13. Tribe Cichorieae [Draft]

 

菊苣族 ju ju zu

C. Shih Chu;

                Plants lactiferous. Heads radiatiform. Florets ligulate. Pollen grains spines in rows.

                About 95 genera and ca. 2300 species; widespread in N hemisphere temperate regions but best represented in C Asia, Mediterranean region, and W North America; 42 genera and 275 species (?? endemic) in China.

 

1a. Pappus scaly or almost absent.

2a. Pappus scaly .................................................................................................................................................... 192. Cichorium

2b. Pappus subserrate or fimbriate, dimorphic, or absent.

3a. Inner phyllaries deformed in fruit, rigid, incurvated and enfolding outer achenes; pappus subserrate or fimbriate  199. Garhadiolus

3b. Phyllaries not deformed in fruit; pappus absent or dimorphic.

4a. Achenes dimorphic, outer achenes with short beak and without or with very short pappus; inner achenes with long slender beak, with pappus apically on beak or sometimes with short beak but without pappus ....  233. Heteracia

4b. Achenes all similar in shape, ellipsoid-lanceolate to linear; pappus absent.

5a. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, subcompressed, with 10--20 rib, glabrous, base narrowed, apex rounded and beakless .............................................................................................................................................................................  217. Lapsana

5b. Achenes scorpioid incurvate, with 5--7 ribs, glabrous or abaxially with numerous long rigid needlelike spines on ribs, apex with shorter stellate hooked needlelike spines ...............................................................................  193. Koelpinia

1b. Pappus plumose, simple and hairlike, or scabrous.

6a. Pappus plumose.

7a. Phyllaries in 1 or 2 rows .............................................................................................................................  196. Tragopogen

7b. Phyllaries in 2 or more rows.

8a. Receptacle with numerous scarious scales ...........................................................................................  197. Hypochaeris

8b. Receptacle without scales.

9a. Pappus not intertwined with each other; achenes transversely rugose .......................................................  198. Picris

9b. Pappus intertwined with each other; achenes without transverse rugas

10a. Phyllaries in 2 rows, subequal; pappus gray or brown .............................................................................  195. Epilasia

10b. Phyllaries in many rows; inner phyllaries longer; pappus white or brown .......................................  194. Scorzonera

6b. Pappus simple and hairlike or scabrous.

11a. Ligules apex 3-parted ................................................................................................................................  211. Faberiopsis

11b. Ligules apex 5-toothed.

12a. Achenes with tuberclelike or scalelike processes apically or from middle, usually apically surrounded by 5 short scales forming collar.

13a. Head solitary apically on scape; beak-base thick ..................................................................................  232. Taraxacum

13b. Heads many, solitary terminal on stems and branches; beak filiform, with or without link ............  231. Chondrilla

12b. Achenes not as above.

14a. Pappus soft, intertwined with each other; heads usually with more than 80 florets ............................  200. Sonchus

14b. Pappus not soft, not intertwined with each other; heads with fewer than 5 florets.

15a. Achenes dimorphic .......................................................................................................................  234. Paramicrorynchus

15b. Achenes all similar in shape.

16a. Achenes beaked.

17a. Pappus in two rows, dimorphic, outer shortest, scabrous or reduced to absent; inner pappus longest, simple and hairlike.

18a. Achene margin not thickened .......................................................................................................  230. Cephalorhynchus

18b. Achene margin thickened.

19a. Heads few to numerous, racemose, or corymbose, with 10--40 florets; achenes apex acute to acuminate into a slender beak .............................................................................................................................................................  228. Chaetoseris

19b. Heads narrowly cylindric, with 3--5 florets; achenes apex abruptly contracted into thick ca. 1 mm beak .........  229. Stenoseris

17b. Pappus all similar in shape, simple and hairlike.

20a. Heads with 5 florets; small shrublets ...........................................................................................................  223. Scariola

20b. Heads with many florets; herbs.

21a. Florets violet blue to purple.

22a. Beak of achene not filiform .......................................................................................................................  202. Mulgedium

22b. Beak of achene filiform ....................................................................................................................................  222. Lactuca

21b. Florets yellow, orange, white, purple, or purplish red.

23a. Heads ovoid in fruit; phyllaries thick in texture; achene margin thickened and broadened into wings ............  221. Pterocypsela

23b. Heads not ovoid; phyllaries membranous; achene margin not as above.

24a. Achene apically with a stout beak.

25a. Stem creepings; leaves 3--5-palmatilobate, palmatipartite, or pinnatisect ..............................................  226. Chorisis

25b. Stem erect; leaves not divided or pinnate ...............................................................................................  227. Paraixeris

24b. Achenes with an apical filiform beak.

26a. Beak longer than body of achene ..................................................................................................................  222. Lactuca

26b. Beak shorter than body of achene.

27a. Achenes with 10 sharp ribs .................................................................................................................................  224. Ixeris

27a. Achenes with 8--10 obtuse ribs ...................................................................................................................  225. Ixeridium

16b. Achenes without beaks.

28a. Pappus dimorphic, in 2 rows, outer pappus very short, inner scabridous ...........................................  220. Cicerbita

28b. Pappus all similar, simple and hairlike or scabrous.

29a. Heads with 3--7 florets.

30a. Florets yellow, purple, or purplish red.

31a. Heads terminal, corymbose ...........................................................................................................................  203. Dubyaea

31b. Heads densely glomerate or long cylindric.

32a. Achenes subcompressed, with 16--30 ribs on each surfrace ..................................................................  214. Soroseris

32b. Achenes compressed, with 1 or 2 lines or selenderly ribs on each surface ...................................  215. Syncalathum

30b. Florets purple, red, purplish red, or white.

33a. Achenes cylindric, not compressed ........................................................................................................  213. Prenanthes

33b. Achenes ellipsoid, ellipsoid-ovate, or oblanceolate, compressed.

34a. Heads terminal, corymbosely, corymbose-paniculate, or paniculate; achenes with 6--9 ribs on each surface .  218. Notoseris

34b. Heads densely glomerulate apically of stem or roots-tock; achenes with 1 or 2 line on each surface ..............  215. Syncalathium

29b. Heads with at least 7 florets.

35a. Achenes brown or olive green, ellipsoid, compressed, ca. 4 mm, with 4--7 elevated unequal slender ribs on each side, with thick margin,  ........................................................................................................................................  201. Lagedium

35b. Achenes not as above.

36a. Florets purplish red, red, or blue.

37a. Achenes compressed; plants scapiform or almost so.................................................................................. 210. Faberia

37b. Achenes not compressed; plants not scapiform.

38a. Herbaceous vines ......................................................................................................................................  213. Prenanthes

38b. Herbs.

39a. Phyllaries imbricate .........................................................................................................................................  203. Dubyaee

39b. Phyllaries not imbricate ....................................................................................................................  212. Paraprenanthes

36b. Florets yellow.

40a. Plants fleshy; leaves purplish red .............................................................................................................  216. Stebbinsia

40b. Plants not fleshy; leaves green.

41a. Phyllaries imbricate.

42a. Achenes with unequal ribs; style arms subcompressed ............................................................................  203. Dubyea

42b. Achenes with equal ribs; style arms terete ..............................................................................................  204. Hieracium

41b. Phyllaries not imbricate.

43a. Pappus in 5--15 rows; plants equally dichotomous ....................................................................................  207. Hexinia

43b. Pappus in 1--3 rows; plants unequally dichotomous.

44a. Achenes apically constricted.

45a. Achenes cylindric or fusiform, with equal ribs ...............................................................................................  205. Crepis

45b. Achenes compressed, with unequal ribs .....................................................................................................  206. Youngia

44b. Achenes not apically constricted.

46a. Heads with more than 20 florets; achenes compressed, with ca. 11 ribs on each side .........................  219. Nabalus

46b. Heads with less than 20 florets; achenes terete to subterete, with 3--10 ribs on each side.

47a. Small shrublets ......................................................................................................................................  208. Crepidiastrum

47b. Herbs.

48a. Achenes with ca. 10 ribs on each side ..............................................................................................  208. Crepidiastrum

48b. Achenes with 4--6 ribs on each side ............................................................................................................  209. Launaea

 

Subtribe HYOSERIDINAE Less, Synops. Compos. 127. 1832.

 

菊苣亚族 ju ju ya zu

                Pappus scaly or absent.

 

                About ?? genera and ?? species: N Africa, Asia, Europe, ??; two genera and three species in China.

 

192. CICHORIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 813. 1753.

 

菊苣属ju ju shu

 

                Acanthophyton Lessing.

 

                Herbs, perennial, biennial, or annual. Stem usually solitary, branched. Basal leaves with winged petioles; leaf blade base attenuate, margin runcinate or toothed. Stem leaves basally amplexicaul. Heads terminal or axillary in middle or apical leaves, homogamous, with 8--20 florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate to ovate, basally rigid, apically herbaceous. Receptacle ± flat, foveolate, edges of foveola fimbriate or scaly. Florets blue, yellow, or white. Achenes obovate, ellipsoid, or obcuneate, ± 3--5-angular, compressed, apically truncate. Pappus in 2 or 3 rows, scaly.

 

                About six species: N Africa, Asia, Europe; two species in China.

 

                Two species, ?? and ??, introduced to China as ornaments.

 

1a. Plants perennial; scale of pappus 0.2--0.3 mm ...............................................................................................  1. C. intybus

1b. Plants annual or biennial; scales of pappus ca. 0.1 mm .....................................................................  2. C. glandulosum

 

1. Cichorium intybus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 813. 1753.

 

菊苣 ju ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 40--100 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect. Branches spreading-ascending, subglabrous, apically ± thickened below head. Leaf blades membranous, sparsely covered with long multicellular nodiferous hairs. Basal leaves rosular; petiole 5--6 cm, winged; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, 15--34 X 2--4 cm, base attenuate, margin runcinate-pinnatipartite, pinnatipartite, or toothed; lateral lobes 3--6-paired, triangular; terminal lobe larger than others. Stem leaves few, sessile, ovate-oblanceolate to lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves, base semiamplexicaul, margin entire or with few teeth. Heads numerous, axillary. Involucre cylindric, 0.8--1.2 cm. Outer phyllaries lanceolate, 8--12 X 2--2.5 mm, adaxially sparsely covered with capitate stipitate nodiferous long glandular hairs or with simple hair, margin long ciliate, basal half pale yellowish white and leathery, apical half green and herbaceous; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2 mm, abaxially sparsely covered with stipitate noduliferous long glandular hairs mixed with simple hairs, basally subrigid. Florets blue. Achenes obovoid, ellipsoid, or obcuneate, 3--5-angular, apex truncate. Scales of pappus 0.2--0.3 mm. Fl. May--Oct.

 

                By river, wastelands along seashore, slopes, by ditches; low elevations. Beijing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi, Xinjiang [N Africa, C and SW Asia, Europe].

 

                Escaped as a ruderal weed in many part of the world. Formerly cultivated as a medicinal plants but more recently as coffee substitute and ornament.

 

2. Cichorium glandulosum Boissier & A. Huet, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 3(3): 87. 1856.

 

腺毛菊苣 xian mao ju ju

 

               Herbs, annual or biennial. Roots cylindrical, fibrous. Stem grayish green, 30--60 cm tall, ± branched, basally glabrous to subglabrous, apically thickened and densely covered with stipitate capitate glandular long hairs. Leaves villous. Basal leaves early deciduous. Lower stem leaves with winged 6--8 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong, 13.5--14.5 X 3--4 cm, base attenuate, margin pinnatisect. Middle stem leaves narrowly oblong, base amplexicaul. Upper stem leaves progressively smaller, base auriculate and amplexicaul, margin entire or toothed. Heads terminal on stem or to 3 on branches, with ca. 15 florets. Involucre campanulate. Outer phyllaries broadly ovate, 6--7.5 mm, rigid, basal half leathery; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 9--10 mm, abaxially with capitate and stipitate long hairs. Florets blue. Achenes 4- or 5-angular, 2--3.4 mm. Pappus scales white, ca. 0.1 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

                Disturbed floodplains. Xinjiang [C and SW Asia].

 

                Also cultivated as an ornamental in Xi'an. No material from Xinjiang was seen, and the description is based on the account in Flora Tsinlingensis 1(5): 391. 1985.

 

193. KOELPINIA Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 755. 1776.

 

蝎尾菊属 xie wei ju shu

 

                Herbs, annual. Stem usually solitary, often branched. Leaves linear, filiform, or oblong, margin entire. Heads 1--5, solitary, terminal on stem and branches, homogamous, with 5--12 florets. Involucre cylindric. Receptacle without scales. Phyllaries in 1 or 2 rows, herbaceous. Anthers appendages basal, sagittate. Style arms slender, apex subobtuse. Achenes scorpioid, with 5--7 ribs, glabrous or abaxially with numerous long rigid needlelike spines on ribs, apex with shorter stellate hooked needlelike spines. Pappus absent.

 

                Five species; N Africa, C and S Asia, Europe; one species in China.

 

1. Koelpinia linearis Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 755. 1776.

 

蝎尾菊 xie wei ju

 

                Rhagadiolus koelpinia Willdenow.

 

                Herbs 15--20 cm tall. Stem slender, branched from base, glabrous or very sparsely pilosulose. Leaves sessile; leaf blade linear, 4.5--9 cm X 2--4 mm, glabrous or subglabrous. Heads 1--5, terminal on stem, axillary, or basal, small, with 5--8 florets. Involucre ca. 6 mm. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries 2 or 3, narrowly triangular, ca. 2 X 0.5 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries 5--7, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, ca. 6 X 1.5 mm, glabrous or abaxially ± pilosulose, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes brown to yellowish pink, linear-cylindric, with 5 ribs, abaxially with numerous rigid needlelike spines on ribs. Fl. and fr. Feb--Jul.

 

                Gravel deserts; 400--1000 m. Xinjiang, SW Xizang [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan; N Africa].

 

Subtribe SCORZONERINAE Dumortier, Fl. Belg. 63. 1827.

 

鸦葱亚族 ya cong ya zu

                Bristles of pappus plumose; veins parallel.

 

                About ?? genera and ?? species: general distribution??; three genera and 40 species (5 endemic) in China.

 

194. SCORZONERA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 790. 1753.

 

鸦葱属 ya cong shu

 

                Herbs, perennial or annual, rarely shrublets. Leaves not divided, pinnatifid, or pinnatisect, margin entire. Head solitary, homogamous, large, corymbose or racemose, with numerous florets. Involucre cylindric to ellipsoid. Receptacle without scales. Phyllaries in many rows, imbricate. Florets yellow or rarely each surface of a different color, apex 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender, apex acute to obtuse. Achenes cylindric to ellipsoid, with many tuberculate ribs, puberulent or villous, apex truncate and beakless or almost so. Pappus in several rows, base connate into a ring, usually plumose for most of length, usually with 3--10 superlong hairs, persistent or caducous.

 

                About 175 species: N Africa, Asia, Europe; 24 species (5 endemic) in China.

 

1a. Stem many branched, virgate or hemispheric.

2a. Caudex with sheath residues; heads with 4 or 5 florets ..........................................................................  1. S. divaricata

2b. Caudex with fibrous and lacerate residues; heads with 7--12 florets......................................... 2. S. pseudodivaricata

1b. Stem unbranched or few branched, not virgate or hemispheric.

3a. Head solitary, terminal on stem or caudex; herbs scapiform to subscapose, acaulis or subacaulis.

4a. Caudex with sheath residue.

5a. Achenes apically villous; leaves margin crisp; sheath base adaxially thickly lanate .................................  6. S. capito

5b. Achenes glabrous; leaves margin flat; sheath base adaxially glabrous.

6a. Stem with arachnoid hairs especially at base of heads .................................................................................  4. S. radiata

6b. Plants glabrous.

7a. Heads large; involucre cylindric, 1--1.5 cm in diam. ..................................................................................  3. S. parviflora

7b. Heads small; involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 0.5 cm in diam. .............................................................  5. S. luntaiensis

4b. Caudex with fibrous and lacerate sheath residue.

8a. Achenes villous.

9a. Leaf blade margin not crisp .....................................................................................................................  11. S. manshurica

9b. Leaf blade margin crisp ............................................................................................................................  12. S. ikonnikovii

8b. Achenes glabrous.

10a. Plants to 7 cm tall, subacaulis.

11a. Leaf blade not filiform nor filiform-linear; pappus base without a ring of arachnoid hairs .............  7. S. subacaulis

11b. Leaf blade filiform to filiform-linear; pappus base with a ring of arachnoid hairs ..................................  8. S. curvata

10b. Plants 5--53 cm tall, scapose or cauliferous.

12a. Basal leaves broadly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, linear-elliptic, or linear, margin crisp ..............................................................................................................................................................................  9. S. sinensis

12b. Basal leaves linear, narrowly linear, linear-lanceolate, or linear-elliptic, margin flat or ± crisp ........  10. S. austriaca

3b. Head solitary apically of stem and branches; plants with prominent stem and branches.

13a. Achenes villous, sericeous, or apically pilose.

14a. Leaf blade filiform .........................................................................................................................................  24. S. rugolosa

14b. Leaf blade not filiform.

15a. Leaf blad margin crisp; roots with globose buried tubers ................................................................  23. S. circumflexa

15b. Leaf blade margin flat not crisp.

16a. Plants of saline soil; leaves thick; stem apically with opposite leaves .............................................  20. S. mongolica

16b. Plants not of saline soil; leaves thin; stem without opposite leaves.

17a. Roots without buried globose tuber; phyllaries apex acuminate ..........................................................  21. S. ensifolia

17b. Roots with buried globose tuber; phyllaries apex acute to subobtuse ......................................  22. S. sericeolanata

13b. Achenes glabrous.

18a. Leaf blade margin crisp .........................................................................................................................  19. S. inconspicua

18b. Leaf blade margin not crisp.

19a. Herbs, biennial or perennial; basal leaves pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, sometimes not divided ..  18. S. songarica

19b. Herbs, perennial; leaves not divided.

20a. Roots with deeply buried tubers.

21a. Leaf blade apically hooked .............................................................................................................................  16. S. pusilla

21b. Leaf blade not apically hooked ..................................................................................................................  17. S. pamirica

20b. Roots without deeply buried tubers.

22a. Achenes with tubercles on ribs ...............................................................................................................  15. S. pubescens

22b. Achenes without tubercles on ribs.

23a. Heads numerous, cymose to corymbose; pappus numerous, 3--5 ca. 2.4 cm, base connate into a ring  13. S. albicaulis

23b. Heads racemose; pappus numerous, 5--10 superlong, base not connate into a ring ...........................  14. S. iliensis

 

1. Scorzonera divaricata Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5(2): 200. 1832.

 

拐轴鸦葱guai zhou ya cong

 

                Herbs, perennial, 20--30 cm tall. Roots vertical, 4--10 mm in diam. Caudex without sheath residue. Stem grayish green, erect, slender, many branched from base, pubescent or glabrous. Branches diffuse, erect or ascending. Leaves sessile, linear to filiform, 1--9 cm X 1--2(--5) mm, apex acuminate and conspicuously or inconspicuously hooked; apical stem leaves small, puberulent, glabrescent, or glabrous. Heads many, terminal, lax, corymbose, with 4 or 5 florets. Involucre cylindric, 5--6 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, puberulent, pubescent, or sparsely pubescent in fruit; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 X 2.5 mm; middle and inner phyllaries progressively larger, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to linear-elliptic, 12--20 X 2.5--3.6 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Florets yellow or pale purple. Achenes pale yellow to yellowish brown, cylindric, ca. 8.5 mm, with many ribs, glabrous or apically villous, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus numerous, 3--5, to 2.5 cm, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, basally plumose, apically scabrous; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. May--Sep.

 

                Dry river beds, lowland sand dunes, gullies, valleys, hills, slopes, plains at base of mountains; 500--2000 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia].

 

1a. Florets yellow; achenes glabrous............................................................................................................ 1a. var. divaricata

1b. Florets pale purple; achenes apically villous ......................................................................................  1b. var. subliacina

 

1a. Scorzonera divaricata var. divaricata

 

拐轴鸦葱 guai zhou ya cong

 

                Scorzonera divaricata var. intricatissima Maximowicz.

 

                Florets yellow. Achenes glabrous.

 

                Dry river beds, lowland sand dunes, gullies, valleys; 500--2000 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia].

 

1b. Scorzonera divaricata var. sublilacina Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 494. 1888.

 

紫花拐轴鸦葱zi hua guai zhou ya cong

 

                Florets purple. Achenes apically villous.

 

                * Hills, slopes, plains at base of mountains; ca. 1500 m. Nei Mongol (Hohhot).

 

                Used medicinally for treating serious cases of boils.

 

2. Scorzonera pseudodivaricata Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 42: 158. 1933.

 

帚状鸦葱zhou zhuang ya cong

 

                Scorzonera divaricata Turzaninowii var. foliosa Maximowicz; S. divaricata var. virgata Maximowicz.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 7--50 cm tall. Roots vertical, ca. 9 mm in diam. Caudex with fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stem and branches puberulent, glabrescent, or glabrous. Stem branched from base. Branches virgate. Basal leaves sessile; sheath expanded, basally semiamplexicaul; leaf blade linear, to 6 cm X 0.5--5 mm, pubescent, glabrescent, or glabrous, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Upper stem leaves progressively smaller, needlelike to scalelike. Heads numerous, terminal on stem and branches, lax, with 7--12 florets. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 5--7 mm diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially puberulent, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate-triangulate, 1.5--4 X 1--4 mm; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate, linear-elliptic, or broadly linear, 10--18 X 2--3 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes dark green, cylindric, ca. 8 mm, glabrous, with many elevated ribs, with or without tubercles on ribs. Pappus dirty white, ca. 1.3 cm, plumose for most of length, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, apically scabrous. Fl. and fr. May--Oct.

 

                Gravelly deserts, dry slopes, sandy soils; 600--3000 m. Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia].

 

3. Scorzonera parviflora Jacquin, Fl. Austriac. 4: 3. 1776.

 

光鸦葱guang ya cong

 

                Scorzonera caricifolia Pallas; S. halophila Fischer & Meyer ex de Candolle.

 

                Herbs, perennial, subscapose, 15--60 cm tall. Roots brown, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., usually ramose. Caudex with sheath residue. Stem solitary or fascicled, erect, unbranched, rarely basally short branched, glabrous. Leaves green sometimes ± flesh-colored, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to linear, 7--20 X 0.2--2.5 cm, base attenuate, apex acute to acuminate; veins 3--5. Middle stem leaves few, sessile or subsessile, similar to basal leaves in shape or linear-oblanceolate. Upper stem leaves sessile, smaller than others, subulate-lanceolate. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre cylindric, 1--1.5 cm diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute to subobtuse; outer phyllaries ovate to triangular-ovate, 4--8 X 3--4 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 11--15 X 3--4 mm; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, to 1.8 X 0.3 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes milky yellow, cylindric, ca. 7 mm, with many elevated smooth ribs. Pappus numerous, dirty white, 5, to 1.8 cm, plumose for most of length, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, apically scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                Deserts, meadows, beaches; 900--1300 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan; Europe].

 

4. Scorzonera radiata Fischer ex Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 4: 160. 1833.

 

毛梗鸦葱mao geng ya cong

 

                Scorzonera radiata var. rebunese (Tatewaki & Kitamura) Nakai; S. rebunese Tatewaki & Kitamura.

 

                Herbs, perennial, subscapose, 15--30 cm tall. Roots stout, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., sometimes racemose. Caudex with sheath residue. Stem solitary to few fascicled, erect, branched, with dirty white arachnoid pubescence especially under heads. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole winged, base with semiamplexicaul sheath; leaf blade linear, linear-lanceolate, or linear-elliptic, 5--18 X 0.3--1.5 cm, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Stem leaves 2 or 3, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves, glabrous, margin entire and flat; apical leaves lanceolate, sometimes scalelike. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre cylindric, 0.8--1.8 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrescent to glabrous, apically with sparse arachnoid hairs, apex obtuse to acute; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, 6--7 X 4--5 mm; middle phyllaries triangular-lanceolate, 1.6--2 X 0.5--0.6 cm; inner phyllaries lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 2.1 X 0.4 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1.2 cm, with numerous elevated ribs, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus dirty yellow, numerous, 5, ca. 1.7 cm, plumose for most of length, apically scabrous; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. May--Jul.

 

               Forest margins, forests, grasslands, gravelly river beaches; various elevations. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

 

5. Scorzonera luntaiensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 197. 1995.

 

轮台鸦葱lun tai ya cong

 

                Herbs, perennial, 12--14 cm tall. Roots pale dark brown, vertical, ca. 5 mm in diam. Caudex with pale brown sheath residue. Stem solitary, erect, ca. 1.5 mm diam., base subglabrous or glabrous. Basal leaves rosular, sessile, linear, 6--10 cm X 1--2 mm, basally attenuate, with expanded sheath, and semiamplexicaul. Stem leaves very few, mostly basally on stem, similar to basal leaves but smaller; leaf blade subulate to linear, glabrous, margin flat, apex acuminate; veins not conspicuous. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 4 X 2.2 mm, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 14 X 2--3 mm, apex acute. Achene when immature without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus white, numerous, ca. 8 mm, plumose for most of length, apically scabrous; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. Jul.

 

                * Damp river banks; ca. 1500 m. Xinjiang (N Tarim Basin).

 

6. Scorzonera capito Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 491. 1888.

 

棉毛鸦葱 mian mao ya cong

 

                Herbs, perennial, 5--13 cm tall. Roots dark brown, vertical, ca. 2 cm in diam. Caudex globose to subglobose, inflated, densely covered with sheath residue; sheath dirty white, dense, adaxially lanate. Stems few to numerous, fasciculate, erect, stout, ribbed, arachnoid-villous, glabrescent, or glabrous, base diffuse, vaulted, or rarely branched. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole base with expanded semiamplexicaul sheath; leaf blade ovate, spatulate, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate-elliptic, or linear-elliptic, 3--9 X 0.3--2.5 cm, base attenuate, apex rotundate, obtuse, or caudate-acuminate. Stem leaves 2 or 3, sessile, ovate to lanceolate, small, ± leathery, with arachnoid hairs, glabrescent, or glabrous, base cordate and semiamplexicaul, margin crisp; veins 5--9, basifugal. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, progressively longer towards inner row, abaxially puberulent, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate to narrowly ovate, 6--8.5 X 2.5--3.5 mm; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 3 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 16 X 2 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes pale yellow, cylindric, ca. 8 mm, with numerous elevated ribs, tuberculate on ribs, apically sparsely villous. Pappus white, ca. 1.7 cm, plumose for most of length, apically scabrous; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

                Gravelly deserts, sandy soils, alluvial plains; 1100--1500 m. Nei Mongol, Ningxia [Mongolia].

 

7. Scorzonera subacaulis (Regel) Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 42: 160. 1933.

 

小鸦葱 xiao ya cong

 

                Scorzonera austriaca Willdenow var. subacaulis Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 6: 323. 1880; S. austriaca var. intermedia Regel & Herder.

 

                Herbs, perennial, dwarf. Roots dark brown, terete, vertical, ca. 8 mm in diam. Caudex with fibrous and lacerate leaf remnants. Acaulis or stem to 4 cm tall, unbranched, densely pubescent. Sheath base expanded, semiamplexicaul. Basal leaves numerous, sessile, linear, 8--10 X 0.2--0.4 cm, procumbent but apically ascending, exceeding or as high as heads, glabrous or sparsely sericeous, apex acuminate; veins 3; midvein broad; lateral veins inconspicuous. Stem leaves absent to 2, scalelike, lanceolate. Head solitary, terminal on caudex. Involucre broadly cylindric, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, glabrous or ± pubescent, apex acute; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate. Florets yellow. Corolla ligule with dark red striae. Achenes cylindric, to 8 mm, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus dirty white, ca. 1.2 cm, plumose for most of length, apically scabrid or serrate. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                Grass slopes in mountains; above 2600 m. Xinjiang [Uzbekistan].

 

8. Scorzonera curvata (Poplavskaja) Lipschitz, Fl. URSS 29: 72. 1964.

 

丝叶鸦葱 si ye ya cong

 

               Scorzonera austriaca Willdenow var. curvata Poplavskaja, Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 15: 38. 1916; S. angustifolia Thomson; S. humilis Linnaeus var. linearifolia de Candolle.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 4--7 cm tall. Roots dark brown, cylindric, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Caudex densely covered with fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stem solitary or fascicled, erect, very short, glabrous. Basal leaves rosulate, sessile, filiform to filiform-linear, 3--10 X 0.1--1.5 cm, glabrous but margin basally arachnoid-lanate, usually flat or torsional, base sheathlike and expanded, apex acuminate; veins 3. Stem leaves absent or few, scalelike, subulate-lanceolate. Head solitary, terminal on stem or caudex. Involucre campanulate to narrowly campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute to subobtuse; outer phyllaries triangular to triangular-lanceolate, 5--8 X 2--3 mm; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 5 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, with numerous ribs; ribs with or without tubercles. Pappus pale brown, ca. 1.2 cm, most of length plumose, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

                Hills, dry mountain slopes; 500--2500 m. Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Qinghai [Mongolia, Russia].

 

9. Scorzonera sinensis Lipschitz & Krascheninnikov in Lipschitz, Fragm. Monogr. Scorzonera 120. 1935.

 

桃叶鸦葱 tao ye ya cong

 

                Scorzonera austriaca Willdenow subsp. sinensis Lipschitz & Krascheninnikov.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 5--53 cm tall. Roots brown to dark brown, vertical, stout, ca. 1.5 cm diam., usually not ramose. Caudex densely covered with fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stem fascicled or solitary, erect, unbranched, glabrous. Branches apically with arachnoid hairs. Leaves glabrous, pruinate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole to 8 cm, sheath base expanded; leaf blade broadly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, linear-elliptic, or linear, 5--10 X 0.3--5 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, margin crisp, apex acute, acuminate, obtuse, or rounded; veins 3--5, basifugal. Stem leaves few, scalelike, lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate, base semiamplexicaul. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre cylindric, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex obtuse to acute; outer phyllaries triangular to obliquely triangular, 8--12 X 5--6 mm; middle phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 1.8 X 0.6 cm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 1.9 X 0.3 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes flesh-colored, cylindric, ca. 1.4 cm, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus dirty yellow, ca. 2 cm, plumose for most of length, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, apex serrate. Fl. and fr. Feb--Sep.

