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially puberulent, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate-triangulate, 1.5--4 X 1--4 mm; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate, linear-elliptic, or broadly linear, 10--18 X 2--3 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes dark green, cylindric, ca. 8 mm, glabrous, with many elevated ribs, with or without tubercles on ribs. Pappus dirty white, ca. 1.3 cm, plumose for most of length, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, apically scabrous. Fl. and fr. May--Oct.

                Gravelly deserts, dry slopes, sandy soils; 600--3000 m. Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia].

3. Scorzonera parviflora Jacquin, Fl. Austriac. 4: 3. 1776.

光鸦葱guang ya cong

Scorzonera caricifolia Pallas; S. halophila Fischer & Meyer ex de Candolle.

                Herbs, perennial, subscapose, 15--60 cm tall. Roots brown, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., usually ramose. Caudex with sheath residue. Stem solitary or fascicled, erect, unbranched, rarely basally short branched, glabrous. Leaves green sometimes ± flesh-colored, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to linear, 7--20 X 0.2--2.5 cm, base attenuate, apex acute to acuminate; veins 3--5. Middle stem leaves few, sessile or subsessile, similar to basal leaves in shape or linear-oblanceolate. Upper stem leaves sessile, smaller than others, subulate-lanceolate. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre cylindric, 1--1.5 cm diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute to subobtuse; outer phyllaries ovate to triangular-ovate, 4--8 X 3--4 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 11--15 X 3--4 mm; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, to 1.8 X 0.3 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes milky yellow, cylindric, ca. 7 mm, with many elevated smooth ribs. Pappus numerous, dirty white, 5, to 1.8 cm, plumose for most of length, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, apically scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                Deserts, meadows, beaches; 900--1300 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan; Europe].

4. Scorzonera radiata Fischer ex Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 4: 160. 1833.

毛梗鸦葱mao geng ya cong

Scorzonera radiata var. rebunese (Tatewaki & Kitamura) Nakai; S. rebunese Tatewaki & Kitamura.

                Herbs, perennial, subscapose, 15--30 cm tall. Roots stout, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., sometimes racemose. Caudex with sheath residue. Stem solitary to few fascicled, erect, branched, with dirty white arachnoid pubescence especially under heads. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole winged, base with semiamplexicaul sheath; leaf blade linear, linear-lanceolate, or linear-elliptic, 5--18 X 0.3--1.5 cm, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Stem leaves 2 or 3, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves, glabrous, margin entire and flat; apical leaves lanceolate, sometimes scalelike. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre cylindric, 0.8--1.8 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrescent to glabrous, apically with sparse arachnoid hairs, apex obtuse to acute; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, 6--7 X 4--5 mm; middle phyllaries triangular-lanceolate, 1.6--2 X 0.5--0.6 cm; inner phyllaries lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 2.1 X 0.4 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1.2 cm, with numerous elevated ribs, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus dirty yellow, numerous, 5, ca. 1.7 cm, plumose for most of length, apically scabrous; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. May--Jul.

               Forest margins, forests, grasslands, gravelly river beaches; various elevations. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

5. Scorzonera luntaiensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 197. 1995.

轮台鸦葱lun tai ya cong

                Herbs, perennial, 12--14 cm tall. Roots pale dark brown, vertical, ca. 5 mm in diam. Caudex with pale brown sheath residue. Stem solitary, erect, ca. 1.5 mm diam., base subglabrous or glabrous. Basal leaves rosular, sessile, linear, 6--10 cm X 1--2 mm, basally attenuate, with expanded sheath, and semiamplexicaul. Stem leaves very few, mostly basally on stem, similar to basal leaves but smaller; leaf blade subulate to linear, glabrous, margin flat, apex acuminate; veins not conspicuous. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 4 X 2.2 mm, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 14 X 2--3 mm, apex acute. Achene when immature without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus white, numerous, ca. 8 mm, plumose for most of length, apically scabrous; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. Jul.

                * Damp river banks; ca. 1500 m. Xinjiang (N Tarim Basin).

6. Scorzonera capito Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 491. 1888.

棉毛鸦葱 mian mao ya cong

                Herbs, perennial, 5--13 cm tall. Roots dark brown, vertical, ca. 2 cm in diam. Caudex globose to subglobose, inflated, densely covered with sheath residue; sheath dirty white, dense, adaxially lanate. Stems few to numerous, fasciculate, erect, stout, ribbed, arachnoid-villous, glabrescent, or glabrous, base diffuse, vaulted, or rarely branched. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole base with expanded semiamplexicaul sheath; leaf blade ovate, spatulate, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate-elliptic, or linear-elliptic, 3--9 X 0.3--2.5 cm, base attenuate, apex rotundate, obtuse, or caudate-acuminate. Stem leaves 2 or 3, sessile, ovate to lanceolate, small, ± leathery, with arachnoid hairs, glabrescent, or glabrous, base cordate and semiamplexicaul, margin crisp; veins 5--9, basifugal. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, progressively longer towards inner row, abaxially puberulent, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate to narrowly ovate, 6--8.5 X 2.5--3.5 mm; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 3 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 16 X 2 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes pale yellow, cylindric, ca. 8 mm, with numerous elevated ribs, tuberculate on ribs, apically sparsely villous. Pappus white, ca. 1.7 cm, plumose for most of length, apically scabrous; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