 

                * Mountain slopes, hills, wastelands, thickets; 200--2500 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi.

 

10. Scorzonera austriaca Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 1498. 1803.

 

鸦葱 ya cong

 

                Scorzonera austriaca var. plantaginifolia Kitagawa; S. ruprechtiana Lipschitz & Krasheninnikov; S. sinensis Lipshitz & Krasheninnikov f. plantaginifolia (Kitagawa) Nakai.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 10--42 cm tall. Roots dark brown, vertical. Caudex densely covered with brown fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stems numerous, fasciculate or solitary, erect, unbranched, glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole narrowly winged, base with expanded sheath; leaf blade linear, narrowly linear, linear-lanceolate, or linear-elliptic, 3--35 X 0.2--2.5 cm, glabrous or sometimes basally with arachnoid hairs, margin flat or somewhat crisp, apex acuminate, obtuse, or acute; veins 5. Stem leaves 2 or 3, sessile, scalelike, lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate, base semiamplexicaul. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre cylindric, 1--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate-triangular, 6--8 X ca. 6.5 mm; middle phyllaries obliquely lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1.6--2.1 X 0.5--0.7 cm; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic, 2--2.5 X 0.3--0.4 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1.3 cm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus pale yellow, ca. 1.7 cm, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jul.

 

                Slopes, floodplains, grassy beaches; 400--2000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, Mediterranean region].

 

11. Scorzonera manshurica Nakai, Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 1: 173. 1936.

 

东北鸦葱 dong bei ya cong

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 14 cm tall. Roots stout, obconic, ca. 3 cm in diam. Caudex densely covered with brown fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stems numerous, fasciculate in apex of crown, unbranched, glabrous. Basal leaves sessile; sheath adaxially densely lanate, base expanded; leaf blade linear, 8--10 X 0.3--0.4 cm, base attenuate, margin flat and basally lanate, apex acute to long acuminate; veins 3--5. Stem leaves 1--3, scalelike, subulate-triangular, margin and adaxially lanate. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.8 cm in diam. in fruit. Phyllaries in 5 rows, white puberulous, abaxially tinged with purple, adaxially yellow, apex obtuse to acute; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate-triangular, ca. 7 X 3 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic. 1.5--1.8 X 0.5 cm; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2 X 0.4 cm. Achenes dirty yellow, cylindric, ca. 7.5 mm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles on ribs, sparsely to densely villous. Pappus dirty yellow, to 2 cm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Apr--May.

 

                * Dry mountain slopes; elevation not recorded. Heilongjiang Liaoning.

 

12. Scorzonera ikonnikovii Lipschitz & Krascheninnikov in Lipschitz, Fragm. Monogr. Scorzonera 109. 1935.

 

毛果鸦葱 mao guo ya cong

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 17 cm tall. Roots yellow, obconic, ca. 2 cm in diam. Caudex with brown fibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stems numerous, fasciculate apically of crown, unbranched, glabrous. Basal leaves numerous, with expanded sheath; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, linear-elliptic, or linear, ca. 15 X 1.5 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, margin crisp, apex usually recurved and acuminate; veins 5, basifugal. Stem leaves 2 or 3, brown, scalelike, narrowly lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate. Head solitary, terminal. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate-triangular, ca. 7 X 2.5 mm; middle phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, 1.2--1.7 X 0.3--0.4 cm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 15 X 3 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1 cm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles on ribs, sparsely villous. Pappus pale yellow, ca. 1.2 cm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate. Fl. and fr. Apr--May.

 

                Mountain slopes; ca. 1800 m. Liaoning [Mongolia].

 

13. Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2: 114. 1833.

 

华北鸦葱 hua bei ya cong

 

                Piptopogon macrosperma C. A. Meyer ex Turczaninow; Scorzonera albicaulis Bunge f. flavescens Nakai; Scorzonera albicaulis f. rosea Nakai; S. albicaulis var. macrosperma (C. A. Meyer ex Turczaninow) Kitagawa; S. macrosperma Turczaninow ex de Candolle; S. macrosperma f. angustifolia Debeaux; S. radiata Fischer var. linearifolia H. Léveillé.

 

                Herbs, perennial, to 1.2 m tall. Roots cylindric to obconic, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Caudex with brown sheath residue. Stem solitary to few fasciculate, white tomentose, apically corymbose or cymose. Basal leaves sessile, linear to linear-elliptic, to 40 X 0.3--1.8(--2) cm, glabrous, base ± sheathlike and expanded, margin entire or rarely sinuolate and subserrate, apex acuminate; veins 3--5. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller. Heads numerous, terminal, cymose to corymbose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 1--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially with a thin layer of arachnoid hairs, glabrescent, or glabrous; outer phyllaries triangular-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5--8 X ca. 4 mm; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or linear. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 2.1 cm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles on ribs, glabrous, apically attenuate into a beak. Pappus dirty yellow, numerous, with 3--5 ca. 2.4 cm, base connate into a ring, plumose for most of length, apically serrate, caducous. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

               Mountain valleys, forests, forest margins, scrub, feral fields, fields; 200--2500 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong [Korea, Russia].

 

14. Scorzonera iliensis Krascheninnikov, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 178.1933.

 

北疆鸦葱 bei jiang ya cong

 

                Herbs, perennial, 35--70 cm tall. Roots vertical, solitary or fasciculate, apically corymbose. Stem and branches sericeous, base with sheath residue. Basal leaves sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, 10--22 X 0.4--1 cm, base sheathlike and expanded, margin flat, apex acuminate; veins 3--5. Stem leaves sessile, linear, base subamplexicaul. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbosely racemose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate-triangular; inner phyllaries lanceolate. Achenes cylindric, 1--1.5 cm, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus dirty white, numerous, 5--10 superlong, plumose for most of length, apically scabrous; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                Stony thickets; above 900 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

15. Scorzonera pubescens de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 122. 1838.

 

基枝鸦葱 ji zhi ya cong

 

                Herbs, perennial, to 28 cm tall. Roots dark brown, cylindric, ca. 1 cm in diam. Stem solitary to few fasciculate, erect, puberulent, base densely covered with sheath residue, branched from base. Branches obliquely ascending, puberulent. Basal leaves sessile, linear, 5--30 cm X 1--5 mm, basally sheathlike and expanded, margin flat, apex acuminate. Stem leaves numerous, similar to basal leaves in shape, with sparse ramose or stellate hairs. Heads terminal on branches, not conspicuously corymbose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially puberulent with ramose or stellate hairs, apex acuminate; outer phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, 6--12 X 3--4 mm; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 2.2--2.4 X 0.4--0.5 cm. Florets yellow, sometimes ligule adaxially reddish. Achenes cylindric, ca. 1.2 cm, with numerous ribs, with tubercles on ribs, glabrous. Pappus white tinged with yellow, ca. 1.5 cm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate. Fl. and fr. Jun.

 

                Mountain slopes, hills, grasslands, dry river valleys, 1000--1600 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

16. Scorzonera pusilla Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 2: 329. 1773.

 

细叶鸦葱 xi ye ya cong

 

                Scorzonera astrachianiana de Candolle; S. popovii Lipschitz.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 5--20 cm tall. Roots vertical with buried globose tubers. Caudex with fimbrous-lacerate sheath residue. Stem erect, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, usually apically branched. Basal leaves sessile, linear to filiform-linear, 10--15 cm X 1--3 mm, with arachnoid hairs, basally with expanded sheath, margin flat, apex acuminate and hooked; veins 3, basifugal. Stem leaves alternate, sometimes opposite or 3-verticillate, similar to basal leaf, sessile. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 5--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries 4 rows, abaxially puberulent; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 X 3.5 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 8--10 X ca. 3 mm, apex obtuse to rounded; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.8 X 0.4 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 8 mm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles, glabrous. Pappus white, ca. 2.3 cm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jul.

 

                Rocky mountain slopes, desert gravels, sandy soils, semiconsolidated sand dunes, saline-alkali lands, roadsides, wastelands, mountain plains, alluvial plains; 500--3400 m. Xinjiang [Europe, Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

 

17. Scorzonera pamirica C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 48. 1987.

 

帕米尔鸦葱 pa mi er ya cong

 

                Herb, perennial, 4--7 cm tall. Roots vertical, to 17 cm, slender, with buried inflated ellipsoid tuber. Caudex with pale brown or pale yellow subfibrous and lacerate sheath residue. Stems few, erect or vaulted-curviform, slender, few branched, glabrous. Basal leaves sessile, linear, 4--8 cm X 1--2 mm, glabrous, basally attenuate and with a expanded sheath, apex acuminate. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves but smaller; veins 3. Heads small, terminal, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 4 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially pubescent, margin scarious, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate to narrowly ovate, 4--5 X 2--3 mm; middle and inner phyllaries linear, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 3--3.5 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes immature, glabrous. Pappus numerous, serrate for most of length, basally plumose; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. Jun.

 

                * Plains; ca. 3400 m. Xinjiang (Taxkorgan Xian).

 

18. Scorzonera songorica (Karelin & Kirilow) Lipschitz & V. Vassiljev, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.R. 22: 301. 1963.

 

准噶尔鸦葱 jun ge er ya cong

 

               Popospermum laciniatum (Linnaeus) de Candolle var. songoricum Karelin & Kirilow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15(2): 396. 1844.

 

                Herbs, biennial, 14--40 cm tall, glabrous or with sparse arachnoid hairs. Caudex with complete sheath residue. Stems few. Basal leaves narrowly elliptic-linear to linear, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, sometimes not divided; lateral lobes or segments few, linear, linear-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic; terminal lobe longer than others, narrowly elliptic, elliptic-linear, or linear. Stem leaves sessile, linear to narrowly linear. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose. Involucre erect, cylindric. Phyllaries elliptic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, apex with hornlike appendages. Florets yellow. Achenes gray, narrowly cylindric, straight, 1--1.2 cm, with numerous ribs. Pappus pale white, numerous, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid.

 

                Habitat ??; elevation ??. Xinjiang [??].

 

                According to Flora URSS (29: 40), species also distributed in Xinjiang of China, but no material was seen from Xinjiang and above description is taken from Flora URSS.

 

19. Scorzonera inconspicua Lipschitz ex Pavlov, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 42: 139. 1933.

 

皱叶鸦葱 zhou ye ya cong

 

                Scorzonera marschaliana var. latifolia Ruprecht; S. marschaliana C. A. Meyer var. oblongifolia Trautvetter.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 8--26 cm tall. Roots vertical, ca. 8 mm in diam. Caudex with dark brown or pale yellow sheath residue. Stem solitary or fasciculate, branched from base or from middle, puberulent to ramosely hairy. Branches ascending. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole base with expanded semiamplexicaul sheath; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 5--20 cm X 4--6 mm, puberulent, ramosely hairy or glabrescent, base attenuate, margin crisp, apex acuminate to long acuminate; veins 3--5. Lower and middle stem leaves few, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate-elliptic. Upper stem leaves smaller than others, narrowly lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate. Heads several, sometimes conspicuously corymbose. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in ca. 7 rows, with puberulent ramose hairs, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 8 X 4.5 mm; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 1.4--1.8 X 0.4--0.5 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, ca. 2.3 cm, with numerous tuberculate ribs, glabrous. Pappus dirty white, ca. 1.5 cm, plumose for most of length, base with a ring of arachnoid hairs, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

                Stony slopes, dry steppes; 800--1700 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

 

20. Scorzonera mongolica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 492. 1888.

 

蒙古鸦葱 meng gu ya cong

 

                Scorzonera fengtienensis Nakai; S. mongolica Maximowicz var. putjatae C. Winkler.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 5--35 cm tall. Roots vertical, cylindric. Caudex with brown to pale yellow sheath residue. Stems grayish green, numerous, glabrous, apically branched. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole base sheathlike and expanded; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 2--10 X 0.4--1.1 cm, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Stem leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, sessile, lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or linear-elliptic, 0.4--1.1 cm wide, thickly fleshy, glabrous, base cuneate-attenuate, apex acute to acuminate; veins 3. Heads 1 to several, terminal on stem, solitary or cymose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially with arachnoid hairs or glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, 3--5 X 2--5 mm, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 12--18 X 2.8--3.5 mm, apex obtuse to ± acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 2 cm X 2 mm. Florets yellow, rarely white. Achenes pale yellow, cylindric, 5--7 cm, with numerous ribs, without tubercles on ribs, apex pilose. Pappus white, numerous, ca. 2 cm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid, Fl. and fr. Apr--Aug.

 

                Saline meadows, saline sands, alkali lands, dry lake basins, floodplains, lake margin, grassy beaches; near sea level to 2800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang. [Kazakstan, Mongolia].

 

21. Scorzonera ensifolia M. Biebestein, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 235. 1808.

 

剑叶鸦葱 jian ye ya cong

 

                Herbs, perennial, 20--55 cm tall. Roots vertical, cylindric. Caudex with entire sheath residue; sheath grayish brown, dense, adaxially lanate. Stem solitary or numerous, fasciculate, erect, branched or unbranched, ± pubescent, rarely glabrous. Basal leaves sessile, lanceolate-linear to linear, ca. 20 X 0.3--0.8 cm, base sheathlike and expanded, apex acuminate; veins 3--7, basifugal. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Heads 1 to several, terminal on stems or branches. Involucre cylindric, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially with arachnoid hairs; outer phyllaries lanceolate, apex acuminate to recurved spine; inner phyllaries broadly lanceolate, apex acuminate to spiny. Florets yellow. Achenes cylindric, densely villous. Pappus dirty yellow, 2--3 cm, plumose, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

                Sand dunes, wastelands, sandy soils; elevation unknown. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia; Europe].

 

22. Scorzonera sericeolanata (Bunge) Krascheninnikov & Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 43: 141. 1934.

 

灰枝鸦葱 hui zhi ya cong

 

                Scorzonera tuberosa Pallas var. sericeolanata Bunge, Beitr. Fl. Russl. 200. 1852.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 10--20 cm tall. Roots vertical, apically with buried globose tubers. Stem solitary to 5-fasciculate, erect, few branched, white sericeous pubescent. Basal leaves sessile, linear, 5--20 X 0.2--0.6 cm, with arachnoid hairs, glabrescent, or adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, margin flat and not crisp, apex acuminate; veins 3--5, basifugal. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves but base ± amplexicaul. Heads 5--7. Involucre obconic, rarely cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially densely pubescent; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, apex subobtuse. Florets yellow. Corolla ligule with purplish red striae. Achenes cylindric, densely sericeous. Pappus white, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid, Fl. and fr. Apr--Jun.

 

                Deserts, semiconsolidated sand dunes; 700--1400 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

 

23. Scorzonera circumflexa Krascheninnikov & Lipschitz, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 43: 148. 1934.

 

皱波球根鸦葱 zhou bo qiu gen ya cong

 

                Herbs, perennial, (8--)15--25 cm tall. Roots cylindric, apically with buried globose tubers. Caudex with gray or brown fibers and membranous scales. Stems 1--3, erect, usually branched, densely pubescent. Basal leaves sessile, broadly lanceolate, 5--10 X 0.8--1.5 cm, densely tomentose, margin crisp. Stem leaves alternate, sometimes opposite or at axils, narrowly oblong-lanceolate. Heads few, terminal. Phyllaries gradually longer towards center, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, abaxially densely pubescent. Florets yellow, purplish red when dry. Achenes cylindric, 6--7 mm, densely sericeous. Pappus to 9 mm, plumose for most of length, apically serrate; plumose branches arachnoid. Fl. and fr. Apr--May.

 

                Stony slopes, mountain plains; elevation ??. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Uzbekistan].

 

24. Scorzonera rugulosa C. C. Chang, Bull. Fan. Mem. Inst. Biol. 5: 320. 1934.

 

皱果鸦葱 zhou guo ya cong

 

                Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes subrepand, ca. 3 mm in diam., lanuginose towards column, crowned with old dry leaves at anthesis. Stem ascending, striate, subflexuos, ca. 24 cm tall, 1--2 mm in diam., apically unbranched or few branched. Branches dichotomously racemose, bracteiferous. Basal leaves few, filiform, to 6 cm X 1.5 mm, glabrous, margin serrulate, apex acute; veins inconspicuous. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller. Heads medium sized, with 8--12 florets, pedunculate; peduncles ca. 2.5 cm. Involucre narrowly campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, sparsely white pilosulose, margin narrowly membranous; outer phyllaries ovate, 3--6 X 2--3 mm, apex acute, inconspicuously 1-veined; inner phyllaries linear, 10--14 X 2--3 mm, apex acute. Florets yellow. Corolla 1.2--2.5 cm. Corollla tube ca. 8 mm, puberulous; ligule ca. 7.5 X 2.2 mm, apex truncate, 5-toothed, obtuse, 4-veined. Filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers ca. 3 mm. Styles ca. 1.1 cm, rarely exserted. Achenes black, cylindric, with many rugulose or sometimes muriculate ribs, white pilose, base cuneate, apex truncate. Pappus dirty white, ca. 1.7 cm, plumose, apically scabrous.

 

                * Xinjiang (Tian Shan).

 

                No materials was seen of this species and the above description is taken from the original publication.

 

195. EPILASIA (Bunge) Bentham in Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 2: 532. 1873.

 

鼠毛菊属 shu mao ju shu

 

                Scorzonera Linnaeus sect. Epilasia Bunge, Beitr. Fl. Russl. 200. 1852.

 

               Herbs, annual, white pubescent or glabrous. Heads homogamous, ovoid-cylindric. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries herbaceous, usually longer than or equal inner; inner phyllaries usually 5. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Florets pale yellow, pale red, or blue, bisexual, apically 5-toothed; marginal florets longer than central ones, exceeding involucre. Anthers appendages basally sagittate. Style arms slender. Achenes blackish or gray, without ribs or with 5--10 ribs, with or without spinulations, glabrous or densely villous above callose ring, hairs densely plumose and hardly distinguishable from apical plumose bristles of pappus, basally ± expanded to a hollow fruit stalk, middle or apically with callosities. Pappus gray or brown, 5 or more, fragile, basally plumose, apically serrate, or all plumose.

 

                Three or four species: C and W Asia; two species in China.

 

1a. Achenes apically with callose ring, glabrous above callose ring ............................................................  1. E. acrolasia

1b. Achenes with callose ring on middle, densely villous above callose ring ............................................  2. E. hemilasia

 

1. Epilasia acrolasia (Bunge) C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 279. 1876.

 

顶毛鼠毛菊 ding mao shu mao ju

 

                Scorzonera acrolasia Bunge, Beitr. Fl. Russl. 202. 1852; Epilasia acrolasia (Bunge) Soják (later homonym); E. ammophila (Bunge) C. B. Clarke; Scorzonera ammophila Bunge.

 

                Herbs, annual, 6--25(--35) cm tall. Stem usually solitary, rarely fasciculate, unbranched or branched, white pubescent or glabrescent. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or rarely ovate-lanceolate, 1--4(--5) X 0.2--1(--2) cm, basally attenuate, margin crisp and slightly serrulate, apex obtuse to cartilaginously acute. Upper stem leaves sessile, similar in shape to basal and lower stem leaves, basally subamplexicaul. Head solitary or not, terminal on stem. Involucre ovoid cylindric. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, margin serrulate, apex cartilaginous-acute; inner phyllaries submembranous. Florets yellow. Achenes dark, cylindric, basally with ± curved hollow fruiting stalk, apically with a callose ring, glabrous above callose ring; ribs inconspicuous or only basally conspicuous, with spinulations. Pappus 5 or more, slender, long plumose. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

                Leeward slopes on sand dunes, clay and gravelly areas; 500--1000 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia].

 

2. Epilasia hemilasia (Bunge) C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 279. 1876.

 

鼠毛菊 shu mao ju

 

                Scorzonera hemilasia Bunge, Beitr. Fl. Russl. 201. 1852; Epilasia bungeana C. B. Clarke; E. cenopleura (Bunge) Soják (later homonym); E. cenopleura (Bunge) C. B. Clarke; E. hemilasia (Bunge) C. B. Clarke var. nana (Boissier & Buhse) Kuntze; E. intermedia (Bunge) Soják (later homonym); E. intermedia (Bunge) C. B. Clarke; Scorzonera cenopleura Bunge; S. intermedia Bunge; S. nana Boissier & Buhse.

 

                Herbs, annual, 5--50 cm tall. Stem solitary or 2--5-fasciculate, branched or unbranched, pubescent to almost glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-ovate, 2--6 X 0.3--1.5 cm, basally attenuate. Stem leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margin scabrous, subserrate. Lower stem leaves petiolate. Upper stem leaves sessile. Heads several, terminal on stem. Involucre ovoid-cylindric. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries unequal, lanceolate, herbaceous, pubescent or abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, subrigid, leathery, margin somewhat membranous, apex obtuse to acute. Florets yellow. Achenes basally with hollow fruiting stalk, with callose ring at middle, densely villous above callose ring, hairs densely plumose and hardly distinguishable from apical plumose bristles of pappus; ribs many, retrorsely setose. Pappus gray, ca. 5, plumose, slender. Fl. and fr. Apr--May.

 

                Sand or clay areas, grasslands; 800--1500 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia].

 

196. TRAGOPOGON Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 2: 789. 1753.

 

婆罗门参属 po luo men shen shu

 

                Herbs, perennial or biennial. Stem simple or sparingly branched, apically inflated below head or not. Heads terminal on stem and branches, solitary, homogamous, large, with many florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 1 row, 5--15. Receptacle glabrous. Florets bisexual. Corolla ligule yellow or purple, apex 5-toothed. Anthers appendages basally sagittate. Style arms slender and long. Achenes cylindric, with 5--10 ± distinct ribs, tuberculate or not, apex attenuate or abruptly acuminate into a beak, rarely beakless. Pappus many, densely plumose and intertwined with bristles, often apically scabrid and barbellate.

 

                About 150 species; mainly in Southwest to Central Asia; 14 species in China.

 

1a. Ligules yellow; achenes attenuate to a beak.

2a. Stem under heads very inflated in fruit ........................................................................................................  1. T. capitatus

2b. Stem under heads ± inflated or not in fruit.

3a. Achene beak stout, apically with a ring of arachnoid hairs of beak .......................................................  2. T. subulosus

3b. Achene beak slender.

4a. Achene beak apex inflated .............................................................................................................................  6. T. orientalis

4b. Achene beak apex not or ± inflacted.

5a. Apex of beak without a ring of arachnoid hairs .......................................................................................  5. T. songaricus

5b. Apex of beak with a ring of arachnoid hairs.

6a. Phyllaries 5--8, longer than florets ..........................................................................................................  3. T. pseudomajor

6b. Phyllaries 8--10, shorter than florets .............................................................................................................  4. T. pratensis

1b. Ligules not of same color, abaxially tinged with purplish red and adaxially yellow; achenes without or with inconspicuous beak .........................................................................................................................................  7. T. gracilis

7a. Stem under heads inflated or ± inflate in fruit.

8a. Phyllaries longer than florets ......................................................................................................................  8. T. porrifolius

8b. Phyllaries equaling florets ....................................................................................................................  9. T. kazakstanicus

7b. Stem under heads not inflated or ± inflated in fruit.

9a. Achene beak thin.

10a. Achene beak apically with a ring of arachnoid hairs ...............................................................................  13. T. sibiricus

10b. Achene beak without a ring of arachnoid hairs apically ....................................................................  14. T. subalpinus

9b. Achene beak stout.

11a. Leaf blade margin white membranaceous .........................................................................................  10. T. marginifolius

11b. Leaf blade margin not white membranaceous.

12a. Achene beak apically with a ring of arachnoid hairs ............................................................................  11. T. elongatus

12b. Achene beak without a ring of arachnoid hairs .............................................................................................  12. T. ruber

 

1. Tragopogon capitatum S. A. Nikitin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.R. 7: 257. 1937.

 

头状婆罗门参 tou zhuang po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, biennial, 30--100 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stem solitary, branched from middle, glabrous, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. under head and apically inflated into head, inflated part longer than head. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, linear, 12--15 cm, base expanded, expanded part 1--2 cm wide, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate. Head solitary, terminal on stem and branches. Involucre 5--8.5 X 1.7--3 cm. Phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 8--12(--14), apex long acuminate. Florets yellow. Outer achenes yellow, ± curviform, 2.8--3.8 cm, with 5 ribs, with scaly processes on ribs, apically attenuate to a slender beak; beak 1.7--2.5 cm, capitate and apically with a ring arachnoid hairs; middle achenes without scaly processes on ribs, gradually smoother towards inner achenes. Pappus yellow, 2.5--3 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

                By farmlands, by ditches, grassy slopes base of mountain; 700--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

2. Tragopogon subulosus Krascheninnikov & S. A. Nikitin, Otchet Rabotakh Pochv.-Bot. Otryaka Kazakstansk. Eksped. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 4(2): 294. 1930.

 

沙婆罗门参 sha po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, biennial. Stem erect, 40--150 cm tall, sometimes striate, branched from middle, glabrous, apically inflated and clublike  under head in fruit. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, linear, 18--40 X 0.5--1 cm, usually longitudinally folded, base inconspicuously expanded, withered in fruit. Middle stem leaves tinged grayish blue, linear, 10--25 cm, base expanded to 1--1.2(--2.5) cm wide and semiamplexicaul, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves (3--)4--10 X 0.5--1.5 cm, base rounded, apex acuminate. Heads 2--10, terminal on stem. Involucre (3.5--)4.5--5.5 cm. Phyllaries 8--12, broadly linear, 3.5--5 X 0.5--0.9 cm, apex long acuminate. Florets yellow. Achenes 1.2--1.6 cm, with 5 or 6 ribs, spinelike-bossed on ribs, apex attenuate to short and stout 2--3 mm beak, apex of beak not inflated but with a ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus white or pale yellow, 2.3--2.6 cm. Fl. and fr. May Jul.

 

                Sand dunes; 800--1500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan].

 

3. Tragopogon pseudomajus S. A. Nikitin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.R. 7: 258. 1937.

 

北疆婆罗门参 bei jiang po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, biennial, 25--60(--100) cm tall. Stem erect, simple or branched from middle, striate, glabrous, apically under heads rudimentarily clublike  in fruit. Leaves dense; basal leaves sessile, linear, 15--25 X 1--1.5 cm, base ± expanded. Stem leaves sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, base expanded and semiamplexicaul, apically attenuate. Upper stem leaves sometimes filiform apically. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre cylindric, 3.5--5 cm. Phyllaries 5--8, longer than florets, equal to or shorter than achenes or achenes pappus. Florets yellow. Achenes 1.2--1.4 cm, with 5 ribs, with squamose-bossed on ribs, apex acute into a slender ca. 1 cm beak; beak not apically inflated but with a ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus pale yellow 2--2.3 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Jul.

 

                Meadows, river valleys, dry mountain slopes, mountain plains; 1200--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

4. Tragopogon pratensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 789. 1753.

 

婆罗门参 po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, biennial, 25--100 cm tall. Roots vertical, cylindric. Stem erect, simple or branched, glabrous, apically under heads not inflated in fruit. Lower stem leaves sessile, longer than others, linear-lanceolate, 10--18 X ca. 1.5 cm, base expanded and semiamplexicaul, margin entire or sometimes crisp, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to lower stem leaves but gradually smaller towards stem apex. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre cylindric, 2--3 cm. Phyllaries 8--10, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2--3 X 0.8--1.3 cm, apex acuminate. Florets yellow, bluish purple when dry. Achenes dark gray or grayish brown, ca. 1.1 cm, ribbed, obtusely tuberculate on ribs, apically attenuate; beak 0.8--1.1 cm, slender, not apically inflated but with a ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus dirty yellow, 1--1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, open forests; 1200--4500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia; Europe].

 

5. Tragopogon songoricus S. A. Nikitin, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 198. 1933.

 

准噶尔婆罗门参 zhun ge er po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, biennial, 18--50 cm tall. Roots stout, vertical. Caudex with residue of leaves. Stem erect, simple or ± branched from middle, glabrous, apically under heads not inflated in fruit. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, linear, 8--20 X 0.4--1.2 cm, sometimes withered in fruit, base wide and subamplexicaul. Middle stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, base wide, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves smaller, elliptic-lanceolate, base expanded and amplexicaul, apex acuminate. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre cylindric, 2--3 cm. Phyllaries brown, 7 or 8(or 9), linear-lanceolate, 2--4 X 0.4--0.6 cm, slightly longer than florets, abaxially sometimes basally pubescent, apex acuminate. Florets yellow, pale blue when dry. Achenes 1--2 cm, ribbed, pimpled on ribs, apically abruptly acute to slender beak; beak 6--8 mm, not apically inflated, without an apical ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus dirty white or dirty yellow. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                Grassland at forest margins, desert steppes; 500--4200 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].

 

6. Tragopogon orientalis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 789. 1753.

 

黄花婆罗门参 huang hua po luo men shen

 

                Trogopogon orientalis var. latifolius Z. X. An.

 

                Herbs, biennial, 30--60(--90) cm tall. Roots cylindric, vertical, crowned with residue of basal leaves. Stem erect, striate, branched or simple, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves grayish green, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, 10--25(--40) X 0.8--1.2(--2.4) cm, base wide and semiamplexicaul, margin entire or crisp, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves lanceolate to linear, 3--8 X 0.3--1 cm. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre cylindric, 2--3 cm. Phyllaries basally brown, 8--10, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.5--3.5 X 0.5--1 cm, margin narrowly membranous, apex acuminate. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, fusiform, ± curviform 1.5--2 cm, ribbed, pimpled on ribs, apically attenuate to a beak; beak 6--8 mm, slender, apically somewhat inflated, with an apical ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus pale yellow, 1--1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

                Grassland at forest margin; 1000--2000 m. Xinjiang [Mongolia].