                Gravelly deserts, sandy soils, alluvial plains; 1100--1500 m. Nei Mongol, Ningxia [Mongolia].

7. Scorzonera subacaulis (Regel) Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 42: 160. 1933.

小鸦葱 xiao ya cong

Scorzonera austriaca Willdenow var. subacaulis Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 6: 323. 1880; S. austriaca var. intermedia Regel & Herder.

                Herbs, perennial, dwarf. Roots dark brown, terete, vertical, ca. 8 mm in diam. Caudex with fibrous and lacerate leaf remnants. Acaulis or stem to 4 cm tall, unbranched, densely pubescent. Sheath base expanded, semiamplexicaul. Basal leaves numerous, sessile, linear, 8--10 X 0.2--0.4 cm, procumbent but apically ascending, exceeding or as high as heads, glabrous or sparsely sericeous, apex acuminate; veins 3; midvein broad; lateral veins inconspicuous. Stem leaves absent to 2, scalelike, lanceolate. Head solitary, terminal on caudex. Involucre broadly cylindric, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, glabrous or ± pubescent, apex acute; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate. Florets yellow. Corolla ligule with dark red striae. Achenes cylindric, to 8 mm, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus dirty white, ca. 1.2 cm, plumose for most of length, apically scabrid or serrate. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

                Grass slopes in mountains; above 2600 m. Xinjiang [Uzbekistan].

8. Scorzonera curvata (Poplavskaja) Lipschitz, Fl. URSS 29: 72. 1964.

丝叶鸦葱 si ye ya cong

Scorzonera austriaca Willdenow var. curvata Poplavskaja, Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 15: 38. 1916; S. angustifolia Thomson; S. humilis Linnaeus var. linearifolia de Candolle.

                Herbs, perennial, 4--7 cm tall. Roots dark brown, cylindric, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Caudex densely covered with fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stem solitary or fascicled, erect, very short, glabrous. Basal leaves rosulate, sessile, filiform to filiform-linear, 3--10 X 0.1--1.5 cm, glabrous but margin basally arachnoid-lanate, usually flat or torsional, base sheathlike and expanded, apex acuminate; veins 3. Stem leaves absent or few, scalelike, subulate-lanceolate. Head solitary, terminal on stem or caudex. Involucre campanulate to narrowly campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute to subobtuse; outer phyllaries triangular to triangular-lanceolate, 5--8 X 2--3 mm; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 5 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, with numerous ribs; ribs with or without tubercles. Pappus pale brown, ca. 1.2 cm, most of length plumose, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

                Hills, dry mountain slopes; 500--2500 m. Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Qinghai [Mongolia, Russia].

9. Scorzonera sinensis Lipschitz & Krascheninnikov in Lipschitz, Fragm. Monogr. Scorzonera 120. 1935.

桃叶鸦葱 tao ye ya cong

Scorzonera austriaca Willdenow subsp. sinensis Lipschitz & Krascheninnikov.

                Herbs, perennial, 5--53 cm tall. Roots brown to dark brown, vertical, stout, ca. 1.5 cm diam., usually not ramose. Caudex densely covered with fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stem fascicled or solitary, erect, unbranched, glabrous. Branches apically with arachnoid hairs. Leaves glabrous, pruinate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 8 cm, sheath base expanded; leaf blade broadly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, linear-elliptic, or linear, 5--10 X 0.3--5 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, margin crisp, apex acute, acuminate, obtuse, or rounded; veins 3--5, basifugal. Stem leaves few, scalelike, lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate, base semiamplexicaul. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre cylindric, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex obtuse to acute; outer phyllaries triangular to obliquely triangular, 8--12 X 5--6 mm; middle phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 1.8 X 0.6 cm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 1.9 X 0.3 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes flesh-colored, cylindric, ca. 1.4 cm, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus dirty yellow, ca. 2 cm, plumose for most of length, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, apex serrate. Fl. and fr. Feb--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes, hills, wastelands, thickets; 200--2500 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi.