 

7. Tragopogon gracilis D. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 414. 1820.

 

纤细婆罗门参 xian xi po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 20 cm tall, with stout root. Stem slender, branched from base, apically not inflated under heads in fruit. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1--3 cm, expanded into sheath base. Heads few, terminal. Involucre cylindric, 1.8--2.3 cm, to 4 cm in fruit. Phyllaries 5--7, lanceolate. Florets not of same color, abaxially purplish red, adaxially yellow. Achenes yellow, fusiform, 1.2--1.4 cm, with 10 muricate rib, apically truncate. Pappus pale yellowish brown, 1.5--2 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                Mountain slopes, grit lands in stormed??; 2900--4300 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, N India, Kazakstan, Nepal; SW Asia].

 

8. Tragopogon porrifolius Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 789. 1753.

 

蒜叶婆罗门参 suan ye po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, annual or biennial, 25--125 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stem erect, branched from base or simple, glabrous or somewhat with arachnoid hairs, apically under heads inflated in fruit. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, 6--18 cm X 3--6 mm, base wide and semiamplexicaul, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre cylindric-campanulate, 4--8 cm. Phyllaries (5 or)8, lanceolate, 3.5--5 X 0.4--0.6 cm, abaxially with sparse arachnoid hairs, apex acuminate. Florets red to reddish purple. Achenes squamous-muricate on ribs, apically attenuate to a slender beak; beak 8--10 mm, not inflated, apically with a ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus dirty yellow, 2.1--2.6 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

                Wastelands, fields, deserts, semideserts; 700--1900 m. Xinjiang, Yunnan [Russia; Europe].

 

9. Tragopogon kasakstanicus S. A. Nikitin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 7: 268. 1937.

 

中亚婆罗门参 zhong ya po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, 10--40 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stem erect, branched from base or basally, white lanate under heads, glabrescent in fruit, apically under heads ± inflated in fruit. Lower stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to linear, 8--20 X 0.5--1.5(--2) cm, base wide and amplexicaul, margin narrowly membranous, apex acuminate. Heads 1 to few. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, ca. 3 cm. Phyllaries 8, lanceolate, ca. 3 X 0.3--0.6 cm, abaxially basally white lanate, apex acuminate. Florets purple. Outer achenes ca. 1.5 cm, straight or ± curved, ribbed, scaly on ribs, apically acuminate into a stout beak; beak 3--5 mm, not apically inflated, with an apical ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus dirty or pale yellow, 2.5--3 cm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jun.

 

                Mountain slopes, plains base of mountains, river valleys, sandy soil; 400--1400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

10. Tragopogon marginifolius Pavlov, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 47: 83. 1938.

 

膜缘婆罗门参 mo yuan po luo men shen

 

                Tragopogon gonocarpum S. A. Nikitin.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 12--40(--60) cm tall. Roots stout, vertical. Stem erect, branched from base or middle, sometimes simple, glabrous or sometimes pubescent under heads, apically not inflated in fruit. Basal and low and middle leaves sessile, broadly lanceolate, 10--25 X 1--2(--3) cm, base semiamplexicaul, , margin ± crisp and white membranous apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves gradually similar to basal and lower stem leaves. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre cylindric-campanulate, 2--4 cm. Phyllaries 8, lanceolate, apex acuminate. Florets purple. Outer achenes ribbed, sharply pointed, scaly on ribs, apically abruptly constricted to a stout 7--9 mm beak. Pappus pale yellow or pale reddish brown, ca. 2.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jul.

 

                Gravelly areas, deserts; 800--1400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan; Europe].

 

11. Tragopogon elongatus S. A. Nikitin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.R. 7: 269. 1937.

 

长茎婆罗门参 chang jing po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, 15--35 cm tall. Stem erect, simple or branched from base, striate, glabrous, apically under heads not inflated in fruit. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, linear, 11--16 X 0.5--1 cm, base broad, margin membranous and crisp, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves rhombic, 0.5--1.2 cm wide, usually longitudinally folded, base expanded, apically attenuate. Heads 1 to several, terminal. Involucre cylindric-campanulate, 2--3 cm. Phyllaries 8, lanceolate, 2--5 X 0.4--0.6 cm, apex acuminate. Outer achenes longer, 1.5--1.7 cm, ribbed, scaly on ribs, apically attenuate into stout beak; beak 7--10 mm, not inflated, with an apical ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus brown 1.8--2 cm. Fl. and fr. May--Jul.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, gravelly areas; ca. 800 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

12. Tragopogon ruber S. G. Gmelin, Reise Russland 2: 198. 1774.

 

红花婆罗门参 hong hua po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, 10--35(--40) cm tall. Roots vertical, crown with residue of old leaves. Stem erect, simple or branched from base, glabrous, apically not inflated under heads in fruit. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, linear, 10--20 X 0.5--1.2(--2) cm, base expanded. Stem leaves gradually smaller towards stem apex. Middle stem leaves linear-lanceolate, base expanded and amplexicaul, margin narrowly membranous and crisp, apex acuminate. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre cylindric-campanulate, 2--3 cm, to 4--5 cm in fruit. Phyllaries 8--10, 2--3 X 0.2--0.4 cm, with arachnoid hairs, glabrescent, apex acuminate. Florets purple to pale purple, conspicuously longer than involucre. Outer achenes 1.3--1.5 cm, with sharply pointed scales on ribs, apex attenuate into stout 7--10 mm beak. Pappus dirty brown, 2--2.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                Mountainous regions, plains base of mountains, sand dunes; 400--1200 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia; Europe].

 

13. Tragopogon sibiricus Ganeschin, Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 13: 225. 1915.

 

西伯利亚婆罗门参 xi bo li ya po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, biennial, 40--140 cm tall. Stem erect, unbranched or branched from middle, basally glabrous, apically under heads somewhat inflated in fruit and pale yellow pubescent. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, linear to broadly linear, 20--25 X 2--2.5 cm, base wide and semiamplexicaul, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves with base broadly rounded, apex acuminate. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre 1.5--2 cm at anthesis, 3--5 cm in fruit. Phyllaries 8(--10), lanceolate, 1.5--3 X 0.3--0.6 cm. Florets dirty red to purple. Achenes ca. 1.5 cm, ribbed, smooth or subtuberculate on ribs, apically attenuate to a slender beak; beak 0.6--1.4 cm, inflated or not, apically with a ring of arachnoid hairs. Pappus white, ca. 1.7 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                Grassland at forest margin; ca. 1700 m. Xinjiang [Russia].

 

14. Tragopogon subalpinus S. A. Nikitin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 7: 271. 1937.

 

高山婆罗门参 gao shan po luo men shen

 

                Herbs, biennial or perennial, 15--25 cm. Roots vertical; crown with residue of old leaves. Stem erect, slender, simple or branched, leafy, apically under heads not inflated in fruit. Leaf sessile, linear-lanceolate, ca. 15 X 0.5--1 cm, base broader, margin sometimes crisp. Heads 1 to few, terminal. Involucre cylindric-campanulate, 1.5--2.5 cm. Phyllaries 7(or 8), lanceolate, 1.5--2.5 X 0.3--0.5 cm, apex acuminate. Florets reddish purple. Achenes cylindric, ca. 9 mm, apically attenuate into slender beak; beak ca. 6 mm. Pappus pale yellow, ca. 1.3 cm, Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes; ca. 3500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

Subtribe HYPOCHERINAE Lessing, Synops. Compos. 130. 1832.

 

猫耳菊亚族 mao er ju ya zu

 

                Inner bristles of pappus plumose, outer bristles of pappus serrate or bristles of pappus plumose.

 

                ?? genera and ?? species: genera distribution ??; three genera and eight species (two endemic) in China.

 

197. HYPOCHAERIS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 810. 1753.

 

猫儿菊属 mao er ju shu

 

                Achyrophorus Scopoli.

 

                Herbs, perennial, rarely annual. Stem solitary to few, usually branched, rarely simple, leafless or with a basal rosette. Leaf margin entire, toothed-pinnatifid, or pinnatisect. Heads 1 to few, terminal, broadly hemispheric to campanulate, large or medium in size. Phyllaries 1 to several, imbricate. Receptacle flat, with numerous scarious scales. Florets yellow, bisexual, fertile. Corolla ligule apically 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender, apically subobtuse. Achenes frequently dimorphic, cylindric to narrowly ellipsoid, with many elevated ribs; outer achenes beakless; inner achenes beaked. Pappus in 1 or 2 rows, plumose, base sometimes expanded.

 

                About 60 species; Asia, Europe, South America; two species in China.

 

                The main diversity of this genus is in South America.

 

1a. Outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate, abaxially hirsute; heads 1--3, solitary, terminal on stem and branches; achenes beaked ...........................................................................................................................................................................  1. H. maculata

1b. Outer phyllaries ovate or narrowly oblong ovate, pubescent abaxially; heads 1, solitary, terminal on stem; achenes beakless ...............................................................................................................................................................  2. H. ciliata

 

1. Hypochaeris maculata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 810. 1753.

 

新疆猫儿菊 xin jiang mao er ju

 

                Achyrophorus maculata (Linnaeus) Scopoli.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--120 cm tall. Roots vertical, crown with dark residue of old petioles. Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, hirsute. Basal leaves with 1--2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade elliptic, long oblanceolate, broadly lanceolate, subovate, or spatulate, 6--12 X 2.5--3.5 cm, hispidulous, basally attenuate, apex obtusely rounded to acute. Stem leaves few, often apically merging into soles??, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, margin entire or minutely toothed. Heads hemispheric, 2--1.5 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, imbricate; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1 mm, abaxially hirsute, apex acute; middle phyllaries ones linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 12--15 X ca. 2.5 mm, hirsute to abaxially glabrous, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate. Florets yellow. Achenes yellowish brown, oblong, 0.8--2 cm, with 5 ribs, apically attenuate to a ca. 1.2 cm beak. Pappus dirty white, 7--12 mm, plumose. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                Grass slopes on mountainous regions, river valleys, forests, forest margin; above 1000 m. Xinjiang [Russia; Europe].

 

2. Hypochaeris ciliata (Thunberg) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 37. 1908.

 

猫儿菊 mao er ju

 

                Arnica ciliata Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 768. 1784; Achyrophorus aurantiacus de Candolle; A. ciliatus (Thunberg) SchultzBipontinus; A. grandiflorus (Ledebour) Ledebour; Hypochaeris grandiflorus Ledebour.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stem erect, simple, glabrous or entirely or only basal half covered with rigid bristles, base with dark brown residue of old petioles. Leaves sessile, scabrous, densely covered with bristles, base truncate to rounded and semiamplexicaul. Basal leaves with 2--5 cm petiole; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, 7--16 X 2--2.5 cm, base acuminate into petiole, margin sharply to ± sharply toothed, apex acute to rounded. Lower stem leaves similar to basal leaves or smaller. Upper stem leaves elliptic, long ovate, or narrowly ovate, small. Head solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, hemispheric, 2.2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, imbricate; outer phyllaries ovate to narrowly elliptic-ovate, ca. 10 X 5 mm, margin ciliate, apex obtuse to acuminate; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate 1.5--2.2 X 0.5--0.7 cm, abaxially white pubescent on midvein, margin ciliate, apex obtuse to acute. Florets golden yellow. Achenes pale brown, cylindric, ca. 8 mm, with ± elevated 15--16 ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus pale brown, plumose, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, forest margins, roadsides, thickets; 800--1200 m. Beijing, Heilongjiang Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Henan, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].

 

198. PICRIS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 792. 1753.

 

毛连菜属 mao lian cai shu

 

                Choeriseris Link; Deckora SchultzBipontinus; Hagioseris Boissier; Helmintia Jussieu; Medicusia Moench; Microderis de Candolle; Pilosia Tausch; Spitzelia SchultzBipontinus; Vigineixia Pomel.

 

                Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial. Stem solitary, usually branched, with rigid mostly 2--4-hooked hairs, apically under head sometimes thickened. Leaves alternate or rosulate, margin entire, toothed, or rarely pinnate. Heads terminal, corymbose to inconspicuously corymbose, homogamous. Involucre campanulate to urceolate. Phyllaries in ca. 3 rows, imbricate to inconspicuously so. Receptacle flat, pitted, without scales. Florets yellow, apically truncate and 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender. Achenes ellipsoid to fusiform, with 5--14 elevated ribs, transversely rugose on ribs, basally attenuate, apically attenuate and beakless or with short beak. Pappus in 2 rows, caducous; outer pappus very short; inner pappus long plumose.

 

                About 40 species; N Africa, Asia, Europe; five species in China.

 

                The main diversity of this genus is in the Mediterranean region.

 

1a. Basal leaves withered at flowing time.

2a. Stem and branches with dark green or blackish and rigid hooked hairs .................................................  1. P. japonica

2b. Stem and branches with nitid rigid hooked hairs or rigid not hooked hairs ....................................  2. P. hieracioides

1b. Basal leaves present at anthesis.

3a. Leaf blade subbasal; achenes beakless .....................................................................................................  3. P. divaricata

3b. Leaf blade both basal and on stem; achenes beaked.

4a. Basal leaves narrowly oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, with rigid hooked hairs ...........................................  4. P. similes

4b. Basal leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, abaxially with rigid non-hooked hairs ................................  5. P. junnanensis

 

1. Picris japonica Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 711. 1784.

 

日本毛连菜 ri ben mao lian cai

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--120 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stem erect, pubescent, hairs dark green to blackish, rigid, and apically with 2 small hooked branches, apically corymbose to corymbose paniculate. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower stem leaves with winged petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or elliptic-oblanceolate, 12--20 X 1--3 cm, base attenuate, margin serrulate, sharply toothed, obtusely toothed, or sinuolate and with rigid hairs, apically with 2 small hooked branched hairs, apex acute to acuminate. Middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, base semiamplexicaul, apex with 2 hooked hairs. Upper stem leaves progressively smaller, linear-lanceolate. Heads many, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate. Involucre cylindric-campanulate. Phyllaries in 3 rows abaxially darkish to dark hirsute; outer phyllaries linear, 2.5--5 X ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries narrowly oblong lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 10--12 X ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate, margin broadly membranous. Florets yellow. Corolla ligule basally sparsely pubescent. Achenes reddish brown, ellipsoid, 3--5 mm, ± curved, with 5 ribs, transversely rugose. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus very short, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm, plumose.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, forests, open places in forests, waste places in forests, by fields, river margin, alpine meadows; 600--3700 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Japan, Russia].

 

1a. Phyllaries blackish green; tubes of florets without glandular hairs ....................................................  1a. var. japonica

1b. Phyllaries green; tubes of florets with glandular hairs ..........................................................................  1b. var. koreana

 

1a. Picris japonica var. japonica

 

日本毛连菜 ri ben mao lian cai

 

                Aster esquiroli H. Léveillé; Picris davurica Fischer ex Hornemann; P. hieracioides Linnaeus var. japonica Regel ex Herder; P. hieracioides subsp. japonica (Thunberg) Krylov??; P. hieracioides subsp. japonica (Thunberg) Handel-Mazzetti; P. mairei H. Léveillé.

 

                Phyllaries blackish green, tubes of florets without glandular hairs.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, forests, open places in forests, waste places in forests, by field, river margin, alpine meadows; 600--3700 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Japan, Russia].

 

                All herbs are used medicinally as clearing away heat, alleviating pain and eliminating swelling and for mainly treaflu and acute martitis.

 

1b. Picris japonica var. koreana Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 46. 1933.

 

朝鲜毛连菜 chao xian mao lian cai

 

                Picris hieracioides Linnaeus subsp. koreana (Thunberg) Krylov var. koreana.

 

                Phyllaries green; tubes of florets with glandular hairs.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning.

 

                No material was seen of the variety and above description is taken from original publication [Does it occur in Korea ??].

 

2. Picris hieracioides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 792. 1753.

 

毛连菜 mao lian cai

 

                Herbs, biennial or perennial, 16--120 cm tall. Roots stout, vertical. Stem erect, apically corymbose to corymbose paniculate, apex with 2 small hooked rigid hairs. Leaves on veins with nitid hooked rigid hairs. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower stem leaves with winged petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 8--34 X 0.5--4 cm, base attenuate, margin entire, sharply toothed, or obtusely toothed, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to linear, small, base semiamplexicaul. Heads many, terminal on stem and branches, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate. Involucre cylindric-campanulate, ca. 1.2 cm. Phyllaries in ca. 3 rows, abaxially with rigid hairs and pubescent; outer phyllaries linear, shorter, 2--4 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries longer, linear-lanceolate, 10--12 X ca. 2 mm, margin white membranous, apex acuminate. Florets yellow; corolla tube white pubescent. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 3 mm, ribbed, transversely rugose on ribs. Pappus in 2 rows, white, caducous; outer pappus very short scabrous; inner pappus ca. 6 mm, plumose, ca.

 

                Grasslands, mountain slopes, forests, along ditches, fields, wastelands, sandy soils; 200--3600 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Kazakstan, Russia; SW Asia, Europe, Mediterranean region].

 

1a. Stem with brown or brownish purple rigid non-hooked hairs ....................................................  2d. subsp. fuscipilosa

1b. Stem with yellowish green nitid or rigid hooked hairs.

2a. Stem with yellowish green rigid hooked hairs ...................................................................................  2c. subsp. ohwiana

2b. Stem with nitid rigid hooked hairs.

3a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to broadly lanceolate .....................................................................  2a. subsp. hieracioides

3b. Leaf blade linear ...........................................................................................................................  2b. subsp. morrisonensis

 

 

2a. Picris hieracioides subsp. hieracioides

 

毛连菜 mao lian cai

 

                Apargia hieracioides (Linnaeus) Willdenow; A. umbellata (Schrank) Schrank; Hedypnois hieracioides (Linnaeus) Hudson; Leontodon umbellatus Schrank; Picris aspera Gilibert; P. hieracioides subsp. tsekouensis Kitamura.

 

                Stem and branches with nitid rigid small 2-hooked hairs. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

               Grasslands, forests, along ditches, fields, wastelands, sandy soils, open road margin, meadows; 600--3600 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Kazakstan, Russia; SW Asia, Europe, Mediterranean region].

 

2b. Picris hieracioides subsp. morrisonensis (Hayata) Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 126. 1939.

 

台湾毛连菜 tai wan mao lian cai

 

                Picris morrisonensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8: 72. 1919.

 

                Herbs, perennial, erect, ca. 40 cm tall. Stem base woody, apically branched, with spreading rigid apically dichotomous hairs. Stem leaves sessile, linear, ca. 9 X 0.4--0.6 cm, base attenuate, margin sparsely toothed and with bristles, apex acuminate. Heads terminal. Phyllaries in 2 rows; outer phyllaries small; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 13 X 1 mm, apex acuminate, abaxially with bristles. Achenes brown, fusiform, 4--5 mm, ca. 1 mm or less wide, with several ribs, rugose, apically ± beaklike. Pappus numerous, white, ca. 6 mm, plumose.

 

                * Open road margin, meadows; 1500--3500 m. Taiwan.

 

                No material was seen of this species and the above description was taken from the original publication.

 

2c. Picris hieracioides subsp. ohwiana (Kitamura) Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 126. 1939.

 

黄毛毛连菜 huang mao mao lian cai

 

                Picris ohwiana Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 136. 1934.

 

                Roots oblique, elongate, ramose. Stem 7--15 cm tall, branched from base. Branches dichotomous, with yellowish green 1--1.5 mm dichotomously hooked rigid hairs, apical 3--6 cm under head ± thickened with linear ca. 5 mm bracts and densely hooked rigid hairs. Basal leaves almost rosular, lanceolate to oblanceolate, 4.5--6 X 1.4--1.5 cm, apex obtuse, mucronate, base attenuate into winged petiole, margin irregularly toothed, apically of teeth mucronate, with rigid hairs. Heads laxly corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--1.7 cm. Phyllaries blackish green, abaxially with 1--1.5 mm yellowish green bristles. Florets yellow; corolla tube pubescent, outside. Achenes brownish red, 5, ca. 1 mm, base attenuate, apically with very short beak.

 

                * Above 3400 m. Taiwan.

 

                No material was seen of the subspecies, and the above description was taken from original publication.

 

2d. Picris hieracioides subsp. fuscipilosa Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1177. 1936.

 

单毛毛连菜 dan mao mao lian cai

 

                Stem especially basally densely covered with brown to purplish brown long rigid straight hairs. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                * Grasslands, mountain slopes, forests; 200--3500; Xizang, Yunnan.

 

3. Picris divaricata Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 12: 28. 1903.

 

滇苦菜 dian ku cai

 

                Hypocheris mairei H. Léveillé.

 

            Herbs, biennial. Roots vertical, ramose, bearing many fibrous roots. Stem erect, 15--40 cm tall, dichotomous from base or basally, base or basally with white rigid small 2-hooked hairs, glabrescent or glabrous towards apex, sometimes glabrous. Subbasal leaves with winged petiole to 4 cm; leaf blade long oblanceolate-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or linear-elliptic, 3--10 X 0.5--2 cm, with short rigid simple and hooked rigid hairs especially on midvein, base cuneate-attenuate, margin sinuolately and acutely toothed, sinuolate, or entire, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Stem leaves few, sessile, broadly linear, linear-elliptic, narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, or elliptic, small, with sparsely simple rigid hairs especially on abaxial midvein, base semiamplexicaul, margin sparsely and acutely or minutely toothed, or entire. Uppermost stem leaves reduced, sometimes subulate. Heads few to many, solitary, terminal on dichotomal branches. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm. Phyllaries in 3 rows, with a range of short rigid hairs on midvein; outer narrowly triangular to lanceolate, 2--4 X ca. 0.4 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2 mm, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes reddish brown, narrowly ellipsoid, curved, 4.5--4.8 mm, with 14 ribs, transversely rugose, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous; inner pappus white, 6--7 mm, plumose. Fl. and fr. Apr--Nov.

 

                * Grassland on mountainous slopes, forest margins, thickets; 1400--2500 m. Xizang, Yunnan.

 

4. Picris similis V. Vassiljev, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.R. 17: 455. 1955.

 

新疆毛连菜 xin jiang mao lian cai

 

                Herbs, annual or biennial, (10--)30--100 cm tall. Stem erect, with spreading branches, apically with small 2-hooked hairs. Basal leaves short to long, petiolate; leaf blade narrowly oblong elliptic to lanceolate, 8--12 X 1.5--2 cm, base attenuate into a short or long winged petiole, margin entire or with small teeth, apex acuminate and with rigid apically 2-hooked hairs. Stem leaves sessile, apically progressively smaller. Upper stem leaves linear. Heads few to many, terminal. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 1--1.5 cm. Phyllaries in 3 rows, dark green, abaxially with arachnoid hairs mixed with rigid hairs; outer phyllaries small; inner phyllaries long linear, margin membranous. Florets yellow. Corolla tube white pubescent outside. Achenes fusiform, 5--6(--7) mm, ribbed, transversely rugose on ribs, apex acuminate to a ca. 0.3 mm beak. Pappus in 2 rows, caducous; outer pappus short to very short, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 2 cm, plumose. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                Rocky mountain slopes, sandy areas on floodplains; 1600--1700 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

5. Picris junnanensis V. Vassiljev, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 17: 457. 1955.

 

云南毛连菜 yun nan mao lian cai

 

                Herbs, annual or biennial. Stem erect, 30--35 cm tall, with blackish purple to red rigid hairs, apically branched; hairs simple or apically dichotomous hooked hairy below??. Basal leaves rosular, linear-lanceolate to linear, abaxially with rigid simple rigid hairs, margin toothed or sinuolate and toothed, midvein purple. Heads 3--6, terminal on branches. Phyllaries blackish green, margin cartilaginous and ciliate. Florets yellow. Achenes 4--5 mm, ribbed, transversely rugose on ribs.

 

                * Habitat??; elevation??. Yunnan (Lijiang Xian).

 

                No material was seen of this species and the above description was taken from the original publication.

 

199. GARHADIOLUS Jaubert & Spach, Ill. Pl. Orient. 3: 119. 1850.

 

小疮菊属 xiao chuang ju shu

 

                Herbs, annual. Leaves mostly rosulate, margin entire to toothed-pinnatifid. Heads few to many, cymose on stout branches, homogamous. Involucre campanulate. Phyllaries in 2 rows; inner phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, rigid and thickened in fruit. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Florets yellow. Style arms long. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms long. Achenes cylindric, incurved, minutely scabrid hispid, gradually stouter towards base, outer persistent and partly enclosed by inner persistent phyllaries, apically gradually attenuate to slender beak, apex of beak to 0.2 mm, with pappus; inner achenes apically gradually slender to attenuate to slender beak. Pappus subserrate or fimbriate, to 1.5 mm.

 

                About five species: C, SW, and W Asia; one species in China.

 

1. Garhadiolus papposus Boissier & Buhse, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 135. 1860.

 

小疮菊 xiao chuang ju

 

                Rhagadiolus papposus Kuntze.

 

                Herbs, annual, 5--20(--40) cm tall. Tap root vertical, slender. Stem erect, branched from base or basally, white pubescent, sometimes mixed with bristles. Basal leaves with ca. 2 cm winged petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, or elliptic, 2--15 X 0.5--3 cm, base attenuate, margin lyrately pinnatilobed to pinnatipartite and toothed; lobes margin toothed of variable size, sometimes teeth obscure; lateral lobes 2--5-paired, lowermost lobes small and toothlike; upper lobes large and triangular to elliptic; terminal lobe triangular to elliptic, apex obtuse, acute, or rounded. Stem leaves few, similar to basal leaves or narrowly elliptic and divided or not. Heads on stout branches, in cymes, with few florets. Involucre campanulate, 6--9 mm. Phyllaries in 2 rows, linear-lanceolate, 6--9 X ca. 2 mm, abaxially apex with densely rigid hairs, rarely glabrous, rigid in fruit and incurved and partly enclosing outer achenes. Florets yellow. Coralla ligule apically 5-toothed. Achenes cylindric, curved, with white appressed scabrid hairs, downwards gradually stout; inner achenes attenuate into long, slender beak, apically of beak with short pappus, pappus to 1.5 mm; outer achenes apically gradually slender to a slender beak, apically of beak with subserrate or fimbriate pappus, pappus to 0.2 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jun.

 

                Plains, low mountain regions; above 600 m. Xinjiang [Russia; SW Asia].

 

Subtribe LACTUCINAE Lessing, Synops. Compos. 135. 1832.

 

莴苣亚族 wo ju ya zu

 

                Bristles of pappus subserrate to serrate, rarely outer bristles strigose and very short; inner pappus ones long, hairlike.

              

                ?? genera and ?? species: general distribution ??; 35 genera and ?? species (?? endemic) in China.

 

200. SONCHUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 793. 1753.

 

苦苣菜属ku ju cai shu

 

                Sonchidium Pomel; Sonchoseris Fourreau; Trachodes D. Don.

 

                Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial. Leaves alternate, sometimes rosulate, variously shaped, margin toothed, pinnatifid, lobed-pinnatisect, or sometimes entire. Heads ± large, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, homogamous, usually with more than 80 florets. Involucre ovoid, campanulate, cylindric, usually pendent after anthesis. Phyllaries in 3--5 rows, imbricate, herbaceous. Receptacles without scales. Florets yellow. Corolla ligule apically truncate and 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender. Achenes ovoid to ellipsoid, flattened narrowed towards both ends, with few to many ribs on each side, smooth or transversely rugose, apex beakless. Pappus numerous, soft, fine, entangled with each other, caducous.

 

                About 50 species; Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North American; eight species (two endemic) in China.

 

                The main diversity of this genus is in Africa and the Canary Islands.

 

1a. Achenes without wrinkles between ribs.

2a. Achenes with 3 slender ribs on each surface .....................................................................................................  1. S. asper

2b. Achenes with 5 slender ribs on each surface ..............................................................................................  5. S. palustris

1b. Achenes with transverse wrinkles between ribs.

3a. Achenes with 3 lines on each surface .......................................................................................................  2. S. oleraceous

3b. Achenes with 5 lines or slender ribs on each surface.

4a. Phyllaries abaxially with capitate-stipitate glandular hairs on midvein.

5a. Leaf blade not divided, spatulate, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly oblanceolate-elliptic ........................  3. S. lingianus

5b. Leaf blade pinnate; lateral lobes ovate, oblique-ovate, oblique triangular, elliptic, or auriculate .........  4. S. arvensis

4b. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous.

6a. Leaf blade not divided ............................................................................................................................  6. S. transcaspicus

6b. Leaf blade pinnate.

7a. Lateral lobes of leaves lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or narrowly triangular-lanceolate .............  7. S. brachyotus

7b. Lateral lobes of leaves oblique-ovate, broadly triangular or semiorbicular .........................................  8. S. uliginosus

 

1. Sonchus asper (Linnaeus) Hill, Brit. Herb. 1: 47. 1756??.

 

花叶滇苦菜 hua ye dian ku cai

 

                Sonchus oleraceous Linnaeus r. & б. asper Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 794. 1753; S. spinosus Lamarck.

 

                Herbs, annual, 20--50 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stem erect, fascicled, racemose, or corymbose, glabrous or apically capitate-stipitate glandular hairy. Basal and stem leaves sessile or with winged petiole, isomorphic, glabrous, membranous. Lower and middle stem leaves with petiole base auriculate and amplexicaul; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, obovate, spatulate, or spatulate-elliptic, 7--13 X 1--5 cm including petiole, base attenuate, margin irregularly pinnate or with unequal sharp and spinelike teeth, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse; lateral lobes 4- or 5-paired, elliptic, triangular, or semiorbicular. Upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, not divided, base auriculate and amplexicaul. Heads 5--10, terminal, densely corymbose. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 1.5 X 1 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, imbricate, abaxially glabrous, apically long acuminate, apex acute; outer phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to triangular, ca. 3 X 1 mm; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to broadly linear, ca. 15 X 1.5--2 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, oblanceolate, ca. 3 mm, compressed, with 3 slender ribs on each surface, smooth between ribs. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm, soft, entangled with each other. Fl. and fr. May--Oct.

 

                Mountain slopes, forest margins, by water; 1500--3700 m. Hubei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Zhejiang [Japan, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

2. Sonchus oleraceus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 794. 1753.

 

苦苣菜 ku ju cai

 

                Sonchus ciliatus Lamarck; S. mairei H. Léveillé, p. p.

 

                Herbs, annual or biennial, 40--150 cm tall. Roots coniform, vertical, with numerous fibrous roots. Stem erect, simple or apically shortly corymbose or racemose, glabrous or capitate-stipitate glandular hairy on apical branches under heads. Basal and middle stem leaves glabrous, membranous, auricles and margin segments with sharp and unequal teeth. Upper stem leaves and inflorescence bracts margin or apical half of margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole winged, base circular auriculately amplexicaul; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate and lyrate or pinnatisect, elliptic, elliptic-hastate, triangular, orbicular, or oblanceolate pinnatipartite, base amplexicaul, margin entire. Middle stem leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, 3--12 X 2--7 cm, base abruptly narrowed, margin pinnatipartite to lyrately pinnatipartite; lateral segments 1--5-paired, elliptic, usually recurved; apical segments apex acute to acuminate; terminal segment larger than others, broadly triangular, broadly hastate, or obovate-cordate, base amplexicaul. Upper stem leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, base broadened and semiamplexicaul, margin pinnatipartite to lyrately pinnatipartite, apex long acuminate. Heads few, terminal on stem, corymbose, racemose, or solitary, with numerous florets. Involucre broadly campanulate ca. 1.5 X 1 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, imbricate, progressively longer towards center, glabrous or apically on midvein with few capitate stipitate glandular hairs, apically long acute; outer phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to triangular 3--7 X 1--3 mm; middle and inner narrowly phyllaries lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 8--11 X 1--2 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, compressed, ca. 3 X 1 mm, with 3 lines on each surface, rugose between ribs, apex attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm, entangled with each other. Fl. and fr. May--Dec.

 

                Mountain slopes, forests, forest margins, fields, near water, open land; 1700--3200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [essentially cosmopolitan].

 

                All herbs are used medicinally for eliminating wetness-evil in the body and clearing away heat and detoxifying materials.

 

3. Sonchus lingianus C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 29: 553. 1991.

 

南苦苣菜 nan ku ju cai

 

                Herbs, annual, 40--100 cm tall. Roots ramosus. Stem erect, solitary, apically corymbose. Branches with capitate-stipitate glandular hairs and dense tomentum. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves with winged petiole; leaf blade spatulate, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate-elliptic, 9.5--22 X 2--6 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin toothed to minutely toothed, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Lower and middle stem leaves similar to basal leaves, sessile or with winged petiole. Upper stem leaves apically gradually smaller, linear to subulate. Heads terminal, corymbose. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 1.5 X 1 cm, base white tomentose. Phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially on midvein with capitate-stipitate glandular hairs, apex acute to acuminate; outer phyllaries lanceolate, 4--7 X 1--1.5 mm; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes narrowly elliptic, subcompressed, ca. 3 mm, each side with 3 slender ribs, transversely rugose between ribs. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm, entangled with each other. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

                * Wastelands on mountain slopes, forests, forest margins, thickets, beside fields; 600--2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Zhejiang.

 

4. Sonchus arvensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 793. 1753.

 

苣卖菜 ju mai cai

 

                Hieracium arvense (Linnaeus) Scopoli; Sonchus hispidus Gilibert; S. picris H. Léveillé & Vaniot; S. wightianus de Candolle.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--150 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stem erect, striate, corymbose apically or at apex. Branches with densely capitate-stipitate glandular hairs. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves numerous. Lower and middle stem leaves with winged petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate to oblong, 6--24 X 1.5--6 cm, pinnatipartite, pinnatilobed, or pinnatifid; lobes margin minutely toothed, entire, or mucronulate; lateral lobes 2--5-paired, lanceolate, ovate, obliquely ovate, obliquely triangular, semiorbicular, or orbicular; terminal lobe ± large, narrowly ovate, elliptic, or narrowly ovate-elliptic. Middle stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves, sessile, base auriculate and amplexicaul, apex acuminate to obtuse. Upper stem leaves lanceolate to linear-subulate, small to very small. Heads terminal, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 X 0.8--1 cm, base sparsely or dense villous to tomentulose. Phyllaries in 3 rows, lanceolate, abaxially on midvein with capitate-stipitate glandular hairs, apex long acuminate; outer phyllaries 4--6 X 1--1.5 mm; middle and inner phyllaries ca. 15 X 3 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, subcompressed, 3.7--4 mm, with 5 slender ribs on each side, transversely rugose between ribs. Pappus white, ca. 1.5 cm, entangled with each other. Fl. and fr. Jan--Sep.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, grassland in forests, moist places or near water, near villages, gravelly areas by rivers; 300--2300 m. Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Europe, ??].

 

5. Sonchus palustris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 793. 1753.

 

沼生苦苣菜 zhao sheng ku ju cai

 

               Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes short. Stem erect, stout, to 1.8 m tall, base ca. 3 cm in diam., apically corymbose to corymbose-paniculate. Branches stout, apically with capitate stipitate glandular hairs. Leaves glabrous, margin minutely spinelikely serrulate or finely spinelike. Lower stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, 15--35 X 5--20 cm, pinnatipartite, base sagittate and amplexicaul; lateral lobes 1--3-paired, lanceolate, apex acute; terminal lobe triangular to triangular-lanceolate. Middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, small, not divided, base sagittate and amplexicaul, apex long acuminate. Upper and uppermost stem leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, not divided. Heads many, terminal, with capitate stipitate glandular hairs, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 1.5 X 1 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially with capitate-stipitate glandular hairs, apex long acuminate to subobtuse; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, 6--7 X 1--2 mm; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 12--14 X 2--3 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm, with 5 ribs on each surface, without transverse wrinkles between ribs. Pappus white, ca. 8 mm, entangled with each other. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                By water and lakes; 400--900 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan; Europe, Mediterranean region].

 

6. Sonchus transcaspicus Nevski, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R, Ser. 4, Eksper. Bot. 1(4): 293. 1937.

 

全叶苦苣菜 quan ye ku ju cai

 

                Herbs, perennial, with stolons. Stem erect, 20--80 cm tall, striate, base ca. 6 mm in diam., glabrous but sometimes with arachnoid hairs under head, apically corymbose. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves grayish green, sessile, linear, oblong, spatulate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear-elliptic, 4--27 X 1--4 cm, base attenuate, margin entire or shallowly toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Stem leaves gradually smaller towards stem apex. Basal and middle stem leaves similar to basal leaves. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 X 0.5--2 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries lanceolate to triangular, 3--5 X ca. 1.5 mm; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 12--14 X ca. 2 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes dark brown, ellipsoid, compressed-trigonous, ca. 3.8 mm, with 5 ribs on each surface, rugose between ribs. Pappus white, ca. 9 mm, entangled with each other. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, moist land, by water or farmlands; 200--4000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [N India, Uzbekistan; SW Asia, Mediterranean region].

 

7. Sonchus brachyotus de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 186. 1838.

 

长裂苦苣菜 chang lie ku ju cai

 

                Sonchus arvensis Linnaeus subsp. brachyotus (de Candolle) Kitamura; S. arvensis f. brachyotus (de Candolle) Kirpicznikov; S. arvensis var. laevipes Koch; S. cavaleriei H. Léveillé; S. chinensis Fischer; S. fauriei H. Léveillé & Vaniot; S. shzucinianus Turczaninow ex Herder; S. taquetii H. Léveillé.

 

                Herbs, annual, 50--100 cm tall. Roots vertical, with many fibrous roots. Stem striate, glabrous, base to 1.2 mm in diam., apically corymbose. Leaves glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; petiole base auriculate, expanded, and semiamplexicaul; leaf blade ovate, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, 6--19 X 1.5--11 cm, pinnatipartite, pinnatilobed, or pinnatifid, basally attenuate; lobe margin entire and ciliate, apex acute to obtuse; lateral lobes 3--5-paired, opposite, subalternate, or obliquely alternate, linear-elliptic, narrowly triangular, triangular, or rarely semiorbicular; terminal lobe lanceolate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves but smaller. Uppermost stem leaves broadly linear to linear-lanceolate. Leaves under head usually subulate. Heads few, terminal, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2 X 1--1.5 cm. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 6 X 3 mm; middle phyllaries narrowly triangular to lanceolate, 9--13 X ca. 3 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, narrowly ellipsoid, subcompressed, ca. 3 mm, with 5 ribs on each surface, rugose between ribs. Pappus white, ca. 1.2 cm, entangled with each other. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                Grassy slopes in mountains, by rivers, alkaline areas; 300--2300 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Russia].

 

8. Sonchus uliginosus M. Bierbestein, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 238. 1808.

 

短裂苦苣菜 duan lie ku ju cai

 

                Sonchus arvensis Linnaus β. glabrescens Günther et al.; S. arvensis f. glabrescens (Günther et al.) Kirpicznikow; S. arvensis β. laevipes Boissier; S. arvensis var. uliginosus Trautvetter; S. wallichianus de Candolle; S. wightianus de Candolle subsp. wallichianus (de Candolle) Boulos.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--100 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stem solitary, erect, striate, glabrous, apically corymbose. Leaves glabrous. Basal, lower, and middle stem leaves with a short winged petiole; leaf blade elliptic-oblanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic 5--22 X 1--10 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 2--4-paired, obliquely ovate, broadly triangular, or suborbicular; terminal lobe narrowly triangular, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly lanceolate, margin toothed, apex acute, acuminate, obtuse, or rounded. Upper stem leaves similar to other leaves or not divided, sessile, base auriculate and amplexicaul. Heads terminal, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 1.5--2 X ca. 1.5 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, apex shortly acuminate to narrowly acute; outer phyllaries lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate 7--10 X 2--3 mm; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.2--2 cm X 1--3 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm, with 5 ribs on each surface, transversely rugose between ribs. Pappus white, soft, entangled with each other. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

                By fields, grassy roadsides, moist areas, plains, flatland; 100--3200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Nepal, Pakistan; Europe].

 

201. LAGEDIUM Soják, Novit. Bot. Delect. Seminum Horti Bot. Univ. Carol. Prag. 1961: 34. 1961.

 

山莴苣属 shan wo ju shu

               

                Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous. Leaves alternate, not divided. Heads medium in size, homogamous, with ca. 20 florets. Involucre campanulate to obconic. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, usually pale purplish red, subimbricate. Receptacles flat, glabrous. Florets violet blue. Corolla ligule apically 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender. Achenes brown or olive green, ellipsoid, compressed, ca. 4 mm, with 4[--7] elevated unequal slender ribs on each surface, glabrous, margin thick, apically shortly constricted but without beak. Pappus white, ca. 8 mm, subserrate, not caducous.

 

                Two species; Asia, E Europe; one species in China.

 

1. Lagedium sibiricum (Linnaeus) Soják, Novit. Bot. Delect. Seminum Horti Bot. Univ. Carol. Prag. 1961: 34. 1961.

 

山莴苣 shan wo ju

 

                Sonchus sibiricus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 795. 1753; Lactuca sibirica (Linnaeus) Bentham ex Maximowicz; Mulgedium kamtschaticum Ledebour; M. runcinatum Cassini; M. sibiricum (Linnaeus) Cassini ex Lessing.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 50--100 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stem usually pale purplish red, erect, glabrous, apically corymbose to corymbosely paniculate. Leaves glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly oblong lanceolate, 10--26 X 2--3 cm, base attenuate, auriculate, cordate-auriculate, or sagittate and amplexicaul, margin entire, subentire, minutely mucronulately serrulate, mucronulate, or rarely pinnatilobed or incised-lobed, apex acuminate, long acuminate, acute. Upper stem leaves similar to lower and middle stem leaves, gradually smaller towards stem apex. Heads many, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate. Involucre cylindrical, 5--6 mm, in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer and middle phyllaries triangular to triangular-ovate 1--4 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 11 X 1.5--2 mm, apex long acuminate. Florets blue-violet. Achenes brown or olive green, narrowly ellipsoid, compressed, ca. 4 mm, with 4 unequal ribs on each surface, margin broadened and thickened to thickened wings, apex shortly acuminate to fruit neck. Pappus white, in 2 rows, ca. 1 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                Forests, forest margins, meadows, river banks, moist places, by lakes; 300--2100 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Japan, Mongolia; E Europe].

 

202. MULGEDIUM Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat. 33: 296. 1824.

 

乳菊属 ru ju shu

 

                Agathyrus D. Don, p. p.; Cicerbita Wallroth §. 1. Mulgedium (Cassini) Beauverd; Lactuca Linnaeus sect. Lactucopsis Kitamura; Lactuca sect. Mulgedium (Cassini) C. B. Clarke; Lactuca subgen. Mulgedium (Cassini) Bobcock; Mulgedium Cassini sect. Lactucopsis (SchultzBipontinus) Boissier.

 

                Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial. Leaves divided or entire. Heads terminal, corymbose, corymbose-paniculate, or racemose, homogamous. Involucre broadly campanulate to cylindric, not ovoid in fruit. Phyllaries in 3--5 rows, usually purplish red, imbricate to subimbricate. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Floret ligule violet-blue to purple, apex 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender. Achenes fusiform, subcompressed, with 5--7 elevated ribs on each surface, apex acuminate into a beak; beak not filiform. Pappus in 2 rows, numerous, soft, fine, scabridous.

 

                About 15 species; Asia, Europe; five species (two endemic) in China.

 

1a. Plants with dense or sparce multicellular nodiferous hairs apically on branches ............................  5. M. bracteatum

1b. Plants glabrous.

2a. Plants scapiform; Head solitary at end of scape ............................................................................  4. M. monocephalum

2b. Plants not scapiform, apically branched.

3a. Leaf blade not divided.

4a. Leaf blade triangular-hastate, ovate-sagittate, or ovate .........................................................................  1. M. umbrosum

4b. Leaf blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, or spatulate ...............................................................................  2. M. lessertianum

3b. Leaf blade pinnatifid, pinnatilobed, or pinnatipartite.

5a. Leaf blade pinnatifid or pinnatilobed; terminal lobe lanceolate to narrowly triangular; achenes dark gray ......  3. M. tataricum

5b. Leaf blade lyrately pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; terminal lobe ovate-sagitate, -hastate or ovate.

6a. Terminal lobe of basal leaves ovate-hastate to ovate-sagittate ............................................................  1. M. umbrosum

6b. Terminal lobe of basal leaves ovate ......................................................................................................  2. M. lessertianum

 

1. Mulgedium umbrosum (Dunn) C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 391. 1988.

 

伞房乳菊 san fang ru ju

 

                Lactuca umbrosa Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 513. 1903.

 

                Herbs, annual, ca. 80 cm tall. Stem solitary, glabrous, apically corymbose to corymbose paniculate. Leaves mainly basal, glabrous. Basal leaves with 4--17 cm petiole; leaf blade triangular-hastate, ovate-hastate, ovate-sagittate, or cordate, 6--13 X 5--10 cm, margin entire or remotely and unequally toothed, sinuolate, depressed toothed, or lyrately pinnatisect, apex of teeth mucronulate; lateral segments small, 1-paired; terminal segment large, ovate-hastate to ovate-sagittate. Stem leaves very few, not divided, triangular-hastate. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, with 6--10 florets. Involucres cylindric, ca. 1.7 X 0.6 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, apex acute; outer phyllaries triangular-ovate, ca. 1 X 1 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, 5--10 X 1--8 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 17 X 1.8 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes dark, fusiform, subcompressed, ca. 6 mm, with 5 ribs on each surface, apex acuminate; beak white or pale yellowish white, ca. 1 mm. Pappus in 2 rows, scabrous. Fr. and Fl. Oct.

 

                * River valleys; ca. 1200 m. Yunnan.

 

2. Mulgedium lessertianum (Wallich ex C. B. Clarke) de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 251. 1838.

 

黑苞乳苣 hei bao ru ju

 

                Lactuca lessertiana Wallich ex C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 270. 1876; Hieracium lessertianum Wallich; Melanoseris lyrata Decaisne.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 5--27 cm tall. Roots ramose. Stem solitary, branched from base, glabrous. Branches long racemose. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves with 2--4 cm winged petiole; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 4--4.5 X ca. 2 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin subentire or lyrately pinnatipartite, apex shortly acuminate; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, ovate to triangular-ovate; terminal lobe ovate. Lower stem leaves similar to basal leaves but sessile and small. Middle and upper stem leaves and leaves on branches subtending inflorescences linear to linear-lanceolate. Heads to 23, racemose on stem, with 12--24 florets. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2 X 1 cm, not ovoid. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 7 X 2 mm, abaxially villous on midvein, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 13 X 2 mm, abaxially villous on midvein, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 2 cm X 1.5 mm, abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate. Florets purplish red. Achenes dark, compressed, 6 X 1.5 mm, with vestigial spines, fusiform, with 3--6 on each surface, apex attenuate; beaks ca. 5 mm, slender, apically yellowish white. Pappus white in 2 rows, subserrate, ca. 8 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes; 2700--4500 m. NW Yunnan [N India, Nepal, Sikkim, Pakistan].

 

3. Mulgedium tataricum (Linnaeus) de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 248. 1838.

 

乳苣 ru ju

 

                Sonchus tataricus Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. Alt. 2: 572. 1771; Agathyrus tataricus D. Don; Crepis charbonnelii H. Léveillé; Lactuca multipes H. Léveillé & Vaniot; L. tatarica (Linnaeus) C. A. Meyer; Lagedium tataricum (Linnaeus) Soják; Mulgedium runcinatum Cassini.

 

                Herbs, perennial. Roots vertical. Stem erect, 15--60 cm tall, ribbed or striate, glabrous, apically paniculate. Leaves submembranous, glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile or with 1--1.5 cm winged petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, long linear-elliptic, or linear 6--19 X 2--6 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or coarsely toothed, apex acute to obtuse; lateral lobes 2--5-paired, subelliptic to triangular, margin entire or sparsely mucronulate or toothed, central segment larger, segments towards both ends gradually smaller; terminal lobe lanceolate to narrowly triangular, margin entire, serrulate, or toothed. Upper stem leaves similar to lower and middle stem leaves but apically gradually smaller. Heads terminal, with ca. 20 florets. Involucre cylindric to cuneate, ca. 2 X 0.8 cm, not ovoid in fruit. Phyllaries in 4 rows, usually tinged with purplish red, subimbricate, abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate to obtuse; outer and middle phyllaries ovate to lanceolate-elliptic, 3--8 X 1.5--2 mm; inner phyllaries lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 2 cm X 2 mm. Florets purple to purplish blue. Achenes dark gray, narrowly oblong lanceolate, subcompressed, ca. 5 mm, 5--7 ribbed on each side, apex acuminate, beak ca. 1 mm. Pappus in 2 rows, white, ca. 1 cm, scabrous. Fl. and Jun--Sep.

 

               River beaches, by lakes, meadows, by fields, consolidated sand dune, gravelly places; 1200--4300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan, NW India, Kazakstan, Mongolia, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia, Europe].

 

4. Mulgedium monocephalum (C. C. Chang) C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 391. 1988.

 

单头乳苣 dan tou ru ju

 

                Lactuca monocephala C. C. Chang, Contr. Biol. Lab. Chin. Assoc. Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot. 9: 132. 1934.

 

                Herbs, perennial, with thick obconic rhizomes. Stem erect, slender, 25--35 cm tall, solitary to few fascicled, scapiform, unbranched, glabrous. Leaves ± thick in texture, glabrous, margin entire, subentire, or with mucronulate teeth, apex acute to rounded. Basal leaves with 1--2 cm winged petiole; leaf blade spatulate, 2.5--3 X ca. 1 cm, usually margin entire or leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 6--8.5 X 1.5--3 cm, and margin runcinate-pinnatilobed, runcinate-pinnatipartite, pinnatipartite, or rudimentarily lyrately pinnatilobed; lateral lobes 2--4-paired, opposite to obliquely opposite, subelliptic to broadly triangular to triangularly toothed, gradually smaller towards stem base; terminal lobe ovate to narrowly triangular. Middle and upper stem leaves absent or few, linear-lanceolate, subulate-lanceolate, or linear, 5--10 X 2--3 mm. Head solitary, terminal on stem, declinate, with ca. 15 florets. Involucre cuneate-campanulate, 1--1.5 X ca. 1 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, gradually longer towards center; innermost phyllaries narrowly lanceolate ca. 15 X 2 mm. Florets pale blue. Achenes immature. Pappus 2 in rows, ca. 5.5 mm, scabrous. Fl. Sep.

 

                * Habitat and elevation not known. NW Yunnan.

 

5. Mulgedium bracteatum (J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke) C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 390. 1988.

 

苞叶乳苣 bao ye ru ju

 

                Lactuca bracteata J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 270. 1876.

 

                Herbs, annual. Stem solitary, erect, 24--120 cm, with multicellular nodiferous hairs, apically corymbose to racemose paniculate. Leaves membranous, both surfaces with multicellular nodiferous hairs. Basal and lower stem leaves subsessile or with ca. 3 cm broadly winged petiole; leaf blade ovate, elliptic-ovate, or oblanceolate, 3--6 X 1.5--2.5 cm, base auriculate and amplexicaul, margin toothed, apex acute. Middle stem leaves sessile, oblanceolate to lanceolate, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul, margin mucronulately toothed, apex long acuminate. Upper stem leaves and leaves on branches of inflorescence sessile, usually purplish red when dry, lanceolate, base ± semiamplexicaul, margin entire, apex acuminate. Heads terminal, erect or declinate, corymbose to racemose-paniculate, with ca. 20 florets. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.9 X 1 cm, not ovoid in fruit. Phyllaries in 5 rows, purplish red when dry, 12--19 X 2--3 mm, subequal or larger towards center, abaxially glabrous, apex obtuse to acute; outer middle phyllaries lanceolate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to broadly linear. Florets pale blue. Achenes grayish brown, fusiform, compressed, ca. 5 mm, wotj 3 or 4 ribs on each surface, apex acuminate; beak slender, white, ca. 6.5 mm. Pappus in 2 rows, ca. 8 mm, subserrate. Fl. and fr. Sep.

 

                Forests; 800--3000 m. Xizang [NW India, Nepal, Sikkim].

 

203. DUBYAEA de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 247. 1838.

 

厚喙菊属 hou hui ju shu

 

                Herbs, perennial or annual. Stem usually corymbose or apically not divided, leafy or leafless. Basal and lower stem leaves usually lyrately pinnate. Heads solitary, terminal on stem or few and corymbose, pendent, declinate, homogamous, usually with many florets. Involucre campanulate to cylindric. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, dark green to blackish when dry, imbricate, subequal to gradually longer towards center, with dark multicellular nodiferous or rigid hairs. Florets purplish blue to blue. Corolla ligule apically 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender, subcompressed, apex acute. Achenes fusiform, terete, ± compressed, with 6--17 unequal ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus in 2 rows, scabrous.

 

                About 16 species; SW China, Himalayas; 16 species (13 endemic) in China.

 

1a. Florets yellow.

2a. Stems, branches, and phyllaries abaxially glabrous.............................................................................. 7. D. tsarongensis

2b. Stems, branches, and phyllaries abaxially with multicellular nodiferous or rigid scabrous hairs.

3a. Stem with yellowish brown hispid hairs .....................................................................................................  6. D. omeiensis

3b. Stem abaxially with multicellular nodiferous hairs.

4a. Leaf blade pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite ..............................................................................  5. D. bhotanica

4b. Leaf blade not divided.

5a. Heads with at most 7 florets; involucre cylindric .................................................................................  4. D. jinyangensis

5b. Heads with at least 7 florets; involucre campanulate.

6a. Basal and lower stem leaves elliptic to narrowly elliptic ..............................................................................  3. D. hispida

6b. Basal and lower stem leaves ovate, narrowly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate.

7a. Basal and lower stem leaves ovate to narrowly ovate; petiole winged ................................................  1. D. pteropoda

7b. Basal and lower stem leaves ovate-lanceolate to lacenolate; sessile ..................................................  2. D. lanceolata

1b. Florets red, purple, blue, or bluish purple.

8a. Stems, branches, and phyllaries glabrous.

9a. Leaf blade not divided; involucre cylindric; phyllaries brown; pappus dark brownish red ..........  15. D. gombalana

9b. Leaf blade lyrately pinnate; involucre broadly campanulate; phyllaries dark green; pappus pale yellowish white.

10a. Phyllary margin without cilia ................................................................................................................  13. D. glaucescens

10b. Phyllary margin with cilia ..........................................................................................................................  16. D. stebbinsii

8b. Stems, branches, and phyllaries on midvein abaxially with brown to dark brown multicellular nodiferous hairs.

11a. Involucres cylindric; phyllaries deep brown .............................................................................................  14. D. amoena

11b. Involucre campanulate; phyllaries dark green to blackish.

12a. Basal and lower stem leaves not divided.

13a. Basal and lower stem leaves sagittate-cordate to ovate-cordate .................................................... 9. D. atropurpurea

13b. Basal and lower stem leaves triangular-cordate, ovate, or narrowly ovate ..............................................  12. D. rubra

12b. Basal and lower stem leaves lyrate and pinnate or panduliformis.

14a. Basal and lower stem leaves panduliformis or at least stem leaves panduliformis ..................  11. D. panduriformis

14b. Basal and lower stem leaves lyrate and pinnate.

15a. Leaf blade terminal lobe elliptic; lateral lobes 3- or 4-paired ..............................................................  10. D. cymiformis

15b. Leaf blade terminal lobe triangular, oblique-triangular, sagittate-cordate, or ovate-cordate; lateral lobes 1--3-paired.

16a. Leaf blade terminal lobe triangular to oblique-triangular ........................................................................  8. D. muliensis

16b. Leaf blade terminal lobe sagittate-cordate to ovate-cordate ..........................................................  9. D. atropurpurea

 

1. Dubyaea pteropoda C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sic. 31: 433. 1993.

 

翼柄厚喙菊 yi bing hou hui ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 25--60 cm tall, rhizomatous. Stem erect, to 7 mm in diam., with dark to brown multicellular nodiferous hairs, apically corymbose. Leaves scabrous, with dark or brown multicellular nodiferous hairs. Basal and lower stem leaves not divided; petiole to 12 cm, winged, base expanded and amplexicaul; leaf blade ovate to narrowly ovate, 6--10 X 3--5 cm, base truncate to broadly cuneate, margin obtusely mucronulately toothed to mucronulately sinuolate, apex mucronulately acute. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves or sessile; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, base expanded and semiamplexicaul. Heads 2--7, terminal, pendent to declinate, corymbose or cymoid. Involucre campanulate or broadly campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, dark, subequal, abaxially with dark multicellular nodiferous long hairs on midvein, apex acuminate; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 15 X 4 mm; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic to obliquely elliptic, ca. 14 X 4 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes pale yellow, subfusiform, ca. 9 X 1 mm, with to 11 unequal ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus in 2 rows, pale yellow, ca. 1.2 cm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

 

                * Meadows, mixed forests, thickets; 3100--3800 m. Xizang, Yunnan.

 

2. Dubyaea lanceolata C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 435. 1993.

 

披针叶厚喙菊 pi zhen ye hou hui ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 14--26 cm tall, rhizomatous. Stem erect, branched from base. Branches long, ascending, with blackish long multicellular nodiferous hairs. Leaves with blackish long multicellular nodiferous hairs, margin with sparse and shallowly depressed mucronulate teeth or entire, apex acute to acuminate. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile or very shortly petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 4--7 X 1.5--3 cm, base rounded to auriculate and semiamplexicaul. Middle stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves but larger. Leaves under head usually linear to lanceolate. Heads 2--6, pendent to declinate, terminal, corymbose or cymoid. Involucre dark to dark green, campanulate, ca. 1.3 X 1.5--2 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate, 6--9 X ca. 3 mm, abaxially on midvein with long dark multicelluar nodiferous hairs, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, 6--13 X ca. 3 mm, abaxially on midvein with long dark multicelluar nodiferous hairs, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 13 X 1.5--2 mm, glabrous or hairy, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes pale yellow, subfusiform, somewhat compressed, ca. 7 X 1 mm, with to 10 unequal ribs. Pappus in 2 rows, pale white or ± yellow ca. 1 cm, margin serrulate. Fl. and fr. Sep--Oct.

 

                * Alpine meadows, pine forests; 3200--3500 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

3. Dubyaea hispida (D. Don) de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 247. 1838.

 

厚喙菊 hou hui ju

 

                Hieracium hispidum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 165. 1825.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 20--100 cm tall, with very short rhizomes. Stem erect, ribbed, with dark brown multicellular nodiferous long hairs, apically corymbose. Leaves with dark multicellular nodiferous hairs, base auriculate-subamplexicaul, margin with minute and depressed mucronulate teeth, apex acute to acuminate. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 6--11 X 3--5 cm. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves or lanceolate and smaller. Leaves under head usually linear. Heads 2--7, terminal, erect or declinate, corymbose or cymoid. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, with dark brown to blackish multicellular nodiferous hairs on midvein but hairs sparser towards center of flower; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 8 X 1 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 11 X 1.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, ca. 15 X 2 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes basally yellow below, apically dark above, subfusiform, compressed, ca. 7 mm, with 12--17 unequal ribs, apex truncate. Pappus pale yellow, in 2 rows, ca. 2 cm, subserrulate. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

 

                Forests, forest margins, meadow, thickets; 3200--4200 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, N Myanmar, Nepal].

 

4. Dubyaea jinyangensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 441. 1993.

 

金阳厚喙菊 jin yang hou hui ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 15 cm tall, with fusiform roots. Stem solitary, erect, with blackish long multicellular nodiferous hairs, apically paniculately corymbose and under head with subulate bracteal leaves. Leaves sessile, isomorphic, narrowly elliptic, 7--8 X ca. 2 cm, abaxially with reddish brown to brown long multicelluar nodiferous hairs on veins, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul, margin coarsely toothed to ± lobed, apex acuminate. Heads ca. 9, terminal, corymbose-paniculate, corymbose, or cymoid, with ca. 7 florets. Involucre cylindric, ca. 1.5 X 0.5 cm. Phyllaries in 3 rows, dark green, abaxially with blackish long multicellular nodiferous hairs on midvein; outer phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, 2--5 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm, with 8 unequal ribs. Pappus in 2 rows, ca. 7 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Sep.