10. Scorzonera austriaca Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 1498. 1803.

鸦葱 ya cong

Scorzonera austriaca var. plantaginifolia Kitagawa; S. ruprechtiana Lipschitz & Krasheninnikov; S. sinensis Lipshitz & Krasheninnikov f. plantaginifolia (Kitagawa) Nakai.

                Herbs, perennial, 10--42 cm tall. Roots dark brown, vertical. Caudex densely covered with brown fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stems numerous, fasciculate or solitary, erect, unbranched, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole narrowly winged, base with expanded sheath; leaf blade linear, narrowly linear, linear-lanceolate, or linear-elliptic, 3--35 X 0.2--2.5 cm, glabrous or sometimes basally with arachnoid hairs, margin flat or somewhat crisp, apex acuminate, obtuse, or acute; veins 5. Stem leaves 2 or 3, sessile, scalelike, lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate, base semiamplexicaul. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre cylindric, 1--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate-triangular, 6--8 X ca. 6.5 mm; middle phyllaries obliquely lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1.6--2.1 X 0.5--0.7 cm; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic, 2--2.5 X 0.3--0.4 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1.3 cm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus pale yellow, ca. 1.7 cm, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jul.

                Slopes, floodplains, grassy beaches; 400--2000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, Mediterranean region].

11. Scorzonera manshurica Nakai, Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 1: 173. 1936.

东北鸦葱 dong bei ya cong

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 14 cm tall. Roots stout, obconic, ca. 3 cm in diam. Caudex densely covered with brown fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stems numerous, fasciculate in apex of crown, unbranched, glabrous. Basal leaves sessile; sheath adaxially densely lanate, base expanded; leaf blade linear, 8--10 X 0.3--0.4 cm, base attenuate, margin flat and basally lanate, apex acute to long acuminate; veins 3--5. Stem leaves 1--3, scalelike, subulate-triangular, margin and adaxially lanate. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.8 cm in diam. in fruit. Phyllaries in 5 rows, white puberulous, abaxially tinged with purple, adaxially yellow, apex obtuse to acute; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate-triangular, ca. 7 X 3 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic. 1.5--1.8 X 0.5 cm; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2 X 0.4 cm. Achenes dirty yellow, cylindric, ca. 7.5 mm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles on ribs, sparsely to densely villous. Pappus dirty yellow, to 2 cm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Apr--May.

                * Dry mountain slopes; elevation not recorded. Heilongjiang Liaoning.

12. Scorzonera ikonnikovii Lipschitz & Krascheninnikov in Lipschitz, Fragm. Monogr. Scorzonera 109. 1935.

毛果鸦葱 mao guo ya cong

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 17 cm tall. Roots yellow, obconic, ca. 2 cm in diam. Caudex with brown fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stems numerous, fasciculate apically of crown, unbranched, glabrous. Basal leaves numerous, with expanded sheath; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, linear-elliptic, or linear, ca. 15 X 1.5 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, margin crisp, apex usually recurved and acuminate; veins 5, basifugal. Stem leaves 2 or 3, brown, scalelike, narrowly lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate. Head solitary, terminal. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate-triangular, ca. 7 X 2.5 mm; middle phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, 1.2--1.7 X 0.3--0.4 cm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 15 X 3 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1 cm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles on ribs, sparsely villous. Pappus pale yellow, ca. 1.2 cm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate. Fl. and fr. Apr--May.

                Mountain slopes; ca. 1800 m. Liaoning [Mongolia].

13. Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2: 114. 1833.

华北鸦葱 hua bei ya cong

Piptopogon macrosperma C. A. Meyer ex Turczaninow; Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge f. flavescens Nakai; Scorzonera albicaulis f. rosea Nakai; S. albicaulis var. macrosperma (C. A. Meyer ex Turczaninow) Kitagawa; S. macrosperma Turczaninow ex de Candolle; S. macrosperma f. angustifolia Debeaux; S. radiata Fischer var. linearifolia H. Léveillé.

                Herbs, perennial, to 1.2 m tall. Roots cylindric to obconic, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Caudex with brown sheath residue. Stem solitary to few fasciculate, white tomentose, apically corymbose or cymose. Basal leaves sessile, linear to linear-elliptic, to 40 X 0.3--1.8(--2) cm, glabrous, base ± sheathlike and expanded, margin entire or rarely sinuolate and subserrate, apex acuminate; veins 3--5. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller. Heads numerous, terminal, cymose to corymbose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 1--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially with a thin layer of arachnoid hairs, glabrescent, or glabrous; outer phyllaries triangular-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5--8 X ca. 4 mm; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or linear. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 2.1 cm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles on ribs, glabrous, apically attenuate into a beak. Pappus dirty yellow, numerous, with 3--5 ca. 2.4 cm, base connate into a ring, plumose for most of length, apically serrate, caducous. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

               Mountain valleys, forests, forest margins, scrub, feral fields, fields; 200--2500 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong [Korea, Russia].