 

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 3400 m. Sichuan (Jinyang Xian).

 

5. Dubyaea bhotanica (Hutchinson) C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 436. 1993.

 

不丹厚喙菊 bu dan hou hui ju

 

                Crepis bhotanica Hutchinson, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 189. 1916; Lactuca dubyaea C. B. Clarke.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 8--70 cm tall, with short rhizomes. Stem erect, rarely simple, with dark brown to blackish multicellular nodiferous hairs. Branches cymoid or corymbose. Leaves with dark green to blackish long multicellular nodiferous hairs. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile or with a winged petiole; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, irregularly lanceolate, oblanceolate, lanceolate-elliptic, or obliquely oblanceolate, 5.5--28 X 1.5--6 cm including petiole, lyrately pinnatilobed, lyrately runcinate pinnatilobed, cleft, or parted; lobe margin with sparse and shallowly depressed teeth to regularly toothed; lateral lobes 1--4-paired, triangular to elliptic, apex acute to rounded; terminal lobe elliptic, lanceolate, ovate-triangular, triangular, or sagittate irregularly rhombic, apex acute to acuminate. Middle stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves but petiole broadly winged and basally auriculate and semiamplexicaul. Upper stem leaves and leaves under head narrowly lanceolate to linear, usually not divided. Heads 2--14, terminal, pendent to declinate, corymbose or cymoid. Involucre dark green to blackish, broadly campanulate, ca. 1.6 X 1.5--2 cm. Phyllaries in 3 rows, with dark brown to blackish multicellular nodiferous hairs, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.5 mm; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic to broadly linear, 13--16 X 1.5--2 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes basally brown, apically yellow, club shaped, ca. 7.5 mm, with 12 unequal ribs. Pappus in 2 rows, ca. 1 cm, yellow, pale yellow, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Nov.

 

                Forests, forest margins, meadows, thickets; 2200--4300 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan].

 

6. Dubyaea emeiensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 191. 1995.

 

峨眉厚喙菊 e mei hou hui ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 13 cm tall, with stout rhizomes. Stem erect, purplish red below middle or pale green above middle, brown hispid, apex umbellate with branches of same length, apically under head ± thickened and brown hispid for same length as head. Leaves abaxially dark purple, thick, glabrous, margin toothed. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile or with a purple 1.5--2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade long oblanceolate-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or elliptic, 5--9 X 2--3 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, apex acute to acuminate. Upper stem leaves subopposite, sessile, lanceolate, 5--6 X 2--3 cm, base rounded to cuneate. Leaves under head small, broadly linear, apex acuminate. Heads ca. 7, terminal, umbellate, with ca. 24 florets. Involucre narrowly campanulate, ca. 8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially brown hispid on midvein; outer phyllaries triangular, ca. 4.5 X 1.2 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm, apex obtuse to rounded. Achenes brown, club shaped, subcompressed, with 14 unequal ribs. Pappus in 2 rows, pale yellow, ca. 7 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

                * Forests; ca. 2500 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).

 

7. Dubyaea tsarongensis (W. W. Smith) Stebbins, J. Bot. 75: 17. 1937.

 

察隅厚喙菊 cha yu hou hui ju

 

                Lactuca tsarongensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 12: 211. 1920; Crepis tsarongensis (W. W. Smith) J. Anthony; C. tsarongensis var. chimiliensis (W. W. Smith) J. Anthony; Dubyaea chimiliensis (W. W. Smith) Stebbins; D. tsarongensis (W. W. Smith) Stebbins subsp. chimiliensis (W. W. Smith) Stebbins; Lactuca tsarongensis W. W. Smith f. chimiliensis W. W. Smith.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 10--28 cm tall, rhizomatous. Stem slender to stout, 1--3 mm, in diam., usually unbranched or rarely 1-branched from base or basally, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, margin entire or sparsely mucronulate. Basal leaves numerous, rosulate; petiole 1--5 cm; leaf blade spatulate or rarely elliptic, 1.5--11 X 0.5--1.5 cm, base attenuate, apex rounded and apiculate. Stem leaves 1--3, sessile, subulate and very small but in stout plants oblanceolate to lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves, base sometimes auriculate and semiamplexicaul, apex acuminate. Head solitary, pendent to declinate, terminal on stem or 2 and apically cymose, corymbose, or cymoid, with ca. 6 florets. Involucre dark green to blackish, broadly campanulate, 1--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 6 X 3 mm, middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 8--14 X 2--3 mm. Achenes pale yellow, subfusiform, ca. 5 mm, with 11 unequal ribs, apex truncate. Pappus in 2 rows, pale yellow, ca. 8 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

 

                * Scree slopes, alpine meadows; 2500--4100 m. Yunnan.

 

8. Dubyaea muliensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 437. 1993.

 

木里厚喙菊 mu li hou hui ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 35--55 cm tall, with short rhizomes. Stem solitary, erect, short but sometimes to 4 cm, with brown or dark brown multicellular-nodiferous long hairs, apically cymoid. Leaves with dark brown multicellular nodiferous hairs sometimes only abaxially, margin with sparse triangular and depressed teeth and tooth apex mucronulate. Basal and lower stem leaves with winged petiole to 10 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate, lyrately pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 1--3-paired, elliptic to triangular, apex mucronulate; terminal lobe triangular to obliquely triangular, 6--7 X 2.5--4, base truncate to obliquely truncate, apex mucronulate. Middle and upper stem leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, small, not divided or upper stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, base auriculate to sagittate and semiamplexicaul, apex acuminate. Heads 3 or 4, terminal, pendent, densely cymose. Involucre dark green to blackish, campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially with dark multicellular nodiferous long hairs on midvein, apex acute; outer phyllaries triangular, ca. 5 X 1 mm; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic, 11--14 X 1.3--2 mm. Floret numerous, pink. Achenes immature. Pappus in 2 rows, pale yellow, ca. 1 cm, scabrous. Fl. Aug--Sep.

 

                * Margin of Picea forests; 3300--3700 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian).

 

9. Dubyaea atropurpurea (Franchet) Stebbins, J. Bot. 75: 51. 1937.

 

紫花厚喙菊 zi hua hou hui ju

 

                Lactuca atropurpurea Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 9: 294. 1895.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--100 cm tall, with thick rhizomes. Stem erect, base to 9 mm diam., ribbed, with dark brown to blackish multicellular nodiferous hairs, from middle or apically cymose or corymbose. Leaves with dark brown to blackish multicellular nodiferous hairs, sometimes glabrescent, apex mucronulate. Basal or lower stem leaves with winged petiole to 45 cm; leaf blade sagittate-cordate to ovate-cordate, 13--16 X 14--16 cm, apex obtuse, acute, or rounded. Sometimes basal or lower stem leaves lobed or parted; petiole to 21 cm, winged, base sheathlike, expanded, and amplexicaul or semiamplexicaul; leaf blade pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 1--3-paired, elliptic, triangular, or semiorbicular, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; terminal lobe ovate-cordate, sagittate, or triangular, 5--8 X 6--11 cm, base cordate to shallowly cordate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves but sessile or with winged petiole; leaf blade lanceolate to oblanceolate, not divided. Heads terminal, pendent to declinate, 3--7-corymbose or -cymose, with 60--70 florets. Involucre dark green to blackish, broadly campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, subequal; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 3.5 mm, abaxially with dark multicellular nodiferous hairs on midvein, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 12 X 6 mm, abaxially with dark multicellular nodiferous hairs on midvein; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 12 X 6 mm, abaxially glabrous. Florets purplish red. Achenes brown, club shaped, somewhat compressed, ca. 7.5 mm, with 6 unequal ribs. Pappus in 2 rows, dirty yellow, ca. 7 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

                * Margin of Picea forests, alpine meadows, thickets; 3000--4100 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

10. Dubyaea cymiformis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 439. 1993.

 

伞房厚喙菊 san fang hou hui ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 45 cm tall. Stem erect, basally and middle tinged with purplish red, base ca. 8 mm in diam., branched from basal portion. Branches ascending, striate, densely covered with dark brown to blackish multicellular nodiferous hairs. Leaves with dark brown multicellular nodiferous hairs. Basal and lower stem leaves with winged petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate to elliptic, ca. 18 X 4 cm, base attenuate, lyrately pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 4- or 5-paired, elliptic to obliquely ovate; terminal lobe broadly elliptic to oblanceolate. Middle stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves but sessile, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul. Leaves under head linear to lanceolate, margin entire or basally triangularly 1-toothed or lobes margins entire, sinuous, or with sparse triangular teeth, apex acute to rounded. Heads ca. 15, terminal, erect, corymbose, with numerous florets. Involucre dark green, broadly campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, apex acute to acuminate; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1 mm, with multicellular nodiferous brown long hairs and cilia on midvein and margin; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.5 mm, abaxially with brown multicellular nodiferous hairs; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.5 mm, abaxially glabrous. Florets red. Achenes immature. Pappus white, in 2 rows, ca. 1 cm, scabrous. Fl. Jul.

 

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 3200 m. Xizang (Yadong Xian).

 

11. Dubyaea panduriformis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 438. 1993.

 

琴叶厚喙菊 qin ye hou hui ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 20--33 cm tall. Stem simple or few fasciculate, erect, ca. 5 mm in diam., branched from middle, ribbed, with dark brown to blackish multicellular nodiferous long hairs. Basal and lower stem leaves with a short winged petiole; leaf blade ovate, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 7--16 X 3.5--4.5 cm, basally attenuate, panduriform, lyrately pinnatipartite, or not divided and margin with 1 large depressed tooth; lateral lobes 1-paired, long decurrent on petiole; terminal lobe flabelliform, sagittate-triangular, ovate, or ovate-cordate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile or with petiole to 2 cm; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, small, not divided, base attenuate, apex acute to acuminate. Heads terminal on stem, pendent, solitary or 2 or 3 and cymose, with numerous florets. Involucre dark green to blackish, broadly campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in ca. 3 rows, subequal; outer and middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 17 X 2 mm, with dark brown to blackish multicellular nodiferous long hairs, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 16 X 3 mm, abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate. Florets purple. Achenes fusiform, compressed, ca. 6 mm, with 9 unequal ribs, apex truncate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows, ca. 1 cm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 4100 m. Yunnan.

 

12. Dubyaea rubra Stebbins, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 19(3): 17. 1940.

 

长柄厚喙菊 chang bing hou hui ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 28--60 cm tall, with short rhizomes. Stem erect, basally and middle usually purplish red, thinly ribbed, with dark green to blackish multicellular nodiferous long hairs, base 2--3 cm in diam., apically cymose or rarely from basal portion. Leaves with dark green to blackish multicellular nodiferous long hairs, margin with depressed and shallow teeth or mucronulate. Basal and lower stem leaves with 4--18.5 cm petiole; leaf blade triangular-cordate, ovate, or narrowly ovate, 6.5--11 X 3--9 cm, base cordate, apex acute. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves, sessile or with a short winged petiole; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, small, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul. Heads terminal, pendent to declinate, 2--4-cymose, with numerous florets. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, apex acute; outer phyllaries triangular, ca. 6 X 1.2 mm, abaxially with dark green to blackish multicellular nodiferous long hairs on midvein; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, 12--15 X 1.5--2 mm, abaxially with dark brown to blackish multicellular nodiferous long hairs on midvein; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, 12--15 X 1.5--2 mm, abaxially glabrous. Florets red to pale purple. Achene pale brown to pale yellow, clavate, ca. 8 mm, with 8--10 unequal ribs, apex attenuate to truncate and beakless. Pappus in 2 rows, pale yellow, ca. 8 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

                * Forest margin; 3100--3600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

13. Dubyaea glaucescens Stebbins, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 19(3): 16. 1940.

 

光滑厚喙菊 guang hua hou hui ju

 

                Dubyaea grandis Handel-Mazzetti.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 40--60 cm tall. Stem erect, glabrous, apically branched. Leaves glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with winged 5--15 cm petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate to obovate, 20--24 X 6--8 cm, lyrately pinnate; lateral lobes 3--6-paired, broadly triangulate to elliptic; terminal lobe triangular, apex acute to acuminate. Middle stem leaves sessile or petiolate; petiole if present winged, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul; leaf blade similar to basal and lower stem leaves but not divided, base attenuate, margin with depressed and mucronulate teeth, apex long acuminate. Heads terminal, 2--4-cymose, with numerous florets. Involucre dark green, broadly campanulate, ca. 2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, 4--6 X 2--3 mm; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 1.8--2 X ca. 0.3 cm, margin and apex ciliate. Florets blue to purple. Achenes immature. Pappus in 2 rows, white, ca. 8 mm, scabrous. Fl. Jul.

 

                * Forest margin; 900--1300 m. Sichuan.

 

14. Dubyaea amoena (Handel-Mazzetti) Stebbins, J. Bot. 75: 17. 1937.

 

棕毛厚喙菊 zong mao hou hui ju

 

                Lactuca amoena Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 61: 23. 1924.

 

                Herb, perennial, ca. 7 cm tall. Rhizomes short, with 3--5 scapes of same length. Basal leaves rosular; petiole short, winged; leaf blade oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 4--10 X 1--3 cm including petiole, pinnatilobed, pinnatipartite, or lyrately pinnatilobed; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, elliptic to triangular, gradually smaller towards stem base, abaxially with dark brown multicellular nodiferous on veins, adaxially glabrous, margin entire, rarely mucronulate; terminal lobe ovate to triangular, apex rounded, acute, or shortly acuminate, mucronulate. Scapes ca. 7 cm tall, leafless or 1- or 2 scaly leaves, with dark brown long multicellular nodiferous hairs. Heads terminal on scapes, erect, solitary, with ca. 12 florets. Involucre dark brown, cuneate, ca. 2 cm diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially with deep brown multicellular nodiferous hairs on midvein; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, ca. 8 X 2 mm, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 2 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Florets bluish purple. Achenes brown to dark brown, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 4.5 mm, with 6 unequal ribs, apex truncate. Pappus in 2 rows, dark brown, ca. 1 cm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Sep--Oct.

 

                * Alpine meadows; 3500--3800 m. Yunnan.

 

15. Dubyaea gombalana (Handel-Mazzetti) Stebbins, J. Bot. 75: 17. 1937.

 

矮小厚喙菊 ai xiao hou hui ju

 

               Lactuca gombalana Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 23. 1924.

 

               Herbs, perennial, 8--10 cm tall. Rhizomes short, ascending or hemitropal, apex with 1--3 scapes. Leaves basal, rosular; petiole 1--4 cm, narrowly winged; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 2.5--5 X 0.5--0.7 cm, glabrous, basally narrowedly cuneate-attenuate, margin entire, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Scapes slender, glabrous, leafless or sometimes with 1 lanceolate scale leaf, base less than 1 mm in diam. Heads terminal, declinate, solitary, with ca. 14 florets. Involucre brown but sometimes tinged with red, cylindric, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 6.5 X 3 mm; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 1.6 X 0.4 cm. Florets blue. Achenes immature. Pappus in 2 rows, brownish red, ca. 1.5 cm, serrulate. Fl. Jul.

 

                * Ravines on mountain slopes; ca. 3200 m. Xizang, Yunnan.

 

16. Dubyaea stebbinsii Ludlow, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 2: 74. 1956.

 

朗县厚喙菊 lang xian hou hui ju

 

                Stem to 100 cm tall, glabrous or apically hairy. Basal leaves unknown. Stem leaves petiolate, glabrous. Lower stem leaves pinnatipartite, lobes 3--5; lateral lobes elliptic to obovate, 1--3 X 0.5--2 cm; terminal lobe triangular, base truncate or cordate, margin with sinuous and mucronulate teeth, apex caudate-acuminate. Upper stem leaves with 1--7 cm petiole; leaf blade large, not divided. Heads nodding, 2.5--4 X 4--6 cm, with numerous florets. Involucre broadly campanulate. Phyllaries dark, imbricate, margin ciliate, ??other glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate to narrowly ovate, 8--10 X 3--4 mm; inner phyllaries oblong, 13--15 X 3--5 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Florets bluish purple. Achenes immature, narrowly ellipsoid, glabrous, with 8 ribs, apex truncate. Pappus in 1 row, scabrous, 8--10 mm.

 

                SE Xizang (Nangxian Xian) [Bhutan].

 

                We have not seen specimens of this species and the above description is taken from original publication.

 

204. HIERACIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 799. 1753.

 

山柳菊属 shan liu ju shu

 

                Hololeion Kitamura.

 

                Herbs, perennial. Stem solitary to few fascicled, branched or unbranched. Leaves petiolate or sessile, margin entire to deeply toothed, rarely lobed, basally usually rosulate. Heads terminal, corymbose, or pseudocymose, sometimes solitary, homogamous, with numerous florets. Involucre flat, without scales, pitted, margin of pits shortly toothed to fimbriate. Florets yellow, rarely pale reddish or white. Corolla ligule apically 5-toothed. Anthers base with sagittate appendages. Style arms long, terete. Achenes terete, ellipsoid, or narrowly obconic, with 8--14 equal ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus in 1 or 2 rows, dirty white, dirty yellow, pale yellow, white, or brown.

 

                About 1000 species with apomictic populations making up about 50% of total; Africa, America, Asia, Europe; ten species (two endemic) in China.

 

1a. Achenes 1.5--2.7 mm.

2a. Stem with spreading bristles .........................................................................................................................  8. H. procerum

2b. Stem with appressed bristles.

3a. Leaf blade with minutely stellate hairs ........................................................................................................  9. H. asiaticum

3b. Leaf blade only abaxially with minutely stellate hairs ..............................................................................  10. H. echinoid

1b. Achenes ca. 3 mm or more.

4a. Plants glabrous ...............................................................................................................................................  7. H. hololeion

4b. Plants pubescent at least on inflorescence branches or phyllaries.

5a. Basal and lower stem leaves absent at anthesis.

6a. Middle stem leaves lanceolate to narrowly linear, 0.5--2 cm wide, base cuneate .............................  1. H. umbellatum

6b. Middle stem leaves mainly ovate, 1.5--5 cm wide, base cordateand amplexicaul ....................................  2. H. virosum

5b. Basal leaves withered at anthesis or present in fruit.

7a. Basal leaves withered at anthesis; phyllaries abaxially with capitate stipitate glandular hairs ......  6. H. regelianum

7b. Basal leaves present in fruit; phyllaries abaxially without or with capitate stipitate glandular hairs.

8a. Phyllaries abaxially with capitate stipitate glandular hairs ..............................................................................  5. H. morii

8b. Phyllaries abaxially without capitate stipitate glandular hairs.

9a. Stem glabrous; phyllaries abaxially without minutely stellate hairs .........................................................  3. H. corenum

9b. Stem densely villous or apically with arachnoid and minutely stellate hairs; phyllaries abaxially with minute hairs  4. H. korshinskyi

 

1. Hieracium umbellatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 804. 1753.

 

山柳菊 shan liu ju

 

                Hieracium sinense Vaniot; H. umbellatum (Linnaeus) Zahn var. commune Fries; H. umbellatum var. coronopifolium Bernhardi ex Komarov; H. umbellatum var. mongolicum Fries; H. umbellatum var. scabrum Komarov.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--100 cm tall. Stem basally pale purple, solitary to few fascicled, glabrous, scabrous, or with very sparsely and minutely echinulate and white minutely stellate hairs, rarely with long simple hairs, base 2--5 mm in diam., apically corymbose to corymbosely paniculate, apically under head with minute stellate and rigidulous short simple hairs. Basal and lower stem leaves absent at anthesis. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, 3--10 X 0.4--2 cm, glabrous or adaxially with sparse arachnoid hairs and abaxially hispidulous on veins, base narrowly cuneate, margin entire, subentire, or with sparse and sharp teeth, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Upper stem leaves similar to middle stem leaves, gradually smaller towards stem apex. Heads few to numerous, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, rarely solitary. Involucre dark green, campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, gradually longer towards center, abaxially glabrous, sometimes base with minute stellate hairs, rarely abaxially with capitate stipitate glandular hairs on midvein, apex acute; outermost and outer phyllaries lanceolate, 3.5--4.5 X 0.8--1.2 mm; innermost phyllaries long linear-elliptic, 8--18 X ca. 1 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes dark purple, ca. 3 mm, terete, glabrous, with 10 ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus ca. 6 mm, pale yellow, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                Forest margins, forests, dense grassy areas, sandy soils on floodplains, cutting flash??; various elevations. Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Xinjiang, Yunnan [India, Japan, Kazakstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Uzbekistan; SW Asia, Europe].

 

2. Hieracium virosum Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 1: 501. 1771.

 

粗毛山柳菊 cu mao shan liu ju

 

                Hieracium prostratum ??Ledebour; H. salaudum Pallas.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 40--80 cm tall, with thick rhizomes. Stem erect, basally purple, solitary to few fascicled, stout, base 4--6 mm in diam., basally hirsute and apically glabrous, apex corymbose or paniculate. Basal and lower stem leaves absent at anthesis. Middle stem leaves sessile, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic 5--8 X 1.5--5 cm, abaxially or only veins hirsute, base cordate and amplexicaul, margin entire or with sparse and sharp teeth, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Upper stem leaves similar to middle stem leaves but smaller. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose to long paniculate. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.1 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, green or dark, abaxially glabrous, apex obtuse to acute; outer phyllaries lanceolate, linear, or broadly linear, ca. 3 X 1 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate, 4.5--8 X ca. 1.5 mm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 11 X 1 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes dark purple, terete, ca. 3 mm, with 10 ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus yellow, ca. 6 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

                Grasslands, forests, thickets; 1700--2100 m. Xinjiang, [India, Japan, Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan; SW Asia, Europe].

 

3. Hieracium coreanum Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 9. 1915.

 

宽叶山柳菊 kuan ye shan liu ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 25--55 cm tall, with short rhizomes. Stem solitary, erect, base 2--3 mm in diam., with sparse arachnoid hairs, sometimes apically mixed with very short black rigid hairs especially near heads, middle and apical portions corymbose, rarely unbranched. Leaves densely covered with long simple hairs or adaxially glabrous, margin with sharp and pectinate teeth, rarely lyrately pinnatipartite in lower stem leaves. Basal leaves present at anthesis; petiole 1.5--11.5 cm, winged; leaf blade spatulate to elliptic, 4--8 X 2--3.5 cm, base cuneate attenuate, margin ± sharply toothed, apex obtuse, rounded, or acute. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole 3.5--6 cm, winged, base subamplexicaul or not; leaf blade elliptic, 7--13 X 2--2.5 cm, apex obtuse to acute. Middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic, 7--11.5 X 2--4 cm, base cordate and semiamplexicaul, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Upper or uppermost stem leaves small. Heads 2 or 3, rarely solitary, terminal on stem, corymbose. Involucre dark green to blackish, campanulate. Phyllaries in 4 rows, glabrous or abaxially with dark long simple hairs on midvein, apex acute; outer and middle phyllaries narrowly triangular, 3.5--6 X 1--2 mm; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 11--15 X ca. 1.4 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes terete, ca. 5 mm, with 14 ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus white ca. 6 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                * Forests, forest margins, meadows, steppes; 1600--2200 m. Jilin, Liaoning.

 

4. Hieracium korshinskyi Zahn, Pflanzenr. 76(IV. 280): 528. 1921.

 

新疆山柳菊 xin jiang shan liu ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--60 cm tall, with long rhizomes. Stem purplish red, erect, basally densely villous, apically with arachnoid and minutely stellate hairs, apex corymbose or rarely unbranched, apically under head with long simple hairs mixed with capitate-stipitate glandular hairs and minutely stellate hairs. Basal leaves present at anthesis; petiole winged; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, 6--16 X 1--6 cm, sparsely villous, base cuneate-attenuate, margin with sparse and sharp teeth, entire, or subentire, apex acute to obtuse. Stem leaves few, similar to basal leaves. Lower stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade base cuneate-attenuate, subamplexicaul to amplexicaul. Heads several or 2, rarely 1, terminal on stem, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, dark green, abaxially with sparsely simple hairs and few minutely stellate hairs; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, ca. 3.5 X 0.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 9 X 1.2 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes purple or purplish black, terete, ca. 3.2 mm, with 10 ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus dirty white, pale yellow, or brown, ca. 6 mm, scabrous. Fr. and Fl. Jul--Sep.

 

                Forests, open places in forests; 1600--2200 m. Xinjiang, [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].

 

5. Hieracium morii Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8: 80. 1919.

 

腺毛山柳菊 xian mao shan liu ju

 

                Hieracium morii var. tsugitakaensis Mori; H. pinanense Kitamura.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 10--35 cm tall. Stem erect, simple or branched, basally densely pilose. Basal leaves spatulate, 5--13 X 1--2 cm, pilose and glandular, base narrowly attenuate into winged petiole, margin mucronulately serrate, apex obtuse and mucronulate. Stem leaves gradually smaller towards stem apex. Heads 1--16, terminal on branches, racemose or solitary. Involucre obconic-campanulate, 1.2--1.5 X 0.6--0.9 cm. Phyllaries in 2 or 3 rows; outer phyllaries abaxially densely covered with dark hispid glandular-capitate hairs; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 8 mm, abaxially glabrous. Achenes cylindric, ca. 2.5 X 0.8 mm, with conspicuous ribs. Pappus brown ca. 3.5--5 mm, scabrous.

 

                * Alpine meadows. Taiwan.

 

                We have not seen the type nor any reliable material of this species, and the above description is taken from the original publication and from the treatment in Flora of Taiwan, ed. 2. 4: 990. 1998.

 

6. Hieracium regelianum Zahn, Pflanzenr. 79(IV. 280): 936. 1922.

 

卵叶山柳菊 luan ye shan liu ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--100 cm tall, with short and thick rhizomes. Stem erect, solitary to few fascicled, base ca. 4 mm in diam., basally brown long hirsute and apically under head glabrous or with capitate-stipitate glandular mixed with stellate hairs or sometimes mixed with simple hairs, glabrescent and corymbose-paniculate. Basal and lower stem leaves withered in fruit. Middle stem leaves sessile, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 4--9 X 1--3 cm, abaxially sparsely hirsute on veins, adaxially glabrous, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul, margin entire or minutely toothed and sparsely ciliate, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves similar to middle stem leaves but gradually smaller towards apex. Heads medium in number, terminal, sparsely corymbose-paniculate. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm. Phyllaries in 3 rows, dark green to ± dark, gradually longer towards center, abaxially usually with simple hairs on midvein intermixed with capitate stipitate glandular and stellate hairs; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 2 X 0.7 mm, apex acute to obtuse; middle phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 4 X 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries broadly linear, ca. 1.1 cm X 1.2 mm, apex obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes dark brown, terete, ca. 4 mm, with 8--10 ribs, basally attenuate, apex truncate. Pappus dirty white, ca. 6 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                Open places in forests; 1700--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

7. Hieracium hololeion Maximowicz, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 182. 1859.

 

全光菊 quan guang ju

 

                Hieracium sparsum Frivaldszky subsp. hololeion Maximowicz; Hololeion maximowiczii Kitamura.

 

                Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous. Stem erect, 60--100 cm tall, glabrous, apically corymbose to corymbose paniculate. Leaves glabrous, margin entire. Basal leaves present or absent at anthesis; petiole winged, base ± expanded; leaf blade linear, linear-elliptic, or broadly linear, 22--32 X 1.5--2.5 cm including petiole, base cuneate into petiole, apex acute to acuminate. Lower and middle stem leaves similar to basal leaves. Leaves in axils of inflorescence very small, linear-subulate. Heads 12--25, terminal, lax or corymbose-paniculate. Involucre cylindric, 1--1.3 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2.8--4 X 1.5--1.8 mm, apex obtuse; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 6--13 X ca. 2 mm, apex obtuse. Florets pale yellow. Achenes brown, ca. 6.3 mm, terete, with 15 ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus dirty yellow, ca. 7 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                Meadows, marshy meadows, damp places near small streams; 700--2200 m. Jilin, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Russia].

 

8. Hieracium procerum Fries, Symb. Hieracium 43: 1848.

 

棕毛山柳菊 zong mao shan liu ju

 

                Hieracium persicum Boissier.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall, rhizomatous. Stem solitary to few fascicled, erect, basally densely covered with reddish brown spreading bristles, apically bristles gradually sparser and intermixed with stellate hair and under head white or yellow pubescent, without capitate stipitate glandular hairs, apex corymbose. ; Leaves with brown dense bristles and small stellate hairs. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 3--10 X 0.2--1.2 cm, apex acuminate. Upper stem leaves lanceolate. Heads many, terminal, corymbose. Involucre hemispheric, 7--10 mm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, densely covered with stellate hairs, and sparsely with long rigid and capitate stipitate glandular hairs; outer phyllaries lanceolate, 3--4 mm, apex acute or subobtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 7--9 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes dark brown, terete, ca. 2.2 mm, with 10 ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus dirty white, ca. 7 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                Dry mountain slopes; 1200--2500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia].

 

9. Hieracium asiaticum Nägeli & Petersen, Hier. Mitt.-Eur. 1: 486. 1885.

 

中亚山柳菊 zhong ya shan liu ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--60 cm tall, with short and thick rhizomes. Stem erect, with shiny appressed or pointed upwards long bristles and ± stellate hairs, base ca. 1.5 mm in diam., apically corymbose, apically under head densely pubescent mixed with stellate hairs. Basal leaves absent at anthesis. Stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade linear to elliptic-linear, 2--8 X 0.3--1.5 cm, hirsute in both surfaces and margin but adaxially only sparsely so, abaxially with stellate hairs, base attenuate, margin entire or minutely toothed, apex acute. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller towards stem apex. Heads in lax corymbs. Involucre ovoid, 6--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially hirsute and stellate on midvein; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate 2.5--3.5 mm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 8 mm, apex acuminate. Florets yellow. Achenes dark, narrowly terete, 1.5--2 mm, with 10 ribs, base attenuate, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus dirty white, subequaling achene length, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                Dry mountain slopes; ca. 1400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

10. Hieracium echioids Lumnitzer, Fl. Poson. 1: 348. 1791.

 

刚毛山柳菊 gang mao shan liu ju

 

                Herbs, perennial, 25--100 cm tall, with short rhizomes. Stem solitary to few fascicled, erect, apically corymbose, basally densely covered with appressed or pointed upwards brown long bristles, apically bristles sparser and stellate hairs dense, under head densely white pubescent. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 4--16 X 0.5--2 cm, densely hirsute and stellate, base attenuate, apex acute to obtuse. Upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, gradually smaller towards stem apex, densely hirsute and stellate. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose. Involucre ovoid to hemispheric. Phyllaries in 3 rows, brownish gray, abaxially densely pubescent and with or without sparse capitate-stipitate glandular hairs; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, 3--5 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, apex acuminate. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, narrowly cylindric, ca. 2.2 mm, with 10 ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus dirty white, 4--5 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                Desert steppes, dry valleys; ca. 2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan; Europe].

 

205. CREPIS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 805. 1753.

 

还阳参属 huan yang shen shu

 

                Aracium Necker; Barkhausia Moench; Berinia Brignoli; Hieracioides Ruprecht; Lepicaune Lepeyrouse; Soyeria Monnard.

 

                Herbs, perennial, biennial, or annual, rhizomatous or with a taproot. Stem leafy or leafless. Leaves pinnate or not divided, margin entire or toothed. Heads terminal on stem, corymbose, paniculate, or racemose, rarely solitary, medium to large in size, homogamous. Involucre campanulate to cylindric. Phyllaries in 2--4 rows, glabrous or with various indumentum. Receptacle flat, foveolate, margin of pits short ciliate to fibrillate or glabrous. Florets yellow, hermaphrodite, fertile. Corolla ligule apically 5-toothed; tube pubescent or glabrous. Anthers base with sagittate appendages. Style arms slender. Achenes cylindric, fusiform, with 10--20 equal spinulescent, echinulate, or glabrous ribs, narrowed in both ends and constricted near apex, apex beakless or rarely with a slender beak. Pappus in 1 row, white, soft or rigidulous, scabrous, persistent or caducous.

 

                About 200 species: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America; 22 species (11 endemic) in China.

 

1a. Plants with erect or procumbent rhizomes.

2a. Leaf blade lyrately pinnatilobed, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; stem naked or almost so.

3a. Involucre cylindric; phyllaries abaxially with capitate stipitate glandular hairs and on midvein with striga .....  8. C. multicaulis

3b. Involucre campanulate; phyllaries abaxially on midvein with multicellular nodiferous hairs .............  9. C. elongata

2b. Leaf blade not divided; stem leafy.

4a. Heads large; involucre ca. 1.5 cm.

5a. Stem densely to sparsely dark or brown hirsute; leaf blade margin irregularly and coarsely toothed .  1. C. sibirica

5b. Stem mostly with arachnoid hairs only apically and near heads dark green to blackish long hairy; leaf blade margin subentire .....................................................................................................................................................  2. C. chrysantha

4b. Heads small; involucre ca. 1 cm or less.

6a. Florets purplish red ..............................................................................................................................................  7. C. lactea

6b. Florets yellow.

7a. Leaf blade villous ........................................................................................................................................ 3. C. shawanensis

7b. Leaf blade glabrous.

8a. Phyllaries with capitate stipitate glandular hairs on midvein ...............................................................  4. C. integrifolia

8b. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous.

9a. Leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-oblanceolate, or spatulate, margin toothed, base attenuate .......................  5. C. karelinii

9b. Leaf blade ovate to orbicular, margin entire, base abruptly narrowed ...........................................................  6. C. nana

1b. Plants without rhizomes but with tap root.

10a. Phyllaries appressed strigose adaxially.

11a. Heads numerous, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate; involucre narrowly campanulate, 7--8.5 mm; leaves not divided or entire leaf at least; stem leaf base acute or orbicularand amplexicaul .............................................  12. C. tectorum

11b. Head solitary at apex of stem or 3 or 4, inconspicuously corymbose; involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 cm; leaves pinnate or at least with pinnate leaves; stem leaf base not amplexicaul.

12a. Involucre 1--1.5 cm; phyllaries with capitate stipitate glandular hairsand arachnoid hairs on midvein abaxially  10. C. crocea

12b. Involucre ca. 1 cm; phyllaries densely hispid and arachnoid hairs on midvein abaxially ..................  11. C. oreades

10b. Phyllaries adaxially glabrous.

13a. Heads racemose or narrowly racemose-paniculate .................................................................................  13. C. napifera

13b. Heads corymbose.

14a. Leaf blade pinnate.

15a. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose; involucre narrowly cylindric, 6--9 mm; phyllaries abaxially glabrous  22. C. flexuosa

15b. Heads 2, inconspicuously corymbose; involucre campanulate, ca. 1.2 cm; phyllaries abaxially on midvein with thinly arachnoid and multicellular nodiferous hairs .....................................................................................  23. C. tianshanica

14b. Leaf blade not divided.

16a. Basal leaves or lower stem leaves linear-subulate, triangular, or bractlike.

17a. Middle stem leaves lanceolate, elliptic to narrowly eliptic-lanceolate ..................................................  14. C. phoenix

17b. Middle stem leaves linear to narrowly linear.

18a. Leaf blade soft in texture ...........................................................................................................................  15. C. bodinieri

18b. Leaf blade rigid in texture.

19a. Plants branched above middle or apically ............................................................................................  16. C. nigrescens

19b. Plants branched from base or below middle ................................................................................................  17. C. lignea

16b. Basal leaves or lower stem leaves not linear-subulate, triangular, or bractlike.

20a. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous.

21a. Involucre campanulate; achenes echinulate on ribs .............................................................................  18. C. pratensis

21b. Involucre cylindric; achenes glabrous on ribs .......................................................................  19. C. pseudonaniformis

20b. Phyllaries with dark capitate stipitate glandular hairs.

22a. Involucre 1--1.3 cm; leaves with glandular hairs on both sides ......................................................  20. C. subscaposa

22b. Involucre 0.8--1.2 cm; leaves abaxially with rigid capitate and stipitate glandular hairs, adaxially glabrous .  21. C. darvazica

 

1. Crepis sibirica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 807. 1753.

 

西伯利亚还阳参 xi bo li ya huan yang shen

 

                Aracium sibiricum (Linnaeus) SchultzBipontinus; Crepis ruprechtii Boissier; Haplostephium sibiricum (Linnaeus) D. Don; Hieraciodes ruprechtii (Boissier) Kuntze; Hieracium sibiricum (Linnaeus) Lamarck; Lepicaune sibirica (Linnaeus) C. Koch; Sonchus caucasicus Beihl; S. flexuosus Ledebour; Soyeria sibirica (Linnaeus) Monnard.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 50--150 cm tall, with stout, procumbent, or ascending rhizomes. Stem solitary, stout, base ca. 7 mm in diam., apically corymbose. Branches apically dark brown or white hirsute mixed with arachnoid hairs, stout under head. Leaves abaxially scabrous and white hispid and hirsute on veins, adaxially glabrous, margin hispid, apex acute to acuminate. Basal leaves and lower stem leaves with 6--15 cm or more winged petiole; leaf blade narrowly oblong-elliptic, oblong-ovate, ovate, or elliptic, 16--20 X 5.5--10 cm, base abruptly narrowed to rarely attenuate, margin sparsely toothed or pinnately lobed. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole short, broadly winged, base semiamplexicaul; leaf blade ovate, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, base attenuate. Upper stem leaves sessile, ovate, cordate, or lanceolate, small, base semiamplexicaul. Uppermost stem leaves and leaves under head smallest, elliptic to linear-lanceolate, base amplexicaul, margin entire. Heads few, rarely 2, terminal, large, laxly corymbose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm, dark green in fruit. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially densely hirsute, especially on midvein; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 5--6 X ca. 2 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 15 X 3 mm, apically subacute . Florets yellow. Achenes dark brown to reddish brown, fusiform, subcurved, ca. 9.5 mm, with 20 ribs, apically attenuate and beakless. Pappus white or pale yellowish white, ca. 8 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. May,--Sep.

 

                Mountain slopes, forest margins, forests, thickets, grassland in forests; 1000--2700 m. Nei Mongol [Kazakstan, Russia; Europe].

 

2. Crepis chrysantha (Ledebour) Turczninow Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 11(1): 96. 1838.

 

金黄还阳参 jin huang huan yang shen

 

                Hieracium chrysanthum Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 4: 129. 1833; Berinia chrysantha (Ledebour) SchultzBipontinus; Hieraciodes chrysanthum (Ledebour) Kuntze; Hieracium frigidum Steven ex de Candolle; Soyeria chrysantha (Ledebour) D. Dietrich.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 10--25 cm tall. Stem solitary or fascicled, unbranched or 1-branched, green or basally tinged with purple, with sparsely arachnoid hairs, apically and under heads with dense dark green to blackish long hairs. Leaves glabrous or adaxially with sparse arachnoid hairs. Basal leaves many; petiole 1--2 cm, winged; leaf blade oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, or spatulate, 2--5 X 0.4--1.5 cm, base attenuate, margin subserrate to subentire, apex obtuse. Stem leaves 2 or 3(or 4), similar to basal leaves but smaller, linear to linear-oblong, base attenuate and not amplexicaul, margin entire, apex obtuse to acute. Head solitary or 2, terminal on stem. Involucre dark green, campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm. Phyllaries in 2 rows, abaxially with dark green long hairs, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, ca. 6 X 1.5 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 15 X 1 mm. Florets gold yellow. Achenes reddish brown to dark purple, fusiform, straight or subcurved, ca. 7 mm, with 12 ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus persistent, white, 5--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                Gravelly areas on floodplains; stony slopes; 500--1500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

3. Crepis shawanensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 187. 1995.

 

沙湾还阳参 sha wan huan yang shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous. Stem erect, unbranched, 30--50 cm tall, basally tinged with purple and densely covered with long hairs, apically sparsely covered with short hairs and with arachnoid hairs under head. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves with winged petiole; leaf blade elliptic, 5--9 X ca. 2 cm including petiole, base narrowly cuneate into petiole, apex acute. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, base cuneate, apex acute. Upper stem leaves small, lanceolate, lanceolate-subulate, or subulate, villous, margin mucronulate. Head solitary, terminal on stem, usually with 1 or 2 rudimentary heads in axils of leaves of upper stem leaves. Involucre campanulate, ca. 8 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 3 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 8 X 1 mm, abaxially blackish villous on midvein, adaxially glabrous, margin membranous, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes immature. Pappus white. Fl. Jul.

 

                * Sandy slopes; 1700--1800 m. Xinjiang (Shawan Xian).

 

4. Crepis integrifolia C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 191. 1995.

 

全叶还阳参 quan ye huan yang shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, with procumbent rhizomes. Stem solitary, erect, ca. 25 cm tall, basally and middle glabrous, apically and under head with capitate stipitate glandular hairs, apically corymbose. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves long petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate, small, margin entire or subentire. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to oblanceolate, 3.5--5 X 1--2 cm, base auriculate and semiamplexicaul, margin entire, apex rounded and mucronulate. Upper stem leaves small, lanceolate. Leaves in axils of inflorescence smallest, subulate. Heads 3 or 4, terminal, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, blackish, abaxially with capitate stipitate glandular hairs on midvein; outermost phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 3 X 0.8 mm; inner and innermost phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm X 1 mm, adaxially glabrous. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 5 mm, with 15 ribs, apex truncate. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

                * Grasslands; 1300--1400 m. Xinjiang (Altay Shan).

 

5. Crepis karelinii M. Popov & Schischkin ex Czerepanov, Fl. URSS 29: 757. 1964.

 

乌恰还阳参 wu qia huan yang shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, 4--10 cm tall, rhizomatous. Stem erect, branched from middle or apically, slender, glabrous. Leaves glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole slender, equal or short than leaf blade to rarely longer; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-oblanceolate, or spatulate, 2--4 X 0.6--1.5 cm, base gradually narrow into petiole, margin toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Middle stem leaves sessile to subsessile; leaf blade oblanceolate, margin toothed, apex acute. Upper stem leaves smaller, linear to subulate. Heads few, terminal, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, 8--10 mm. Phyllaries in 2 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate to elliptic, ca. 1.4 X 0.8 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic to long oblanceolate, 8--10 X ca. 2 mm, adaxially glabrous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes pale yellow, fusiform, ca. 7 mm, with 10 ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 8 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

                Gravelly areas, floodplains; 2600--3500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

6. Crepis nana Richarson, Bot. App. 746. 1823.

 

矮小还阳参 ai xiao huan yang shen

 

                Barkhausia nana (Richardson) de Candolle; Crepis humilis Fischer ex Herder; Hiraciodes nanum (Richardson) Kuntze; Prenanthes polymorpha Ledebour ß. flaccida Ledebour; P. polymorpha α. pygmaea (Ledebour) Ledebour; P. polymorpha β. lyrata Ledebour; P. polymorpha var. pygmaea (Ledebour) Ledebour subvar. integrifolia Ledebour; P. pygmaea Ledebour; Youngia pygmaea (Ledebour) Ledebour α. nana (Richardson) Ledebour; Y. pygmaea ß. flaccida (Ledebour) Ledebour; Y. pygmaea δ. lyrata (Ledebour) Ledebour.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 2--4 cm tall. Roots vertical. Stems, branches, and leaves glabrous. Stem erect, branched from base, apically slender and curved under head. Basal and lower and middle stem leaves with 4--14 mm petiole; leaf blade ovate to orbicular, 1--2.6 X 0.4--1 cm, base cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded to acute. Upper stem leaves isomorphic. Heads few, terminal, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 9.5 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2--3 X ca. 1 mm, unequal in length, adaxially glabrous, margin white membranous, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes pale yellow, fusiform, ca. 5 mm, with 10 strigose ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 4.2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                Gravelly areas on floodplains, stony areas base of slopes; 4600--4700 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan; North America].

 

7. Crepis lactea Lipschitz, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 42: 159. 1937.

 

红花还阳参 hong hua huan yang shen

 

                Crepis minuta Kitamura; Youngia pygmaea (Ledebour) Ledebour var. purpurea C. Winkler ex O. Fedtschenko.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 3--4 cm tall. Roots vertical, slender. Stem erect or sometimes procumbent, branched from base or middle, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with 1--1.5 cm petiole; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic-ovate, 7--10 X ca. 6 mm, base cuneate, margin with few appressed teeth or entire, apex acute. Upper stem leaves sometimes tinged with purple, narrowly elliptic, glabrous, margin entire. Heads several, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, ca. 8.5 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate-elliptic, 1.8--2.5 X ca. 1 mm, unequal in length, apex obtuse to acute; inner and innermost phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 8.5 X 1.2 mm, adaxially glabrous, apex acute. Florets purplish red. Achenes fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 10 ribs, glabrous, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                Gravelly areas on floodplains; ca. 4000 m. Xizang [Russia].

 

8. Crepis multicaulis Ledebour, Icon. Pl. 1: 9. 1829.

 

多茎还阳参 duo jing huan yang shen

 

                Aracium multicaule (Ledebour) D. Dietrich; Crepis multicaulis Ledebour subsp. congesta (Regel & Herder) Babcock; C. multicaulis var. congesta Regel & Herder; C. multicaulis var. genuina Regel; C. multicaulis var. laxa Regel & Herder; C. multicaulis subsp. subintegrifolia Tolmatchev & Rebrikova.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 8--60 cm tall. Stems few to numerous, erect or curved, fascicled or rarely solitary, paniculate to corymbosely paniculate, glabrous or basally with sparse arachnoid hairs. Leaves with white pubescence. Basal leaves numerous, petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ovate-oblanceolate, elliptic, or spatulate, 3.5--11 X 0.7--2 cm including petiole, margin coarsely toothed to lyrately pinnatipartite or entire, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; lateral lobes 2--5-paired, triangular, narrowly triangular, or elliptic, gradually smaller towards leaf base, apex obtuse to acute; terminal lobe with margin coarsely toothed. Stem leaves absent to 2, linear, margin entire. Inflorescence branches with capitate stipitate glandular hairs, white lanate under heads. Heads (2--)6--15, terminal, corymbose to paniculately corymbose. Involucre cylindric, 7--9 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 1--1.2 X ca. 1 mm, unequal in length, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 7--9 X ca. 1.5 mm, abaxially covered with capitate stipitate glandular hairs mixed with arachnoid hairs on midvein, adaxially glabrous, margin white membranous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes reddish brown, fusiform, straight or subcurved, ca. 4 mm, with 10--12 dorsally echinulate ribs, both ends attenuate, apically beakless. Pappus white ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

                Forests, forest margins, open places in forests, grasslands, gravelly areas by streams and water, floodplains; 1600--3600 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan].

 

9. Crepis elongata Babcock, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 14: 326. 1928.

 

藏滇还阳参 zang dian huan yang shen

 

                Crepis tibetica Babcock.

 

                Herbs, perennial. Stem solitary to few, erect, ca. 40 cm tall, fascicled, unbranched or few branched, base with sparse arachnoid hairs. Branches with multicellular nodiferous hairs, apically under head with multicellular nodiferous and capitate stipitate glandular hairs, mixed with arachnoid hairs. Leaves sparsely white pubescent. Basal leaves many; petiole winged; leaf blade oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, 3--16 X 0.8--2 cm including petiole, base cuneate-attenuate to abruptly narrowed, margin pinnatipartite to pinnatifid, with appressed or acute teeth, entire, or subentire, apex obtuse to rounded; lateral lobes 3--6-paired, triangular, gradually smaller towards stem base, basal segment toothed. Stem leaves absent to 2, similar to basal leaves or linear, not divided. Heads (1 or 2)3--12, terminal, irregular, corymbose, or paniculate-corymbose. Involucre dark green, campanulate, 7--9 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially sparsely covered with arachnoid hairs and densely multicellular nodiferous hairs on midvein; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 2 X 1 mm, apex acuminate to acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 7--9 X ca. 1.2 mm, apex acuminate. Achenes dark brown, fusiform, ca. 5 mm, with 10 ribs, glabrous on ribs, apically beakless. Pappus white, ca. 4.2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                * Mountain slopes, thickets, forests, forest margins, meadows; 2600--4200 m. Xizang, Yunnan.

 

10. Crepis crocea (Lamarck) Babcock, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 19: 400. 1941.

 

北方还阳参 bei fang huan yang shen

 

                Heracium croceum Lamarck, Encycl. 2: 360. 1786; Berinia crocea (Lamarck) SchultzBipontinus; Crepis aurea var. crocea Froelich ex de Candolle; C. gmelinii Schultes var. grandifolia Tausch, C. pallasii (Pallas) Turczaninow; C. turczaninowii C. A. Meyer; Hieraciodes croceum (Lamarck) Kuntze.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 8--30 cm tall. Stem solitary or 2--4-fascicled, base with residue of brownish black petioles, unbranched to 3-branched, leafless or leafy, with a thin layer of arachnoid hairs, under heads hairs denser or whole stem glabrous or branches with capitate stipitate glandular hairs or echinate hairs, apically under head slender to very slender. Leaves with ± arachnoid hairs or glabrous and with yellowish green bristles. Basal leaves numerous, petiole winged; leaf blade oblanceolate to oblanceolate-elliptic, 2.5--10 X 1--2.5 cm including petiole, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lateral lobes many pairs, equal or subequal, triangular, broadly triangular, or narrowly linear-lanceolate, margin entire or 1-toothed on one side; terminal lobe triangular, narrowly triangular, or triangular-lanceolate, apex acute. Stem leaves absent to 3, similar to basal leaves or sessile, margin entire. Heads 1--4, erect. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, green in fruit, abaxially with arachnoid hairs and yellowish green bristles and multicellular nodiferous capitate and stipitate glandular hairs on midvein; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 X 1 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 10--15 X ca. 3 mm, adaxially glabrous, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes blackish to dark purple, fusiform, straight or subcurved, 5--6 mm, with 10--12 ribs, with minute bristles on ribs, apically beakless. Pappus white, ca. 8 mm. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

                Mountain slopes, loess hills, wastelands; 800--2900 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia, Russia].

 

11. Crepis oreades Schrenk, Enum. Pl. Nov. 2: 32. 1842.

 

山地还阳参 shan di huan yang shen

 

                Hieraciodes oreades (Schrenk) Kuntze.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 14--23 cm tall. Stem solitary, base with residue of old petioles, unbranched, with sparse arachnoid hairs but above yellowish green echinulate and setiferous. Basal leaves numerous; petiole 1--2.5 cm, winged; leaf blade oblanceolate, 2.5--5 X 0.5--1 cm, base attenuate, margin toothed to pinnatilobed, apex acute; lobes triangular. Stem leaves 1 or 2, linear to subulate, strigose, margin with glandular hairs. Heads solitary, terminal on stem, erect. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially with grayish white arachnoid hairs, hispid on midvein; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 5 X 1 mm, unequal, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.5 mm, membranous, adaxially substrigose, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes immature. Pappus white, 4--6 mm. Fl. Jul.

 

                Gravelly areas on mountain slopes; 1000--3800 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

12. Crepis tectorum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 807. 1753.

 

屋根草 wu gen cao

 

                Hieraciodes tectorum (Linnaeus) Kuntze.

 

                Herbs, annual or biennial, 30--90 cm tall. Stem erect, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate from base or middle or rarely from apically; stem and branches arachnoid pubescent, sparsely covered with capitate stipitate glandular hairs and white bristles, apically scabrous. Leaves sparsely echinulate and capitate stipitate glandular hairy. Basal and lower stem leaves with 2--3 cm winged petiole; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 5--10 X 0.5--1 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin sparsely toothed with appressed teeth or pinnatisect, apex acute; lobes lanceolate to linear. Middle stem similar to basal and lower stem leaves or sessile; leaf blad base auriculate and amplexicaul to acutely auriculate and amplexicaul, not divided. Upper stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate to linear, base not amplexicaul, margin entire. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate. Involucre campanulate, 7.5--8.5 mm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially with sparse arachnoid and capitate stipitate glandular hairs; outer phyllaries ca. 2 X 0.2 mm, unequal in length, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 7.5--8.5 X 1--2 mm, equal in length, adaxially strigose, margin white membranous, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes fusiform, ca. 3 mm, with 10 dorsally echinulate ribs, apex attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

                Forest margins, grassland in valleys, fields, wastelands; 900--1800. Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia; Europe].

 

13. Crepis napifera (Franchet) Babcock, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22: 629. 1947.

 

芜菁还阳参 wu jing huan yang shen

 

                Lactuca napifera Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 9: 292. 1895; Prenanthes chaffanjoni H. Léveillé.

 

                Herbs, perennial. Roots stout, cylindric to napiform, ca. 1 cm in diam. Stem erect, 40--150 cm tall, usually unbranched or narrowly paniculate from middle, strigose. Basal leaves rosular; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblanceolate, or obovate 7--26 X 2.5--6.5 cm, base attenuate, margin sinuously crenate, shallowly and sinuously toothed, or entire, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; lateral lobes 2--4-paired, orbicular to broadly triangular. Lower stem leaves similar and same in division but smaller. Middle and upper stem leaves absent or very few, subulate or bractlike. Heads numerous, racemose-paniculate. Involucre dark green, cylindric, 7--9 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 3 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 7--9 X 1--3 mm, abaxially glabrous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes pale brown, ca. 4 mm, cylindric, with 10 ribs, inconspicuously echinulate on midrib, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus dirty white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

                * Mountain slopes, forests in river valleys; 1400--3300 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

14. Crepis phoenix Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 511. 1903.

 

万丈深 wan zhang shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, 15--70 cm tall. Stem erect, corymbose, basally glabrous, apically sparsely strigose, apically near heads with arachnoid hairs. Leaves glabrous Leaves or sparsely strigose. Lower stem leaves very small, sessile, triangular, 0.5--2 X ca. 0.3 mm, apex acute. Middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, narrowly elliptic. or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 2--8 X 0.3--2.5 cm, base cuneate, apex acute. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, 8--11 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, hispidulous or hirsute on midvein abaxially; outer phyllaries 4--6 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, to 11 X 2 mm, adaxially glabrous, margin broadly membranous, apex obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes fusiform, with 10 ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 5.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul. Oct.

 

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 2000 m. Yunnan.

 

                All herbs are used medicinally for nourishing the lung and resolving sputum.

 

15. Crepis bodinieri H. Léveillé, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 25: 15. 1915.

 

果山还阳参 guo shan huan yang shen

 

                Herbs, perennially, 40--50 cm tall. Roots woody, vertical twisted to curved, thick, ramose. Stem green, dark green, or tinged with purples, few to many, erect, glabrous, basally woody, apically corymbose. Basal stem leaves very small, subulate or bractlike. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, linear to narrowly linear, 2--14 X 0.1--1.5 cm, soft in texture, margin entire and revolute, apex acute to acuminate; uppermost stem leaves and leaves in axils of inflorescence small to very small, usually subulate. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 8--9 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, to 2 X 0.4 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, 8--9 X ca. 1 mm, adaxially glabrous, white tomentose along margin and apically, apex obtuse. Phyllaries glabrous or with sparse arachnoid hairs. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 12 ribs, glabrous or inconspicuously echinulate on ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                * Forests, thickets; 1600--2900 m. Xizang, Yunnan.

 

16. Crepis rigescens Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 202. 1912.

 

还阳参 huan yang shen

 

                Crepis rigescens Diels subsp. lignescens Babcock.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall. Roots thick, not ramose or ramose. Stem erect, basally woody, branched from middle or near apex. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves very small, scaly. Middle stem leaves sessile, linear, 3--8 cm X 0.5--5 mm, rigid in texture, margin entire and revolute, apex acute. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose. Involucre cylindric to campanulate, 8--9 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries unequal, linear to lanceolate, ca. 3 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 7--9 X ca. 1 mm, margin white membranous, apex acute. Phyllaries glabrous or with arachnoid hairs. Florets yellow. Achenes dark brown, fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 10--16 ribs, sparsely echinulate on ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 4.5 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Feb--Jul.

 

                * Forest margins, along streams, wastelands, roadsides; 1600--3000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

17. Crepis lignea (Vaniot) Babcock, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22: 644. 1947.

 

绿茎还阳参 lu jing huan yang shen

 

                Lactuca lignea Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 12: 318. 1903.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 15--40 cm tall. Roots thick, woody. Stem dark green to grayish green, erect, corymbose or virgate from base or basally, glabrous or with arachnoid hairs near heads, basally woody. Basal and lower stem leaves inconspicuous, triangular to bractlike, apex acute. Middle stem leaves filiform, to 3 X 0.5 cm, glabrous, margin entire. Uppermost stem leaves linear-subulate, bractlike, glabrous. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, 7--9 mm, glabrous or with sparse arachnoid hairs and capitate stipitate glandular hairs. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 3 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 7--9 X ca. 1 mm, adaxially glabrous, margin membranous, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes fusiform, subcurved, ca. 5 mm, with 12 equal ribs, echinulate on ribs, apically attenuate to a beak. Pappus white, 4--5 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Feb--Aug.

 

                * Sunny mountain slopes; 1500--2700 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

                The roots are used medicinally for clearing away heat and detoxifying materials.

 

18. Crepis pratensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 187. 1995.

 

草甸还阳参 cao dian huan yang shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, 15--50 cm tall. Stem solitary, naked or subglabrous, base with residue of brown old petioles, apically paniculately or paniculate-corymbose and glabrous. Leaves membranous, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with winged petiole to 5.5 cm; leaf blade 3--11 X 0.7--1.5 cm, ligulate, spatulate, narrowly elliptic, narrowly elliptic-linear, or linear, base cuneate-attenuate, margin with appressed teeth, entire, or subentire, apex obtuse to acute. Middle and upper stem leaves few, linear, narrowly linear, or linear-subulate. Heads 4--26, terminal to paniculate-corymbose. Involucre dark green, campanulate. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer and outermost phyllaries ovate, elliptic-ovate, or elliptic, ca. 4 X 1.2 mm, unequal, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 11 X 2 mm, adaxially glabrous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 5 mm, with 10 echinulate ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                * Marshes by lakes; 2700--3700 m. Qinghai (Chai da mu ba sin).

 

19. Crepis pseudoaniforma C. Shih, Acta Phytotx. Sin. 33: 190. 1995.

 

长苞还阳参 chang bao huan yang shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 17 cm tall. Stems, branches, and leaves glabrous. Stem solitary, erect, base with residue of old petioles, apically corymbose. Middle and lower stem leaves with 3--5.5 cm petiole; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, 5--9 X 0.5--1.1 cm including petiole, base narrowly cuneate, margin undulate, undulate toothed, or serrulate, apex rounded. Upper stem leaves and leaves in axils of inflorescence sessile, linear, broadly linear, narrowly linear, or lanceolate, base cuneate, margin entire or subentire. Leaves at branch apices under head smallest, subulate to bractlike. Heads 8--12, terminal, corymbose. Involucre narrowly cylindric, ca. 1.1 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outermost and outer phyllaries narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 1.2--2 X ca. 0.5 cm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic, ca. 1.1 cm X 1 mm, adaxially glabrous, margin white membranous, apex obtuse to acute. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 6 mm, with 9 ribs, glabrous on ribs, apically beakless. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Aug.

 

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 2500 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian).

 

20. Crepis subscaposa Collett & Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 28: 78. 1890

.

 

抽茎还阳参 chou jing huan yang shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30 cm tall. Roots vertical, woody. Stem solitary, erect, leafy, subglabrous, apically corymbose and densely strigose. Leaves with short glandular hairs. Basal and lower stem leaves with winged petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate, ca. 8 X 1.8 cm including winged petiole, base narrow, margin sharply toothed, apex rounded to obtuse. Lower stem leaves sessile, narrow, base semiamplexicaul, apex acute. Upper stem leaves linear or bractlike. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.3 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, lanceolate; inner phyllaries and innermost abaxially with dark capitate stipitate glandular hairs on midvein, adaxially glabrous, apex obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes dark brown, fusiform, 5--6.5 mm, with 10--12 echinulate ribs, apically narrowed but beakless. Pappus pale yellow, 4--5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                Habitat ??; elevation ??. Yunnan [Myanmar]

 

21. Crepis darvazica Kraschninnikov, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R, Ser. 2, Sporov. Rast. 1: 182. 1933.