14. Scorzonera iliensis Krascheninnikov, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 178.1933.

北疆鸦葱 bei jiang ya cong

                Herbs, perennial, 35--70 cm tall. Roots vertical, solitary or fasciculate, apically corymbose. Stem and branches sericeous, base with sheath residue. Basal leaves sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, 10--22 X 0.4--1 cm, base sheathlike and expanded, margin flat, apex acuminate; veins 3--5. Stem leaves sessile, linear, base subamplexicaul. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbosely racemose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate-triangular; inner phyllaries lanceolate. Achenes cylindric, 1--1.5 cm, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus dirty white, numerous, 5--10 superlong, plumose for most of length, apically scabrous; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                Stony thickets; above 900 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

15. Scorzonera pubescens de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 122. 1838.

基枝鸦葱 ji zhi ya cong

                Herbs, perennial, to 28 cm tall. Roots dark brown, cylindric, ca. 1 cm in diam. Stem solitary to few fasciculate, erect, puberulent, base densely covered with sheath residue, branched from base. Branches obliquely ascending, puberulent. Basal leaves sessile, linear, 5--30 cm X 1--5 mm, basally sheathlike and expanded, margin flat, apex acuminate. Stem leaves numerous, similar to basal leaves in shape, with sparse ramose or stellate hairs. Heads terminal on branches, not conspicuously corymbose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially puberulent with ramose or stellate hairs, apex acuminate; outer phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, 6--12 X 3--4 mm; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 2.2--2.4 X 0.4--0.5 cm. Florets yellow, sometimes ligule adaxially reddish. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1.2 cm, with numerous ribs, with tubercles on ribs, glabrous. Pappus white tinged with yellow, ca. 1.5 cm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate. Fl. and fr. Jun.

                Mountain slopes, hills, grasslands, dry river valleys, 1000--1600 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].

16. Scorzonera pusilla Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 2: 329. 1773.

细叶鸦葱 xi ye ya cong

Scorzonera astrachianiana de Candolle; S. popovii Lipschitz.

                Herbs, perennial, 5--20 cm tall. Roots vertical with buried globose tubers. Caudex with fimbrous-lacerate sheath residue. Stem erect, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, usually apically branched. Basal leaves sessile, linear to filiform-linear, 10--15 cm X 1--3 mm, with arachnoid hairs, basally with expanded sheath, margin flat, apex acuminate and hooked; veins 3, basifugal. Stem leaves alternate, sometimes opposite or 3-verticillate, similar to basal leaf, sessile. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 5--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries 4 rows, abaxially puberulent; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 X 3.5 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 8--10 X ca. 3 mm, apex obtuse to rounded; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.8 X 0.4 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 8 mm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus white, ca. 2.3 cm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jul.

                Rocky mountain slopes, desert gravels, sandy soils, semiconsolidated sand dunes, saline-alkali lands, roadsides, wastelands, mountain plains, alluvial plains; 500--3400 m. Xinjiang [Europe, Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

17. Scorzonera pamirica C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 48. 1987.

帕米尔鸦葱 pa mi er ya cong

                Herb, perennial, 4--7 cm tall. Roots vertical, to 17 cm, slender, with buried inflated ellipsoid tuber. Caudex with pale brown or pale yellow subfibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stems few, erect or vaulted-curviform, slender, few branched, glabrous. Basal leaves sessile, linear, 4--8 cm X 1--2 mm, glabrous, basally attenuate and with a expanded sheath, apex acuminate. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves but smaller; veins 3. Heads small, terminal, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 4 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially pubescent, margin scarious, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate to narrowly ovate, 4--5 X 2--3 mm; middle and inner phyllaries linear, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 3--3.5 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes immature, glabrous. Pappus numerous, serrate for most of length, basally plumose; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. Jun.

                * Plains; ca. 3400 m. Xinjiang (Taxkorgan Xian).

18. Scorzonera songorica (Karelin & Kirilow) Lipschitz & V. Vassiljev, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.R. 22: 301. 1963.

准噶尔鸦葱 jun ge er ya cong

Popospermum laciniatum (Linnaeus) de Candolle var. songoricum Karelin & Kirilow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15(2): 396. 1844.

                Herbs, biennial, 14--40 cm tall, glabrous or with sparse arachnoid hairs. Caudex with complete sheath residue. Stems few. Basal leaves narrowly elliptic-linear to linear, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, sometimes not divided; lateral lobes or segments few, linear, linear-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic; terminal lobe longer than others, narrowly elliptic, elliptic-linear, or linear. Stem leaves sessile, linear to narrowly linear. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose. Involucre erect, cylindric. Phyllaries elliptic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, apex with hornlike appendages. Florets yellow. Achenes gray, narrowly cylindric, straight, 1--1.2 cm, with numerous ribs. Pappus pale white, numerous, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid.

Habitat ??; elevation ??. Xinjiang [??].

                According to Flora URSS (29: 40), species also distributed in Xinjiang of China, but no material was seen from Xinjiang and above description is taken from Flora URSS.

19. Scorzonera inconspicua Lipschitz ex Pavlov, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 42: 139. 1933.

皱叶鸦葱 zhou ye ya cong

Scorzonera marschaliana var. latifolia Ruprecht; S. marschaliana C. A. Meyer var. oblongifolia Trautvetter.

                Herbs, perennial, 8--26 cm tall. Roots vertical, ca. 8 mm in diam. Caudex with dark brown or pale yellow sheath residue. Stem solitary or fasciculate, branched from base or from middle, puberulent to ramosely hairy. Branches ascending. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole base with expanded semiamplexicaul sheath; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 5--20 cm X 4--6 mm, puberulent, ramosely hairy or glabrescent, base attenuate, margin crisp, apex acuminate to long acuminate; veins 3--5. Lower and middle stem leaves few, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate-elliptic. Upper stem leaves smaller than others, narrowly lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate. Heads several, sometimes conspicuously corymbose. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in ca. 7 rows, with puberulent ramose hairs, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 8 X 4.5 mm; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 1.4--1.8 X 0.4--0.5 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 2.3 cm, with numerous tuberculate ribs, glabrous. Pappus dirty white, ca. 1.5 cm, plumose for most of length, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

                Stony slopes, dry steppes; 800--1700 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

20. Scorzonera mongolica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 492. 1888.

蒙古鸦葱 meng gu ya cong

Scorzonera fengtienensis Nakai; S. mongolica Maximowicz var. putjatae C. Winkler.

                Herbs, perennial, 5--35 cm tall. Roots vertical, cylindric. Caudex with brown to pale yellow sheath residue. Stems grayish green, numerous, glabrous, apically branched. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole base sheathlike and expanded; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 2--10 X 0.4--1.1 cm, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Stem leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, sessile, lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or linear-elliptic, 0.4--1.1 cm wide, thickly fleshy, glabrous, base cuneate-attenuate, apex acute to acuminate; veins 3. Heads 1 to several, terminal on stem, solitary or cymose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially with arachnoid hairs or glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, 3--5 X 2--5 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 12--18 X 2.8--3.5 mm, apex obtuse to ± acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 2 cm X 2 mm. Florets yellow, rarely white. Achenes pale yellow, cylindric, 5--7 cm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles on ribs, apex pilose. Pappus white, numerous, ca. 2 cm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid, Fl. and fr. Apr--Aug.

                Saline meadows, saline sands, alkali lands, dry lake basins, floodplains, lake margin, grassy beaches; near sea level to 2800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang. [Kazakstan, Mongolia].

21. Scorzonera ensifolia M. Biebestein, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 235. 1808.

剑叶鸦葱 jian ye ya cong

                Herbs, perennial, 20--55 cm tall. Roots vertical, cylindric. Caudex with entire sheath residue; sheath grayish brown, dense, adaxially lanate. Stem solitary or numerous, fasciculate, erect, branched or unbranched, ± pubescent, rarely glabrous. Basal leaves sessile, lanceolate-linear to linear, ca. 20 X 0.3--0.8 cm, base sheathlike and expanded, apex acuminate; veins 3--7, basifugal. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Heads 1 to several, terminal on stems or branches. Involucre cylindric, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially with arachnoid hairs; outer phyllaries lanceolate, apex acuminate to recurved spine; inner phyllaries broadly lanceolate, apex acuminate to spiny. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, densely villous. Pappus dirty yellow, 2--3 cm, plumose, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

                Sand dunes, wastelands, sandy soils; elevation unknown. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia; Europe].

22. Scorzonera sericeolanata (Bunge) Krascheninnikov & Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 43: 141. 1934.

灰枝鸦葱 hui zhi ya cong

Scorzonera tuberosa Pallas var. sericeolanata Bunge, Beitr. Fl. Russl. 200. 1852.

                Herbs, perennial, 10--20 cm tall. Roots vertical, apically with buried globose tubers. Stem solitary to 5-fasciculate, erect, few branched, white sericeous pubescent. Basal leaves sessile, linear, 5--20 X 0.2--0.6 cm, with arachnoid hairs, glabrescent, or adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, margin flat and not crisp, apex acuminate; veins 3--5, basifugal. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves but base ± amplexicaul. Heads 5--7. Involucre obconic, rarely cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially densely pubescent; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, apex subobtuse. Florets yellow. Corolla ligule with purplish red striae. Achenes cylindric, densely sericeous. Pappus white, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid, Fl. and fr. Apr--Jun.