 

新疆还阳参 xin jiang huan yang shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall. Roots woody. Stem solitary or rarely 2--4-fascicled, erect, with white or blackish rigid hairs or capitate stipitate glandular hairs basally, apically branched, rarely branched from middle. Basal and lower stem leaves with winged petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate to oblanceolate, 5--24 X 2--5 cm base narrow into petiole, margin minutely toothed or with unequally and appressed teeth, apex obtuse to acute,. Middle and upper stem leaves ovate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, base sessile and semiamplexicaul, margin minutely toothed or partly entire, apex acute to acuminate. Uppermost stem leaf smallest, bractlike, abaxially hispid and mixed with capitate-stipitate glandular hairs, adaxially glabrous, margin echinulate. Heads terminal, laxly corymbose. Involucre campanulate, 6--8 mm in diam. Phyllaries abaxially grayish and pubescent mixed with capitate stipitate glandular hairs, margin ciliate; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic-ovate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, unequal, apex obtuse to acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, margin narrowly white membranous, apex obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes fusiform, 7--10 mm, with 16--20 dorsally echinulate ribs. Pappus white, 7--8 mm. Fl. & fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                Habitat ??; elevation ??. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Uzbekistan].

 

                No material was seen of this species and above description is taken from Flora URSS 29: 632. 1964.

 

22. Crepis flexuosa (Ledebour) C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 254. 1876.

 

弯茎还阳参 wan jing huan yang shen

 

                Prenanthes polymorpha Ledebour var. flexuosa Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 4: 145. 1833; Barkhausia flexuosa (Ledebour) de Candolle; B. flexuosa var. lyrata Schrenk; Hieraciodes flexuosam (Ledebour) Kuntze; Youngia flexuosa (Ledebour) Ledebour; Y. flexuosa (Ledebour) Ledebour var. gigantea C. Winkler ex O. Fedtschenko; Y. glauca Edgeworth.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 3--30 cm tall, sometimes dwarf. Stems, branches, and leaves glabrous. Stem base tinged with red, branched from base. Branches diffuse or ascending. Basal and lower stem leaves with 0.5--1.5 cm petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate, lanceolate, oblanceolate-ovate, long oblanceolate-elliptic, or linear, 1--8 X 0.2--2 cm, base narrow, pinnatilobed pinnatifid to pinnatipartite; lateral lobes (1--)3--5-paired, opposite or alternate, elliptic or toothlike rarely bipinnate or not divided but margin entire to subentire, apex acute to rounded,. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves, sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly linear, apically gradually smaller. Heads few to numerous, terminal, corymbose to glomerate. Phyllaries in 4 rows, dark or medium green in fruit, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, 1.5--2 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic, 6--9 X ca. 1 mm, abaxially apically inconspicuously cristate or cristae absent, adaxially glabrous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes pale yellow, fusiform, ca. 5 mm, with 11 subechinulate ribs, apically narrowed but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

                Mountain slopes, grassland on floodplains, marshes by water, pebble lands in ice stream??; 1000--5100 m. Gansu, Ningxia, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

23. Crepis tianshanica C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 190. 1995.

 

天山还阳参 tian shan huan yang shen

 

                Herbs, perennial, low and small, 3--5 cm tall. Stem erect or curved, pubescent. Petiole as long or shorter than leaf blade; leaf blade oblanceolate, 1.5--2 X 0.5--0.8 cm, sparsely pubescent or abaxially glabrous, base narrowed to abruptly narrowed, lyrately pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; lateral lobes 3- or 4-paired, triangular, rhomboid, or irregularly rhomboid, margin entire, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Lower stem leaves small, toothlike; terminal lobe elliptic, ovate, hastate, or sagittate, apex obtuse to acute. Heads 2, terminal, cymose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.2 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, dark, sparsely covered with arachnoid hairs but abaxially with dark multicellular nodiferous hairs on midvein; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1.2 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2.5 mm, adaxially glabrous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes immature. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Jul.

 

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 2600 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan, Daniu He).

 

206. YOUNGIA Cassini, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 23: 88. 1831.

 

黄鹌菜属 huang an cai shu

 

                Crepis Linnaeus sect. Youngia (Cassini) Bentham.

 

                Herbs, perennial or annual. Leaves pinnate or not divided. Heads terminal, racemose, corymbose, or paniculate-corymbose, small, rarely medium in size, homogamous, with 5--25 florets. Involucre cylindric, cylindric-campanulate, campanulate, or broadly cylindric. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries small; inner phyllaries abaxially apically with or without cristate appendages. Receptacle flat, foveolate, glabrous. Florets yellow, hermaphrodite. Corolla ligule truncate, apically 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender. Achenes fusiform, with 10--15 unequal ribs, apically narrowed and constricted, apex beakless or rarely with a narrow to stout short beak. Pappus in 1 or 2 rows, persistent or caducous, white, rarely gray, scabridous, sometimes base connate into a ring and caducous as a unit.

 

                About 40 species; E Asia; 38 species (28 endemic) in China.

 

1a. Perennial tufted dwarf herbs; stems very short or plants subacaulis; heads in or on a leafy clump or rosettes.

2a. Phyllaries white adpressed sericous or abaxially echinulate on midvein.

3a. Leaf blade ovate, obliquely ovate, not divided; phyllaries abaxially sparsely echinulate on midvein  6. Y. depressa

3b. Leaf blade oblanceolate or longe-elliptic, pinnatipartite; phyllaries abaxially white appressedly sericeous 5. Y. sericea

2b. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous.

4a. Heads large; involucre 1--1.6 cm.

5a. Involucre 1.2--1.6 mm; branches glabrous under head; leaves not divided, margin entire or with obtuse or depressed sharp teeth ....................................................................................................................................................  1. Y. simulatrix

5b. Involucre 1--1.1 cm; branches densely white pubescent under head; leaves sinuately or runcinately toothed or pinnatifid ...............................................................................................................................................................  4. Y. parva

4b. Heads small; involucre 0.8--0.9 cm.

6a. Lateral lobes of leaves triangular, apex acute to acuminate; inner phyllaries abaxially apically with crisp appendages or involucre with phyllaries bearing hornlike processes ................................................................................  2. Y. cristata

6b. Lateral lobes of leaves elliptic or triangular, apex obtuse to rounded; inner phyllaries without hornlike or crisp processes ........................................................................................................................................................ 3. Y. gracilipes

1b. Herbs, perennial, or annual, not fascicled; plants with developed main stem; heads terminal, corymbose, corymbose-paniculate, or secund-racemose.

7a. Heads secund-racemose or narrowly paniculate-racemose on stem above middle.

8a. Leaf blade wide, ovate or sagittate-cordate; heads large, secund-racemose on stem from middle; involucre broadly campanulate, 1.3--1.4 cm; phyllaries without hornlike apically ............................................................  8. Y. racemifera

8b. Leaf blade narrow, linear to linear-lanceolate; heads small, narrowly paniculate-racemose; involucre narrowly cylindric, 8--9 mm; phyllaries with hornlike apically ....................................................................................................  9. Y. stenoma

7b. Heads terminal, corymbose, corymbose-paniculate, or paniculate.

9a. Heads with 5 florets; stem densely brown villous ..............................................................................  38. Y. szechuanica

9b. Heads with 9 or more florets; stem ??.

10a. Pappus gray.

11a. Inner phyllaries abaxially on midvein with capitate stipitate glandular hairs ...............................  13. Y. cineripappa

11b. Inner phyllaries abaxially on midvein without capitate stipitate glandular hairs .......................... 14. Y. stebbinsiana

10b. Pappus white or tinged with yellow.

12a. Phyllaries abaxially with apical hornlike, winged, or anguiform?? appendages.

13a. Phyllaries abaxially or on midvein with white curved sericeous or setigerous hairs.

14a. Heads large; involucre 1--1.4 cm ...........................................................................................................  10. Y. diversifolia

14b. Heads small; involucre 0.8--1.1 cm ...........................................................................................................  11. Y. tenuifolia

13b. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous.

15a. Leaf blade densely or deep brown, rusty red tomentose.

16a. Leaf blade densely or light brown or rusty tomentose .................................................................................  15. Y. fusca

16b. Leaf blade abaxially brown tomentose, with multicellular nodiferous hairs ............................................  16. Y. lanata

15b. Leaf blade glabrous or with papillar or multicellular nodiferous hairs.

17a. Plants many ranked dichotomous .........................................................................................................  12. Y. tenuicaulis

17b. Plant not dichotomous.

18a. Heads large; involucre 0.8--1.3 cm.

19a. Stem naked or almost so; lateral lobes very small, auriculate .....................................................  22. Y. kangdingensis

19b. Stem leafy; lateral lobes of leaves not auriculate.

20a. Leaf blade pinnatipartite; terminal lobe broadly linear, narrowly lanceolate to triangular ................  19. Y. paleacea

20b. Leaf blade not divided, elliptic to elliptic-ovate or broadly ovate or plants with lyrately pinnate leaf; terminal lobe elliptic, hastate, or irregularly hastate ..........................................................................................................  20. Y. pilifera

18b. Heads small; involucre 6--8 mm.

21a. Leaf blade not divided, spatulate, irregularly hastate, elliptic or oblanceolate.

22a. Lealf blade margin entire or obtusely 1- or 2-toothed; herbs, 3--5 cm tall ...............................................  23. Y. yilingi

22b. Leaf blade margin toothed; herbs, 18--23 cm tall .........................................................................................  17. Y. mairei

21b. Leaf blade pinnatipartite, pinnatifid; terminal lobe orbicular, ovate, oblong or elliptic.

23a. Leaf blade terminal lobe apically not emarginate ..................................................................................  21. Y. terminalis

23b. Leaf blade terminal lobe apically emarginate ...........................................................................................  31. Y. bifurcata

12b. Phyllaries abaxially without apical appendages.

24a. Perennial herbs with residue of old petiole base.

25a. Phyllaries abaxially on midvein with bristles ..................................................................................................  18. Y. blinii

25b. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous.

26a. Leaf blade not divided or inconspicuously pinnatifid .....................................................................  24. Y. nujiangensis

26b. Leaf blade conspicuously pinnatipartite, pinnatifid, pinnatilob or lyrately pinnatisect.

27a. Leaf blade lyrately pinnatisect; terminal lobe segments triangular-hastate or hastate .................  25. Y. hastiformis

27b. Leaf blade pinnatipartite, pinnatifid or pinnatlobate.

28a. Rachis of leaves pectinate between lateral lobes .....................................................................................  26. Y. wilsonii

28b. Rachis of leaves not pectinate between lateral lobes.

29a. Base of middle lateral lobes of leaves with triangular 1-tooth on one side .............................................  27. Y. henryi

29b. Base of middle lateral lobes of leaves without teeth.

30a. Leaf blade white tomentosum and with multicellular nodiferous hairs .............................................  7. Y. conjunctiva

30b. Leaf blade glabrous ...........................................................................................................................................  28. Y. pratii

24b. Annual or perennial, without residue of old leaves base.

31a. Heads large; involucre 6--8 mm.

32a. Achenes apically abruptly narrowed to short and stout beaks ................................................................  32. Y. rubida

32b. Achenes apically truncate and beakless.

33a. Stem naked or subglabrous; terminal lobe of basal leaves elliptic, ovate .........................................  29. Y. longiflora

33b. Stem not naked, with developed stem leaves; terminal lobe lobes of basal leaves hastate, irregularly hastate or lanceolate ...............................................................................................................................................  30. Y. heterophylla

31b. Heads small; involucre 4--6 mm.

34a. Achenes apically narrowed to stout and short beak ......................................................................  37. Y. erythrocarpa

34b. Achenes apically not abruptly narrowed to stout and short beak.

35a. Basal and basal stem leaves not divided; leaves cordate-hastate to ovate ........................................  33. Y. longipes

35b. Basal and stem leaves pinnatilobate, pinnatifid, or pinnapartite; leaves not hastate, also without hastate terminal lobes.

36a. Leaf blade or lobes bipinnate .....................................................................................................................  36. Y. rosthrnii

36b. Leaf blade pinnate.

37a. Stem naked or subglabrous; basal leaves lyrate .....................................................................................  34. Y. japonica

37b. Stem not naked, with developed stem leaves ...............................................................................  35. Y. pseudosenecio

 

1. Youngia simulatrix (Babcock) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 39. 1937.

 

无茎黄鹌菜 wu jing huang an cai

 

                Crepis simulatrix Babcock, Univ. Calf. Publ. Bot. 14: 329. 1928; C. smithiana Handel-Mazzetti.

 

                Perennial dwarf fascicled herbs. Stem shortened, base with brown residue of old petioles otherwise glabrous, apex very shortly branched. Leaves rosular; petiole 0.5--2 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate, 1--1.5 X 0.5--1.5 cm, with inconspicuously multicellular nodiferous hairs, margin entire, with shallow and obtuse teeth, or with sparse and depressed sharp teeth, apex acute, rounded, or shortly acuminate. Heads 4--7 clustered in or on rosette, with 13--18 florets. Involucre dark green to pale yellowish green, cylindric-campanulate, 1.2--1.6 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, glabrous; outer and middle phyllaries ovate, 2--3 X 1.5 mm, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 12--16 X 1.8--2 mm, abaxially basally ??spongy on midvein, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes dark brown, fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 14 echinulate ribs, base narrowed, apically constricted but beakless. Pappus 2-seriate, white, 1--1.1 cm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, gravelly areas on floodplains, grassy beaches in river valleys; 2700--5000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang [Nepal, Sikkim].

 

2. Youngia cristata C. Shih & C. Q. Cai, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 186. 1995.

 

角冠黄鹌菜 jiao guan huang an cai

 

                Herbs, perennial, dwarf fascicled. Stem 1--4 cm tall, white tomentose or glabrescent, base with dark residue of old petioles, apex shortly branched. Leaves dense, rosular; petiole ca. 2 cm, winged; leaf blade oblanceolate 2--2.5 X ca. 1 cm, pinnatifid, pinnatipartite, or pinnatilobate; lobes sparsely tomentose; lateral lobes 4--6-paired, unequal, triangular but basal segments usually toothlike, apex acute; terminal lobe apex acute to acuminate. Heads 8--14, clustered in rosette, with ca. 14 florets. Involucre dark green, cylindric campanulate, 8--9 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, 2--4 X 1--1.5 mm, apex obtuse to acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 8--9 X ca. 1.5 mm, some abaxially with hornlike appendages near apex, adaxially glabrous, apex long acute. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous. Florets yellow. Achenes immature. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm, 2-seriate, scabridous. Fl. Aug.

 

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 3900 m. Xizang (Ca yu??).

 

3. Youngia gracilipes (J. D. Hooker) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 40. 1937.

 

细梗黄鹌菜 xi geng huang an cai

 

                Crepis gracilipes J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 396. 1881.

 

                Herbs, perennial, fascicled, 2--15 cm tall. Stem short or main stem inconspicuous, apically slender and densely white tomentose. Leaves many, rosular; petiole 0.5--1.3 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, pinnatilobate, pinnatifid, pinnatipartite, lyrately pinnatilobate, or lyrately pinnatifid; lateral lobes 3--5-paired, elliptic but basal segments usually toothlike, gradually smaller towards leaf base, apex rounded to obtuse; terminal lobe elliptic, sparsely pubescent, margin entire, apex rounded to obtuse. Heads few to many to, clustered in rosette, with ca. 17 florets. Involucre broadly cylindric, 8--10 mm, dark green in fruit. Phyllaries in 4 rows, glabrous; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 3 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 8--10 X ca. 1.5 mm, apex acute to short acuminate. Florets yellow. Achenes dark, fusiform, ca. 3.8 mm, with 12 echinulate ribs, apically narrowed but beakless. Pappus white, 2-seriate, ca. 6 mm scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                Forests, forest margins, steppes; 2700--4800 m. Sichuan, Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

 

4. Youngia parva Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 35. 1937.

 

川北黄鹌菜 chuan bei huang an cai

 

                Crepis parva (Babcock & Stebbins) Handel-Mazzetti.

 

                Perennial, tufted, to 4 cm tall, ca. 5 cm wide. Caudex vertical, woody, to 2 cm X ca. 3 mm, prolonged into a strong taproot, leafy at crown. Stem erect, 1--1.5 cm, densely hoarytomentose, paniculate. Branches very short, 1- to 2-headed; peduncles to 1 cm, densely hoarytomentose. Caudical leaves ascending; petiole winged, equal or shorter than leaf blade; leaf blade to 3.5 X ca. 0.9 cm, oblanceolate, hoarytomentose or glabrescent, abaxially pale, adaxially bright green, base attenuate, margin purple and retrorsely revolute with sinuate and runcinate teeth or pinnatifid, apex obtuse to acute. Heads 4--7, erect, medium in size, with ca. 15 florets. Involucre very dark green, cylindric-campanulate, 10--11 X 4--5 mm before anthesis; outer involucral bracts 6--8, unequal, longest 1/3 to 2/3 as long as inner bracts, lanceolate, glabrous but white ciliate at apex, apex acute; inner bracts ca. 10, lanceolate, apex acute to obtuse with tip white or yellow ciliate, abaxially glabrous with midvein brownish near base at anthesis, adaxially densely pubescent with appressed shining hairs. Receptacle areolate, naked. Florets yellow. Corolla 1.5--1.7 cm; tube ca. 3.5 mm, stout, pubescent with strong brown acicular hairs to 0.2 mm; ligule ca. 2.5 mm wide, teeth 0.5--0.8 mm, conspicuously gland-crested, hooded. Filaments long, extending beyond appendages ca. 1.8 mm; appendages ca. 0.6 mm, oblong, connate, apex obliquely acute: anthers yellow and greenish at summit when dry, tube ca. 5 X 1.3 mm. Ovary brown, ca. 1 mm, constricted at summit, with ± expanded pappus disk, unequally ribbed. Style yellow, branches 2.5 X 0.2 mm, subattenuate to rounded tip, yellow. Achenes information lacking. Pappus white, in 2 rows, ca. 7 mm, base connate, coming away in clumps, coarse, soft, barbellulate.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Sichuan.

 

                No material was seen of this species and the above description is taken from the original publication.

 

5. Youngia sericea C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 185. 1995.

 

绢毛黄鹌菜 juan mao huang an cai

 

                Herbs, perennial, fascicled, 3--6 cm tall. Roots vertical. Main stem inconspicuous, short, branched from base, white sericeous. Leaves basal or subbasal, rosular; petiole 1--2 cm, narrowly winged; leaf blade oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 1--3.5 X 0.4--1.5 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 4- or 5-paired, opposite to obliquely opposite, narrowly triangular, basally broadly falciform; terminal lobe narrowly elliptic, elliptic-triangular, or orbicular, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Heads 5--9, fascicled in rosette, with ca. 9 florets. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, dark green in fruit, pubescent with white appressed crisp sericeous hairs; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 2--3 X ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse to acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.4 mm, adaxially glabrous, margin broadly white membranous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes dark, fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with ca. 14 ribs, with vestigial spines on ribs, apex truncate and without a beak. Pappus in 2 rows, white, ca. 6 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                * Gravelly mountain slopes, rocky slopes; 3300--3400 m. Xizang.

 

6. Youngia depressa (J. D. Hooker & Thomson) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 33. 1937.

 

矮生黄鹌菜 ai sheng huang an cai

 

                Crepis depressa J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Brit. India 3: 397. 1881.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 2--3 cm tall, rosular fascicled, acaulis. Leaves basal, rosular; petiole 1--2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to obliquely ovate, 1.5--4 X 1--3.5 cm, adaxially puberulent, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin sinuolate and toothed, crenulate, or inconspicuously toothed, apex obtuse, rounded, or acute. Heads clustered in rosette, medium in size, with ca. 15 florets. Involucre green or purplish red, cylindric, 1.3--1.6 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, 2.5--4.2 X ca. 1 mm, abaxially puberulent, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 13--16 X 2--3 mm, glabrous, base spongy, margin broadly membranous, apex obtuse to acute; midvein rhaphelike?? elevated and apiculate. Florets yellow. Achenes dark, fusiform, ca. 6 mm, with 12 ribs. Pappus in 2 rows, white, ca. 9 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, alpine meadows; 3200--4500 m. Xizang [Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Sikkim].

 

7. Youngia conjunctiva Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 37. 1937.

 

甘肃黄鹌菜 gan su huang an cai

 

                Perennial, 8--12 cm tall. Caudex vertical, woody, brown, with bases of old leaves, to 1.5 X 0.6 cm, prolonged into a very slender taproot, leafy at crown. Stem erect, stramineous, terete, striate, fistulose, hoarytomentulose, paniculate from base to summit, lower branches elongate, 1/2 as long as stem or sometimes lacking, upper branches shorter, uppermost 4 or 5 in a corymbiform cluster, pedunculate or rarely 2-headed. Caudical leaves ascending; petiole short, broadly winged; leaf blade to 6 X ca. 1.2 cm, oblanceolate, sparsely hoarytomentulose with long many celled piliform trichomes, base attenuate, margin narrowly retrorsely revolute and sinuate and toothed to runcinately pinnatifid, apex obtuse to acute. Stem leaves similar to caudical leaves but apex acuminate; lateral segments narrow, apically pointed, apex acuminate; uppermost stem leaves linear or bractlike. Heads erect, medium in size, with 13 to 18 florets; peduncles densely hoary or dusky tomentose near head with many celled trichomes as on leaves. Involucre very dark green, cylindric-campanulate, 10--11 X ca. 4 mm at middle in anthesis; outer involucral bracts 6--8, unequal, longest 1/3 to 1/2 as long as inner bracts, lanceolate, glabrous, apex acute and white ciliate; inner bracts 10--12, lanceolate, abaxially glabrous with darker midvein, adaxially densely pubescent with appressed yellow shining hair, base brown and subcarinate in young fruiting heads, apically white or yellow ciliate, apex acute. Receptacle areolate, naked. Corolla ca. 1.6 cm; tube ca. 5 mm, glabrous except a few stout nearly cylindric hyaline hairs to 0.2 mm; ligule ca. 1.5 mm wide, apical teeth 0.4--0.6 mm, conspicuously gland-crested, hooded with small apical anterior protuberance. Filaments extend beyond appendages ca. 1 mm; anthers tube ca. 5 X 1.3 mm; appendages ca. 0.8 mm, oblong, connate, apex acute. Style branches ca. 2.2 X 0.2 mm wide, semicylindric, obtuse, yellow. Achenes (immature) dark brown, ca. 2 X 0.8 mm, fusiform, compressed, apically strongly attenuate and narrowed to ca. 0.3 mm wide, with expanded pappus disk, constricted at callous hollow base, with 12 finely apiculate ribs, 3--5 ribs stronger. Pappus in 2 rows, persistent, white, ca. 7 mm, unequal in length and coarseness, some bristles much stronger, soft, barbellate, base brownish and connate, deciduous in clumps. Flowers yellow, anthers green, style yellow.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Gansu.

 

                No material was seen of this species and the description is taken from the original publication.

 

8. Youngia racemifera (J. D. Hooker) Babcock & Stebbins, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 18: 229. 1943.

 

总序黄鹌菜 zong xu huang an cai

 

                Crepis racemifera J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 397. 1881; C. rapunculoides Dunn; Hieraciodes racemiferum (J. D. Hooker) Kuntze.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 20--50 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, usually unbranched, sometimes long branched from middle, glabrous, inconspicuously striate, basally purplish red, base 1.5--3 mm in diam. Leaves glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with 3--9 cm broadly to narrowly winged petiole; leaf blade cordate, sagittate-cordate, ovate, or elliptic, 2--5 X 1.5--3 cm, base cordate, broadly cuneate, or truncate, margin mucronulate or with small teeth, apex acuminate to acute. Middle and upper stem leaves gradually smaller towards apex, narrowly ovate, lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or narrowly linear, margin mucronate, subserrate, entire, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Leaves under head or in axils of inflorescence linear-subulate. Heads on stem or branches, pendent, declinate, or erect, large, secundly racemose, with ca. 14 florets. Involucre dark green, narrowly campanulate, 1.3--1.4 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous or sometimes with sparse long multicellular nodiferous hairs on midvein; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular to lanceolate, 2--3 X ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse to acute; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, 1.3--1.4 cm X ca. 1.5 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Achenes yellowish brown, fusiform, ca. 4.5 mm, with 14 ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus yellowish brown, ca. 7 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, forest margins, forests; 2800--3600 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

 

9. Youngia stenoma (Turczaninow) Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 2: 837. 1846.

 

碱黄鹌菜 jian huang an cai

 

                Crepis stenoma Turczaninow ex de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 164. 1838; Hieraciodes stenoma (Turczaninow) Kuntze; Prenanthes spathulata Turczaninow ex Herder.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 10--50 cm tall. Stem solitary fascicled, erect, ribbed, glabrous, sometimes purplish red basally, unbranched or apically short branched, sometimes long branched from base. Leaves glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with narrowly winged petiole; leaf blade linear, linear-lanceolate. or linear-oblanceolate, 3--12 X 0.3--0.7 cm, base gradually narrow into long petiole, margin entire, sinuolate and toothed, or regularly toothed, apex acute. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller towards stem apex, linear, margin entire. Leaves under head linear. Heads numerous, on stem, racemose to narrowly racemose-paniculate, ± small, with ca. 11 florets. Involucre brownish green, cylindric, 8--9 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, 1.8 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, 8--9 X ca. 1.3 mm, abaxially apically hornlike, margin membranous, apex acute. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 6.5 mm, with 12--14 apiculate ribs, base narrowed, apex truncate. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                Sandy soil in steppes, alkaline areas; ca. 1300 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Xizang [Russia].

 

                All parts of this herb are used medicinally for clearing away heat and for mainly treating serious cases of furuncle.

 

10. Youngia diversifolia (Ledebour ex Sprengel) Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 2: 837. 1846.

 

细裂黄鹌菜 xi lie huang an cai

 

                Prenanthes diversifolia Ledebour ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 3: 657. 1826; Youngia tenuifolia (Willdenow) Babcock & Stebbins subsp. diversifolia (Ledebour ex Sprengel) Babcock & Stebbins.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 18--40 cm tall. Roots vertical, woody. Caudex thickened, with dark brown residue of old petioles, branched from middle or base. Stem solitary or fascicled, glabrous or sparsely sericeous. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves numerous; petiole 2--6 cm, brown long tomentose, base expanded; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 6--9 X 2--4 cm, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; lateral lobes lanceolate to linear, 6--9-paired, margin entire or with few teeth. Middle and upper stem leaves similar and same in division as basal leaves; uppermost stem leaves and leaves under head small, linear-subulate. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, ± large, with 10--16 florets. Involucre broadly cylindric, 1--1.4 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially curvedly white sericeous and apically hornlike, adaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 10--14 X 1.5--2 mm, apex obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 4.8 mm, with 12--14 apiculate ribs, apically narrowed but beakless. Pappus white, 6--7 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                Mountain slopes, rock slopes, gravelly areas on floodplains; 1800--4700 m. Gansu, Xinjiang, Xizang [N India, Kazakstan, Nepal, Russia, Sikkim].

 

11. Youngia tenuifolia (Willdenow) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 46. 1937.

 

细叶黄鹌菜 xi ye huang an cai

 

                Crepis tenuifolia Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 3: 1606. 1803; Berinia tenuifolia (Willdenow) SchultzBipontinus; Chondrilla baicalensis (Ledebour) SchultzBipontinus; Crepis baicalensis Ledebour; C. pulcherrima Fischer ex Link; Geblera tenuifolia (Willdenow) Kitagawa; Hiraciodes tenuifolium (Willdenow) Kuntze; Lagoseris tenuifolia (Willdenow) Reichenbach.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 10--70 cm tall. Roots vertical, woody. Stem solitary or fascicled, base with brown residue of old petioles, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate from base or basally. Branches ascending, glabrous. Basal leaves numerous; petiole 3--9 cm, adaxially long brown tomentose, base ± expanded; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 7--17 X 2--5 cm, pinnatisect to pinnatipartite; lateral segments 6--12-paired, alternate, opposite, or obliquely opposite, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, linear, or rarely linear-filiform Flowers yellow, glabrous, margin entire, sparsely toothed, or with linear and acute lobes, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal leaves but gradually smaller and not divided; leaf blade linear, base narrow into shortly or narrowly winged petiole. Leaves under head smaller, linear-subulate. Heads few to numerous, terminal, erect, declinate, or pendent, medium in size, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 4 rows, dark green, abaxially sparsely white curved-sericeous and apically hornlike, rarely glabrous, apex acute; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate, ca. 1.2 X 1 mm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 8--10 X 1.5--2 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes blackish to dark brown, fusiform, 4--6 mm, with 12--14 apiculate ribs, apex acute but beakless. Pappus white, 4--6 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                Mountain slopes, meadows on floodplains, by water, gravelly areas; 1500--4000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang, Xizang [Mongolia, Russia].

 

12. Youngia tenuicaulis (Babcock & Stebbins) Czerepanov, Fl. URSS 29: 385. 1964.

 

叉枝黄鹌菜 cha zhi huang an cai

 

                Youngia tenuifolia (Willdenow) Babcock & Stebbins subsp. tenuicaulis Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 52. 1937; Crepis tenuifolia Willdenow subsp. tenuicaulis (Babcock & Stebbins) Handel-Mazzetti; Geblera akagii Kitagawa.

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 25 cm tall. Roots woody, vertical. Caudex thickened, with residue of old petioles, many ranked dichotomous from base. Branches stout to slender, glabrous. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole as long or longer than leaf blade, adaxially sometimes densely brown tomentose, basally expanded; leaf blade oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 2--8 X 0.5--3 cm, pinnatisect; lateral lobes 5- or 6-paired, narrowly linear, unequal in length, lowermost usually toothlike, margin entire, apex acute. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves or linear to linear-subulate, not divided. Uppermost stem leaves very small. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, with 10--12 florets. Involucre 8--9 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, apically hornlike; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 1 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries long linear-elliptic, 7--9 X ca. 0.2 mm, apex obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes dark, fusiform, 4--5.5 mm, with 10 or 11 apiculate ribs, apically narrowed but beakless. Pappus white, 4--6 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

 

                Grassland on mountain slopes, gravelly areas; 1400--4900 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Russia].