                Deserts, semiconsolidated sand dunes; 700--1400 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

23. Scorzonera circumflexa Krascheninnikov & Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 43: 148. 1934.

皱波球根鸦葱 zhou bo qiu gen ya cong

                Herbs, perennial, (8--)15--25 cm tall. Roots cylindric, apically with buried globose tubers. Caudex with gray or brown fibers and membranous scales. Stems 1--3, erect, usually branched, densely pubescent. Basal leaves sessile, broadly lanceolate, 5--10 X 0.8--1.5 cm, densely tomentose, margin crisp. Stem leaves alternate, sometimes opposite or at axils, narrowly oblong-lanceolate. Heads few, terminal. Phyllaries gradually longer towards center, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, abaxially densely pubescent. Florets yellow, purplish red when dry. Achenes cylindric, 6--7 mm, densely sericeous. Pappus to 9 mm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Apr--May.

                Stony slopes, mountain plains; elevation ??. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Uzbekistan].

24. Scorzonera rugulosa C. C. Chang, Bull. Fan. Mem. Inst. Biol. 5: 320. 1934.

皱果鸦葱 zhou guo ya cong

                Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes subrepand, ca. 3 mm in diam., lanuginose towards column, crowned with old dry leaves at anthesis. Stem ascending, striate, subflexuos, ca. 24 cm tall, 1--2 mm in diam., apically unbranched or few branched. Branches dichotomously racemose, bracteiferous. Basal leaves few, filiform, to 6 cm X 1.5 mm, glabrous, margin serrulate, apex acute; veins inconspicuous. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller. Heads medium sized, with 8--12 florets, pedunculate; peduncles ca. 2.5 cm. Involucre narrowly campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, sparsely white pilosulose, margin narrowly membranous; outer phyllaries ovate, 3--6 X 2--3 mm, apex acute, inconspicuously 1-veined; inner phyllaries linear, 10--14 X 2--3 mm, apex acute. Florets yellow. Corolla 1.2--2.5 cm. Corollla tube ca. 8 mm, puberulous; ligule ca. 7.5 X 2.2 mm, apex truncate, 5-toothed, obtuse, 4-veined. Filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers ca. 3 mm. Styles ca. 1.1 cm, rarely exserted. Achenes black, cylindric, with many rugulose or sometimes muriculate ribs, white pilose, base cuneate, apex truncate. Pappus dirty white, ca. 1.7 cm, plumose, apically scabrous.

                * Xinjiang (Tian Shan).

                No materials was seen of this species and the above description is taken from the original publication.

195. EPILASIA (Bunge) Bentham in Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 2: 532. 1873.

鼠毛菊属 shu mao ju shu

Scorzonera Linnaeus sect. Epilasia Bunge, Beitr. Fl. Russl. 200. 1852.

               Herbs, annual, white pubescent or glabrous. Heads homogamous, ovoid-cylindric. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries herbaceous, usually longer than or equal inner; inner phyllaries usually 5. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Florets pale yellow, pale red, or blue, bisexual, apically 5-toothed; marginal florets longer than central ones, exceeding involucre. Anthers appendages basally sagittate. Style arms slender. Achenes blackish or gray, without ribs or with 5--10 ribs, with or without spinulations, glabrous or densely villous above callose ring, hairs densely plumose and hardly distinguishable from apical plumose bristles of pappus, basally ± expanded to a hollow fruit stalk, middle or apically with callosities. Pappus gray or brown, 5 or more, fragile, basally plumose, apically serrate, or all plumose.

                Three or four species: C and W Asia; two species in China.

1a. Achenes apically with callose ring, glabrous above callose ring ............................................................  1. E. acrolasia

1b. Achenes with callose ring on middle, densely villous above callose ring ............................................  2. E. hemilasia

1. Epilasia acrolasia (Bunge) C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 279. 1876.

顶毛鼠毛菊 ding mao shu mao ju

Scorzonera acrolasia Bunge, Beitr. Fl. Russl. 202. 1852; Epilasia acrolasia (Bunge) Soják (later homonym); E. ammophila (Bunge) C. B. Clarke; Scorzonera ammophila Bunge.

                Herbs, annual, 6--25(--35) cm tall. Stem usually solitary, rarely fasciculate, unbranched or branched, white pubescent or glabrescent. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or rarely ovate-lanceolate, 1--4(--5) X 0.2--1(--2) cm, basally attenuate, margin crisp and slightly serrulate, apex obtuse to cartilaginously acute. Upper stem leaves sessile, similar in shape to basal and lower stem leaves, basally subamplexicaul. Head solitary or not, terminal on stem. Involucre ovoid cylindric. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, margin serrulate, apex cartilaginous-acute; inner phyllaries submembranous. Florets yellow. Achenes dark, cylindric, basally with ± curved hollow fruiting stalk, apically with a callose ring, glabrous above callose ring; ribs inconspicuous or only basally conspicuous, with spinulations. Pappus 5 or more, slender, long plumose. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

                Leeward slopes on sand dunes, clay and gravelly areas; 500--1000 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia].

2. Epilasia hemilasia (Bunge) C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 279. 1876.

鼠毛菊 shu mao ju

Scorzonera hemilasia Bunge, Beitr. Fl. Russl. 201. 1852; Epilasia bungeana C. B. Clarke; E. cenopleura (Bunge) Soják (later homonym); E. cenopleura (Bunge) C. B. Clarke; E. hemilasia (Bunge) C. B. Clarke var. nana (Boissier & Buhse) Kuntze; E. intermedia (Bunge) Soják (later homonym); E. intermedia (Bunge) C. B. Clarke; Scorzonera cenopleura Bunge; S. intermedia Bunge; S. nana Boissier & Buhse.

                Herbs, annual, 5--50 cm tall. Stem solitary or 2--5-fasciculate, branched or unbranched, pubescent to almost glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-ovate, 2--6 X 0.3--1.5 cm, basally attenuate. Stem leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margin scabrous, subserrate. Lower stem leaves petiolate. Upper stem leaves sessile. Heads several, terminal on stem. Involucre ovoid-cylindric. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries unequal, lanceolate, herbaceous, pubescent or abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, subrigid, leathery, margin somewhat membranous, apex obtuse to acute. Florets yellow. Achenes basally with hollow fruiting stalk, with callose ring at middle, densely villous above callose ring, hairs densely plumose and hardly distinguishable from apical plumose bristles of pappus; ribs many, retrorsely setose. Pappus gray, ca. 5, plumose, slender. Fl. and fr. Apr--May.

                Sand or clay areas, grasslands; 800--1500 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia].

196. TRAGOPOGON Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 2: 789. 1753.

婆罗门参属 po luo men shen shu

                Herbs, perennial or biennial. Stem simple or sparingly branched, apically inflated below head or not. Heads terminal on stem and branches, solitary, homogamous, large, with many florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 1 row, 5--15. Receptacle glabrous. Florets bisexual. Corolla ligule yellow or purple, apex 5-toothed. Anthers appendages basally sagittate. Style arms slender and long. Achenes cylindric, with 5--10 ± distinct ribs, tuberculate or not, apex attenuate or abruptly acuminate into a beak, rarely beakless. Pappus many, densely plumose and intertwined with bristles, often apically scabrid and barbellate.

                About 150 species; mainly in Southwest to Central Asia; 14 species in China.

1a. Ligules yellow; achenes attenuate to a beak.

2a. Stem under heads very inflated in fruit ........................................................................................................  1. T. capitatus

2b. Stem under heads ± inflated or not in fruit.

3a. Achene beak stout, apically with a ring of arachnoid hairs of beak .......................................................  2. T. subulosus

3b. Achene beak slender.

4a. Achene beak apex inflated .............................................................................................................................  6. T. orientalis

4b. Achene beak apex not or ± inflacted.

5a. Apex of beak without a ring of arachnoid hairs .......................................................................................  5. T. songaricus

5b. Apex of beak with a ring of arachnoid hairs.

6a. Phyllaries 5--8, longer than florets ..........................................................................................................  3. T. pseudomajor

6b. Phyllaries 8--10, shorter than florets .............................................................................................................  4. T. pratensis

1b. Ligules not of same color, abaxially tinged with purplish red and adaxially yellow; achenes without or with inconspicuous beak .........................................................................................................................................  7. T. gracilis

7a. Stem under heads inflated or ± inflate in fruit.

8a. Phyllaries longer than florets ......................................................................................................................  8. T. porrifolius

8b. Phyllaries equaling florets ....................................................................................................................  9. T. kazakstanicus

7b. Stem under heads not inflated or ± inflated in fruit.

9a. Achene beak thin.

10a. Achene beak apically with a ring of arachnoid hairs ...............................................................................  13. T. sibiricus

10b. Achene beak without a ring of arachnoid hairs apically ....................................................................  14. T. subalpinus

9b. Achene beak stout.

11a. Leaf blade margin white membranaceous .........................................................................................  10. T. marginifolius

11b. Leaf blade margin not white membranaceous.

12a. Achene beak apically with a ring of arachnoid hairs ............................................................................  11. T. elongatus

12b. Achene beak without a ring of arachnoid hairs .............................................................................................  12. T. ruber

1. Tragopogon capitatum S. A. Nikitin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.R. 7: 257. 1937.

头状婆罗门参 tou zhuang po luo men shen

                Herbs, biennial, 30--100 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stem solitary, branched from middle, glabrous, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. under head and apically inflated into head, inflated part longer than head. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, linear, 12--15 cm, base expanded, expanded part 1--2 cm wide, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate. Head solitary, terminal on stem and branches. Involucre 5--8.5 X 1.7--3 cm. Phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 8--12(--14), apex long acuminate. Florets yellow. Outer achenes yellow, ± curviform, 2.8--3.8 cm, with 5 ribs, with scaly processes on ribs, apically attenuate to a slender beak; beak 1.7--2.5 cm, capitate and apically with a ring arachnoid hairs; middle achenes without scaly processes on ribs, gradually smoother towards inner achenes. Pappus yellow, 2.5--3 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

                By farmlands, by ditches, grassy slopes base of mountain; 700--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

2. Tragopogon subulosus Krascheninnikov & S. A. Nikitin, Otchet Rabotakh Pochv.-Bot. Otryaka Kazakstansk. Eksped. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 4(2): 294. 1930.

沙婆罗门参 sha po luo men shen

                Herbs, biennial. Stem erect, 40--150 cm tall, sometimes striate, branched from middle, glabrous, apically inflated and clublike  under head in fruit. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, linear, 18--40 X 0.5--1 cm, usually longitudinally folded, base inconspicuously expanded, withered in fruit. Middle stem leaves tinged grayish blue, linear, 10--25 cm, base expanded to 1--1.2(--2.5) cm wide and semiamplexicaul, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves (3--)4--10 X 0.5--1.5 cm, base rounded, apex acuminate. Heads 2--10, terminal on stem. Involucre (3.5--)4.5--5.5 cm. Phyllaries 8--12, broadly linear, 3.5--5 X 0.5--0.9 cm, apex long acuminate. Florets yellow. Achenes 1.2--1.6 cm, with 5 or 6 ribs, spinelike-bossed on ribs, apex attenuate to short and stout 2--3 mm beak, apex of beak not inflated but with a ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus white or pale yellow, 2.3--2.6 cm. Fl. and fr. May Jul.

                Sand dunes; 800--1500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan].

3. Tragopogon pseudomajus S. A. Nikitin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.R. 7: 258. 1937.

北疆婆罗门参 bei jiang po luo men shen

                Herbs, biennial, 25--60(--100) cm tall. Stem erect, simple or branched from middle, striate, glabrous, apically under heads rudimentarily clublike  in fruit. Leaves dense; basal leaves sessile, linear, 15--25 X 1--1.5 cm, base ± expanded. Stem leaves sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, base expanded and semiamplexicaul, apically attenuate. Upper stem leaves sometimes filiform apically. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre cylindric, 3.5--5 cm. Phyllaries 5--8, longer than florets, equal to or shorter than achenes or achenes pappus. Florets yellow. Achenes 1.2--1.4 cm, with 5 ribs, with squamose-bossed on ribs, apex acute into a slender ca. 1 cm beak; beak not apically inflated but with a ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus pale yellow 2--2.3 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Jul.

                Meadows, river valleys, dry mountain slopes, mountain plains; 1200--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

4. Tragopogon pratensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 789. 1753.

婆罗门参 po luo men shen

                Herbs, biennial, 25--100 cm tall. Roots vertical, cylindric. Stem erect, simple or branched, glabrous, apically under heads not inflated in fruit. Lower stem leaves sessile, longer than others, linear-lanceolate, 10--18 X ca. 1.5 cm, base expanded and semiamplexicaul, margin entire or sometimes crisp, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to lower stem leaves but gradually smaller towards stem apex. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre cylindric, 2--3 cm. Phyllaries 8--10, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2--3 X 0.8--1.3 cm, apex acuminate. Florets yellow, bluish purple when dry. Achenes dark gray or grayish brown, ca. 1.1 cm, ribbed, obtusely tuberculate on ribs, apically attenuate; beak 0.8--1.1 cm, slender, not apically inflated but with a ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus dirty yellow, 1--1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

                Grassland on mountain slopes, open forests; 1200--4500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia; Europe].

5. Tragopogon songoricus S. A. Nikitin, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 198. 1933.

准噶尔婆罗门参 zhun ge er po luo men shen

                Herbs, biennial, 18--50 cm tall. Roots stout, vertical. Caudex with residue of leaves. Stem erect, simple or ± branched from middle, glabrous, apically under heads not inflated in fruit. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, linear, 8--20 X 0.4--1.2 cm, sometimes withered in fruit, base wide and subamplexicaul. Middle stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, base wide, ape