 

13. Youngia cineripappa (Babcock) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 60. 1937.

 

鼠冠黄鹌菜 shu guan huang an cai

 

                Crepis cineripappa Babcock, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 14: 325. 1928.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 40--150 cm tall. Stem solitary to few fascicled, erect, glabrous, apically paniculate. Branches glabrous but apically below head sparsely covered with capitate stipitate hairs. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves with 1.5--9 cm winged petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate, obovate, elliptic, or narrowly oblanceolate, 4--14 X 1.8--4 cm, sometimes pinnatifid or lyrately pinnatifid, base narrow, margin sparse large acutely depressed teeth or crenate apex acute to obtuse; lateral and terminal lobe with margin entire or sinuolate; lateral lobes 4- or 5-paired, triangulate, long triangulate, or elliptic, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded and mucronate; terminal lobe narrowly triangular, apex long acuminate. Upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 5.5--18 X ca. 2 cm, margin entire or with unequal and depressed teeth, apex long acuminate. Leaves under head small, linear to subulate. Heads few to numerous, terminal, small, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, 7--8 mm, dark green in fruit. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular to ovate, ca. 1.5 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, 7--8 X ca. 1.5 mm, abaxially white membranous and with capitate stipitate hairs on midvein, apex obtuse to acute. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 3.5 mm, with 10 ribs, apiculate on midrib, apically narrowed but beakless. Pappus gray, 4--5 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

                Moist areas by water in mountain valleys, grassland on mountain slopes, sparse forests, thickets; 600--3000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [India, Indo-china??).

 

14. Youngia stebbinsiana S. Y. Hu, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 22: 37. 1969 (why is this name used rather than gracilis?).

 

纤细黄鹌菜 xian xi huang an cai

 

                Youngia gracilis J. D. Hooker & Thomson, nom. nud.; Crepis atripappa Babcock; C. gracilis J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke; Youngia gracilis (J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke) Babcock & Stebbins.

 

               Herbs, perennial, 20--50 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous, apically corymbose. Leaves adaxially scabrid. Basal, lower stem leaves, and middle stem leaves sessile or petiolate; petiole if present 2--3 cm, winged; leaf blade not divided, oblanceolate, lanceolate, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5--11 X 2--4 cm, base cuneate-attenuate to abruptly cuneate, margin with sparse shallow and depressed teeth or crenate, apex acuminate, long acuminate, or rounded or leaf blade not divided and basal half sinuolate and with shallow teeth or crenate and apical half runcinate; lobes triangular to elliptic, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Upper stem leaves subsessile or sessile; leaf blade lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or elliptic, 3.5--9 X 0.5--2.5 cm, base attenuate, apex acute to long acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves small, narrowly linear or subulate. Heads terminal, corymbose or umbelliform, small. Involucre cylindric, 8--9 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries broadly ovate to elliptic, ca. 1 X 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 8--9 X ca. 1 mm, margin membranous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes dark, fusiform, ca. 3.5 mm, with 12--14 apiculate ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus gray, ca. 4 mm scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun. Aug.

 

                * Forest margins, forests, thickets; 900--3000 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

 

15. Youngia fusca (Babcock) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 76. 1937.

 

厚绒黄鹌菜 hou rong huang an cai

 

                Crepis fusca Babcock, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 14: 327. 1928; C. blinii H. Léveillé (1915), not H. Léveillé (1914).

 

                Herbs, perennial, 12--40 cm tall. Stem erect, paniculate-corymbose to corymbose from middle or apically, brown tomentose. Basal and lower stem leaves with 1--3 cm petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate to linear-elliptic, 5--10 X ca. 1.5 cm, lyrately pinnatipartite to inconspicuously lyrately pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 1--8-paired, elliptic to triangular, margin with few teeth, sparsely mucronate, or entire; terminal lobe elliptic to triangular, margin toothed or entire, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate. Middle stem leaves few, similar to basal and lower stem leaves but smaller. Leaves under head and on axils of inflorescence smaller, linear, subulate, or bractlike, usually not divided. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, small. Involucre dark green, cylindric, 6--8 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries broadly ovate, ca. 1 X 0.8 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, 6--8 X ca. 0.8 mm, margin narrowly white membranous, apically crested, apex obtuse. Achenes dark brown, fusiform, ca. 3 mm, with 14 apiculate ribs, apex beakless. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

                * By streams, mountain tops; 2000--3500 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.

 

16. Youngia lanata Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 76. 1937.

 

绒毛黄鹌菜 rong mao huang an cai

 

                Perennial, 9--28 cm tall. Taproot slender, woody, straight or oblique. Caudex 4--7 mm wide, covered with brown bases of old petioles. Stem erect, sinuate, terete, striate, ± brown woolly especially at bifurcations, dichotomously 2--4-branched. Branches strict, slender, shorter than or equal to axis. Caudical leaves 4--7, ascending; petiole winged, base brown woolly; leaf blade to 10 X ca. 1.5 cm, obovate to oblanceolate, abaxially dusky tomentose, adaxially pubescent with short pale crinkled several-celled trichomes, base abruptly ? to attenuate, margin retrorsely revolute and sinuate, runcinate, toothed, or papillosely mucronate, apex obtuse to acute. Stem leaves 1--3, reduced, linear, mostly bractlike, base brown woolly. Inflorescence aggregate, paniculate-corymbiform; peduncles 4--15 mm, filiform, lanate to tomentulose. Heads few, erect, small, with 9 or 10 florets. Involucre dark green, cylindric, 6--7 mm, glabrous; outer involucral bracts ca. 5, ovate, 1--1.5 mm, apex acute to acuminate; inner bracts 8, lanceolate, 5--6 mm, margin pale membranous margin, glabrous, dorsally 1-veined, apex acute, alternate bracts with a very short wing or small salient claw near tip. Flowers yellow. Corolla ca. 1 cm; tube ca. 2 mm, sparsely pubescent with to 0.1 mm acicular hairs; ligule tinged purplish red, ca. 1.5 mm; teeth purple, ca. 0.6 mm, conspicuously gland-crested, hooded, anteriorly labiate. Filaments slender, extending beyond appendages ca. 0.3 mm; anthers tube greenish yellow, ca. 4 X 1 mm; appendages ca. 0.7 mm, oblong, connate, apex obtuse. Style branches ca. 1.5 X 0.1 mm, attenuate toward tip, yellow. Achenes (nearly mature) dark brown, fusiform and ± compressed, ca. 3.3 X 0.5 mm, with ca. 14 ribs, with 3 or 4 stronger, rounded, and apically apiculate, base narrowed to oblique callous hollow ca. 0.3 mm wide, apically strongly attenuate to ca. 0.2 mm wide at summit below ± expanded pappus disk. Pappus in 2 rows, persistent, white, 3.5--4 mm, coarse, soft, barbellulate. Fl. May--Jun.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Yunnan.

 

                No material was seen of this species and the above description is taken from original publication.

 

17. Youngia mairei (H. Léveillé) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 77. 1937.

 

东川黄鹌菜 dong chuan huang an cai

 

                Crepis mairei H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 531. 1913.

               

                Perennial, 18--23 cm tall. Caudex vertical or oblique, 0.8--1.6 X ca. 0.4 mm, scaly with bases of old leaves, leafy at crown, strongly fibrous below. Stem erect, slender, glabrous, paniculately few branched or only apically branched; lower branches paniculately few headed; upper branches short, cymose-corymbiform, apically slender, subtomentulose near head, with 1 bract subtending head. Caudical leaves ascending; leaf blade to 7 X ca. 1.5 cm, oblanceolate, finely pubescent with yellow or brown many celled piliform trichomes, abaxially pale, adaxially darker, base attenuate into a winged petiole, margin broadly retrorsely revolute and sinuately toothed with mucronate teeth, apex acute to acuminate. Stem leaves few, linear to bractlike. Heads erect, small, with ca. 12 florets. Involucre dark green, cylindric-campanulate, 6--7 mm, 2--3 mm wide at middle; outer involucral bracts usually 5, ca. 0.8 mm, ovate, glabrous; inner bracts ca. 8, lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent with very short appressed shining hairs, basally carinate, margin ± scarious and ciliate at apex, apex acute, shortly alate near tip, middle veined, veins darker. Florets yellow. Corolla ca. 8.5 mm; tube ca. 2.4 mm, glabrous; ligule ca. 1.8 mm wide; teeth ca. 0.4 mm, glanduliferous abaxially to margin. Filaments short, extending beyond appendages ca. 0.3 mm. Anthers yellow when dry; tube ca. 3.5 X 1.1 mm; appendages free, lanceolate, ca. 0.8 mm, apex acuminate. Style yellow, branches ca. 0.8 mm. Achenes brownish purple, linear, ca. 2.5 X 0.4 mm, with 14 or 15 ribs, with 4 or 5 stronger and finely apiculate ribs, spicules pale, constricted at equally narrow hollow lightly callous base, apically subattenuate to 0.3 mm wide at summit, with very slightly expanded pappus-disk. Pappus in 1 row, persistent, white, ca. 3.5 mm, fine, soft, barbellulate, base connate, deciduous in clumps. Fl. Jun.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Yunnan.

 

                No material was seen of this species and the above description was taken from the original publication.

 

18. Youngia blinii (H. Léveillé) Lauener, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 34: 388. 1976.

 

刚毛黄鹌菜 gang mao huang an cai

 

                Crepis blinii H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 345. 1914; C. setigera Scott; Faberia blinii (H. Léveillé) H. Léveillé; Youngia setigera (Scott ex W. W. Smith) Babcock & Stebbins.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 15--18 cm tall, with thick rhizomes. Stem erect or suberect, dense purple spreading bristles, apically below head with linear 2--3 mm bracts, brownish purple hairs, and dense bristles. Leaves subbasal; petiole 1--3 cm, with dense purple bristles; leaf blade oblanceolate, 7--10 X 2--3 cm, with purple long bristles, adaxially ventricumbents with sparse bristles, base cuneate-attenuate, margin coarsely toothed, apex acute to acuminate; midvein conspicuous. Stem leaves 1--3, similar to basal leaves but subsessile and smaller. Heads 10--15, densely paniculate. Phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 1 cm; middle phyllaries abaxially with long bristles on midvein, margin submembranous. Florets yellow. Achenes pale brown, 5--5.5 mm, ribbed, glabrous, apically beakless. Pappus brown, ± equaling achene length.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Yunnan.

 

                No material was seen of this species and the above description was taken from the original publication.

 

19. Youngia paleacea (Diels) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 67. 1937.

 

羽裂黄鹌菜 yu lie huang an cai

 

                Crepis paleacea Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 202. 1912; C. yunnanensis Babcock; Youngia paleacea (Diels) Babcock & Stebbins subsp. smithii Babcock & Stebbins; Y. paleacea subsp. yunnanensis (Babcock) Babcock & Stebbins.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--100 cm tall. Stem purple or base purplish red, erect, with residue of old petioles, paniculate-corymbose from base or apically, glabrous or very sparsely white tomentose. Leaves with multicellular nodiferous hairs. Basal leaves with petiole to 6 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 4.5--12 X 1.2--4 cm, pinnatipartite, runcinately pinnatipartite, runcinately pinnatilobate, or lyrately pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 2--7-paired, opposite to obliquely opposite, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, narrowly triangular, obliquely triangular, margin entire or with few to large and triangular teeth, apex acute, long acute, obtuse, or rounded; terminal lobe broadly linear, narrowly lanceolate, triangular, or falcate, margin largely triangular toothed or entire. Middle leaves similar to basal leaves but petiole winged, base attenuate. Upper stem and uppermost stem leaves small or very small. Heads many, terminal, corymbose, medium in size, with 9--16 florets. Involucre cylindric, 0.9--1.3 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries broadly ovate, 0.7--1.4 X ca. 0.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 9--13 X ca. 1.5 mm, abaxially glabrous, margin white membranous, apically with clawlike appendages, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 4.2 mm, with 14 or 15 apiculate ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 9 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                * Forests on mountain slopes, mountain valleys, forest margins, thickets; 1800--3400 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

 

20. Youngia pilifera C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 183. 1995.

 

糙毛黄鹌菜 cao mao huang an cai

 

                Herbs, perennial, 8--30 cm tall. Stem erect, slender, corybose from base or sometimes middle. Branches sericeous below, glabrous above. Leaves densely strigose. Basal leaves with 1--1.8 cm petiole; leaf blade elliptic, ovate-elliptic, broadly ovate, or orbicular, 0.7--3 X 0.6--1.5 cm, base broadly cuneate to rounded, lyrately pinnatipartite to pinnatilobate, sometimes not divided and oblanceolate, apex rounded to obtuse; lateral lobes 2--4-paired, triangular to elliptic, margin entire, apex acute, rounded, or obtuse; terminal lobe elliptic, hastate, or irregularly hastate, margin entire or retrorsely toothed, apex rounded to obtuse. Stem leaves 1 or 2, sessile, narrowly elliptic to linear, apex long acuminate. Leaves in axils of in florescence linear, small. Heads few to numerous, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate. Involucre dark green, cylindric, 8--10 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 X 1.5 mm, apex ?? to obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 8--10 X ca. 1 mm, margin white membranous, apically with winged appendages, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes immature. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm, scabrous. Fl. Jul.

 

                * Thickets in mountain valleys, moist areas in river valleys; 3200--3600 m. Sichuan (Kangding Xian).

 

21. Youngia terminalis Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 85. 1937.

 

大头黄鹌菜 da tou huang an cai

 

                Perennial, 20--50 cm tall, glabrous throughout except adaxially and apex of inner involucral bracts. Caudex very slender, prolonged into a fine root, few leaved. Stem erect, very slender, terete, remotely paniculately 2- to 5-branched. Branches narrowly arcuate, fine, 1- to 3-headed. Caudical leaves petiolate; petiole 2--9 cm, slender, inconspicuously winged, with broad clasping base; leaf bade spatulate, simple or lyrately pinnatifid; lateral lobes 1--4 or absent, triangular, small, apex obtuse; terminal lobe or leaf blade to 4 X ca. 3 cm, orbicular, ovate, or oblong, base truncate or sagittate, margin entire or sinuate and toothed, apex obtuse to acute. Stem leaves 2--4, at remote bifurcations of stem, mostly linear, filamentous to bractlike. Heads erect, small, with 11--13 florets. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 7--8 mm; outer involucral bracts 5, ovate, ca. 1.5 mm; inner bracts 8, lanceolate, abaxially with vein in middle, adaxially finely appressed pubescent, margin scarious, apex acute, somewhat thickened or tuberculate near white ciliate tip. Florets yellow. Corolla ca. 1 cm; tube ca. 2 mm, glabrous; ligule ca. 1.5 mm wide; teeth ca. 1 mm, gland-crested, hooded. Filaments extend beyond appendages ca. 0.8 mm; anthers tube green, ca. 3.5 X 1 mm; appendages ca. 0.8 mm, narrow, sagittate. Style yellow, branches ca. 1.2 X 0.1 mm, yellow. Achenes dark brown, some what curved, subcompressed, ca. 3 X 0.5 mm, with ca. 12 ribs, with 3 or 4 stronger and inconspicuously apiculate or muriculate, base narrowed at small callous hollow, apically strongly attenuate to a 0.2 mm wide summit, with ± expanded pappus disk. Pappus in 1 row, persistent, white, ca. 4 mm, bristles fine, base ± thickened and connate. Fl. Aug.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Sichuan.

 

                Long, fine petioles, slender stems, and massed fibrous roots of a clump of young plants suggest that the plants are found in moist, shady places and that they spread by stolons or root sprouts.

 

                No material was seen of this species and the above description was taken from the original publication.

 

22. Youngia kangdingensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 186. 1995.

 

康定黄鹌菜 kang ding huang an cai

 

                Herbs, perennial, 7--14 cm tall. Stem slender, corymbose from base or middle, sparsely white pubescent under heads. Leaves with papillose trichome. Basal leaves with ca. 5 mm petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate to elliptic, 9--20 X ca. 5 mm, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; lateral lobes 1--3-paired, very small, auriculate; terminal lobes elliptic to obliquely triangular, margin entire, apex rounded, obtuse, or acute. Stem leaves absent or very few. Leaves in axils of inflorescence small, bractlike. Heads 3--5, terminal, corymbose, with ca. 15 florets. Involucre dark green, narrowly cylindric, ca. 8 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate, ca. 1 X 1 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 8 X 1.2 mm, apically with winged appendage. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 3.4 mm, with 12 apiculate long ribs, apex beakless. Pappus white, scabrous, ca. 5.4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

                * Thickets; ca. 3300 m. Sichuan (Kangding Xian).

 

23. Youngia yilingi C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 186. 1995.

 

艺林黄鹌菜 yi lin huang an cai

 

                Herbs, perennial, 3--5 cm tall. Caudex thickened, with dark or pale brown residue of petioles. Stem slender, simple or 1- or 2-branched from base. Stem and branches with sparsely multicellular nodiferous hairs. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves with ca. 5 mm winged petiole; leaf blade spatulate, irregularly hastate, elliptic or oblanceolate, ca. 10 X 3 mm including petiole, margin entire, obtusely 1- or 2-toothed, or sinuolate. Stem leaves absent or leaf in axils of inflorescence linear-subulate to bractlike and very small. Heads 3--5, terminal on stem, irregularly corymbose or solitary, with ca. 11 florets. Involucre dark green, narrowly campanulate, ca. 6.5 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate, ca. 1 X 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 6.5 X 1 mm, apically with winged appendages. Achenes dark brown, fusiform, ca. 2.8 mm, usually with 14 apiculate ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun.

 

                * Rock slopes; ca. 3000 m. Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian).

 

24. Youngia nujiangensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 183. 1995.

 

怒江黄鹌菜 nu jiang huang an cai

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 15 cm tall. Stem erect, base with brown residue of petioles, branched from base, sparsely pubescent. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole 1--2.5 cm, winged; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate-elliptic, 1.5--3 X ca. 0.5 cm, thick in texture, hirtellous, margin sparsely toothed, entire, or subpinnatilobate, apex obtuse to acute. Stem leaves absent or almost absent. Leaves in forks of inflorescence subulate to linear-subulate, very small. Heads 3--10, terminal, corymbose, small. Involucre cylindric, ca. 7 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, dark green, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries triangular to broadly triangular, 1--1.5 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 3.8 mm, with 14 apiculate ribs. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun.

 

                * Wastelands in river valleys; 1700--1800 m. NW Yunnan.

 

25. Youngia hastiformis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 185. 1995.

 

顶戟黄鹌菜 ding ji huang an cai

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 27 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, corymbose above, glabrous. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic or oblanceolate, 4.5--5.5 X 1.5--2 cm, almost lyrately pinnatisect or pinnatisect; terminal lobe triangular-hastate to hastate; lateral lobes 1--3-paired, opposite, alternate, or obliquely opposite, triangular, glabrous, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Upper stem leaves linear. Uppermost stem leaves subulate to linear-subulate, very small. Heads ca. 7, terminal, corymbose. Involucre dark green, narrowly cylindric, ca. 7 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, less than ca. 1 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 7 X 1 mm. Florets yellow. Achenes fusiform, 2--2.5 mm, spiculate, beakless. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun.

 

                * By streams; ca. 2500 m. Sichuan (Heishui Xian).

 

26. Youngia wilsoni (Babcock) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 79. 1937.

 

栉齿黄鹌菜 zhi chi huang an cai

 

                Crepis wilsonii Babcock, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 14: 331. 1928.

 

               Herbs, perennial, ca. 40 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous, base with residue of old petioles, apically corymbose. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves rosular; petiole 1--2 cm; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 8--10 X 1--2 cm, pinnatifid; terminal lobe linear to narrowly triangular; lateral lobes 4--6-paired, opposite to obliquely opposite, broadly to narrowly triangular, gradually smaller towards basal lobes, margin usually serrate with 1-paired tooth between lobes. Middle and upper stem leaves linear to narrowly linear. Uppermost stem leaves and leaves in axils of inflorescence subulate to linear-subulate, small. Heads few to numerous, terminal, corymbose, with ca. 13 florets. Involucre narrowly cylindric 7--8.5 cm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 1 X 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 7--8.5 X ca. 1 mm, margin white membranous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes pale brown, cylindric, ca. 3.4 mm, with 11--15 apiculate ribs, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus white, scabridudous, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep.

 

                * Grasslands; ca. 1500 m. Chongqing (Chengkou Xian), Hubei.

 

27. Youngia henryi (Diels) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 83. 1937.

 

长裂黄鹌菜 chang lie huang an cai

 

                Crepis henryi Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 633. 1901.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 30--80 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous, base with residue of old petioles, corymbose from middle or apically. Basal leaves dimorphic; petiole base brown lanate. Early basal leaves broadly ovate, ca. 6 X 1 cm, margin entire or pinnatifid; lateral lobes 2--6-paired, elliptic, apex obtuse to rounded; terminal lobe large, apex acute. Later basal leaves lanceolate, pinnatipartite to subpinnatisect; lateral lobes 5-paired, narrowly linear; terminal lobe narrowly linear. Lower and middle stem leaves with 2.5--3 cm winged petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 5--6 X 2--2.5 cm, pinnatipartite to subpinnatisect; lateral lobes 3--6-paired, lanceolate, linear, narrowly linear, or falcate; terminal lobe narrowly linear, triangular, or lanceolate. Leaves in axils of inflorescence similar to middle and lower stem leaves. Leaves under head subulate to bractlike; lateral lobes or partial lateral lobe margin entire but base with 1 large and triangular tooth on one side or leaves with 2 divided lateral lobes. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, with 7--10 florets. Involucre dark green, cylindric, 7--9-mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 1 X 1 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 7--9 X ca. 1.2 mm, margin white membranous, apex obtuse. Achenes pale brown, fusiform, ca. 3.5 mm, with 12 apiculate ribs, apically beakless. Pappus white or ± yellow, ca. 4.5 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 1500--2000 m. Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

 

28. Youngia pratti (Babcock) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 81. 1937.

 

川西黄鹌菜 chuan xi huang an cai

 

                Crepis pratii Babcock, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 14: 331. 1928.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 15--50 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, base with residue of old petioles, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate from middle, slender, glabrous. Basal leaves with 1--3 cm winged petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 5.5--12.5 X 1--3 cm, glabrous, lyrately or runcinately pinnatilobate, pinnatifid, or pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 3--6-paired, opposite to obliquely opposite, ovate, triangular, linear, linear-lanceolate, or falcate, central segment larger, others gradually smaller, lowermost segment usually toothlike; terminal lobe broadly triangular, linear-lanceolate, or narrowly linear, apex acute, obtuse, to long acuminate. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves or middle and upper stem leaves narrowly linear, not divided. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, with ca. 11 florets. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 7--11 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, 1--2 X ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries 7--11 X ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse to acute. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, cylindric, with 13 apiculate ribs, apically beakless. Pappus white, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                * Thickets or grassland on mountain slopes; 1500--1800 m. Henan, Hubei, Shanxi, Sichuan.

 

29. Youngia longiflora (Babcock & Stebbins) C. Shih, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 80(1): 150. 1997.

 

长花黄鹌菜 chang hua huang an cai

 

                Youngia japonica (Linnaeus) de Candolle subsp. longiflora Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 97. 1937; Crepis japonica (Linnaeus) Bentham subsp. longiflora (Babcock & Stebbins) Handel-Mazzetti.

 

                Herbs, annual, 30--80 cm tall. Stem solitary to 3-fascicled, erect, with sparsely crisp multicellular nodiferous hairs below, glabrescent, or glabrous, corymbose from middle. Leaves sparsely covered with crisp multicellular nodiferous hairs. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade oblanceolate to ovate-oblanceolate, 6.5--23 X 1--7 cm, lyrately pinnatilobate, lyrately pinnatipartite, inconspicuously runcinate-pinnatilobate, or runcinate-pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 3--8-paired, opposite to obliquely opposite, elliptic to triangular, gradually smaller towards leaf base, lowermost segment toothlike, margin toothed, apex rounded, obtuse, or acute; terminal lobe elliptic to ovate, margin toothed, apex rounded. Stem leaves absent or 1, sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate, margin subentire. Leaves in axils of inflorescence linear-subulate, very small. Heads few to numerous, terminal, corymbose, with 18--20 florets. Involucre cylindric, 6--8 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ca. 1.4 X 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, 6--8 X ca. 1.2 mm, margin white membranous, apex obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes dark purple, fusiform, ca. 2 mm, with 11--13 apiculate ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Apr--Aug.

 

                * Mountain slopes, densely grassy areas by roads; 500--3000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

 

30. Youngia heterophylla (Hemsley) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 87. 1937.

 

异叶黄鹌菜 yi ye huang an cai

 

                Crepis heterophylla Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23: 475. 1888.

 

Herbs, annual or biennial, 30--100 cm tall. Stem solitary or fascicled, erect, with sparsely multicellular nociferous hairs, apically corymbose. Leaves abaxially purplish red, adaxially green, glabrous. Basal leaves with 3.5--11 cm petiole; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate-elliptic, ca. 23 X 6--7 cm, lyrately pinnatipartite or not divided; lateral lobes 1--8-paired, opposite to obliquely opposite, small, margin entire or toothed, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; terminal lobe hastate, ovate, or lanceolate, margin entire, subentire, or toothed. Lower and middle stem leaves similar to basal leaves, hastate, rarely not divided. Upper stem leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate. Leaves in axils of inflorescence linear-subulate, smaller than others. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose, with 11--25 florets. Involucre cylindric, 6--7 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 1 X 0.7 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 6--7 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute. Achenes dark purple, fusiform, ca. 3 mm, with 14--15 apiculate ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, 3--4 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Apr--Oct.

 

                * Forests, forest margins, wastelands; 400--2300 m. Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

31. Youngia bifurcata Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 89. 1937.

 

顶凹黄鹌菜 ding ao huang an cai

 

                Perennial, 12--13 cm tall. Caudex very short, ca. 8 mm wide, bearing strong fleshy fibers, with numerous leaves, several flowering stems, and one horizontal leafy stoloniform stem. Stems several, erect or arcuate, slender, remotely 2-furcate, densely pubescent at bifurcations. Branches 1- to 2-headed; peduncles 1.5--4.5 cm, very slender, 1- bracteate, finely pubescent. Caudical leaves with short narrowly winged petiole; leaf blade to 10 X ca. 2 cm, oblanceolate, lyrately pinnatifid, apex obtuse; terminal segment ovate to elliptic; lateral segments close, semiorbicular to triangular, retrorse, gradually diminishing, segments inconspicuously papilliform toothed, teeth hornlike; midvein prominent, pale, like stem pubescent with brownish many celled piliform trichomes longer and denser on midvein and base of petiole and stems. Leaves of flowering stems mostly reduced, bractiform, first one sometimes like caudical leaves but smaller. Leaves of stoloniform stems like caudical leaves. Heads erect, small, with ca. 12 florets. Involucre cylindric, 6--7 mm, glabrous; outer phyllaries involucral bracts ca. 7, pale yellowish, ± fleshy, 1--2 mm, ovate, apex acute to obtuse; inner bracts 8, green, lanceolate, abaxially veined in middle, adaxially pubescent with appressed shining hairs, basally carinate in fruit, apex acute, abaxially white ciliate at brown swollen tip. Corolla ca. 1.2 cm; tube ca. 3 mm, densely pubescent with stout acicular hairs to 0.2 mm; ligule ca. 2.5 mm wide; teeth 0.2--0.5 mm, brownish at apex when dry, conspicuously gland-crested. Filaments extend beyond appendages ca. 0.4 mm; anther tube green, ca. 3.5 X 1.3 mm; appendages ca. 0.6 mm, oblong, connate, apex obtuse. Style yellow, branches ca. 2.3 X 0.1 mm, apex attenuate. Achenes not fully mature, dark reddish brown, fusiform, compressed, 3--3.5 X ca. 1 mm, with 12--14 rounded but apically strongly apiculate ribs, less attenuate to constricted narrow hollow lightly callous base, apically shortly attenuate to a ca. 0.2 mm wide summit and with an expanded white pappus disk, Pappus in 1 row, persistent, white, bristles very unequal, 1.5--2.5 mm, soft, barbellulate, fine, base broader and connate, deciduous in clumps.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Yunnan.

 

                No material was seen of this species and the above description was taken from the original publication.

 

32. Youngia rubida Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 100. 1937.

 

川黔黄鹌菜 chuan qian huang an cai

 

                Herbs, annual, 20--50 cm tall. Stem erect, branched from base, with multicellular nodiferous hairs below, glabrescent or glabrous above. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves with 3--3.5 cm petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, 3--7 X 1.5--3 cm, lyrately-pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, margin of lowermost serrate; terminal lobe triangular, margin entire, apex acuminate. Lower and middle stem leaves similar to basal leaves. Upper stem leaves sessile, broadly linear, margin entire or with few teeth. Leaves in axils of inflorescence subulate to linear-subulate, very small. Heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate, with 13--15 florets. Involucre cylindric, ca. 6.5 mm. Phmyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate, less than 1 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 6.5 X 1 mm, margin white membranous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes red, fusiform, ca. 2.8 mm, with 12 apiculate ribs, apex attenuate to a stout and short beak. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun.

 

                * Forests, forest margins, under rocks, soil walls. Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan.

 

33. Youngia longipes (Hemsley) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 92. 1937.

 

戟叶黄鹌菜 ji ye huang an cai

 

                Crepis longipes Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23: 476. 1888.

 

                Herbs, annual, 80--100 cm. Stems, branches, and leaves glabrous. Stem erect, corymbose-paniculate from basal part. Basal leaves with ca. 7.5 cm petiole; leaf blade cordate-hastate, sometimes ovate, ca. 10 X 5 cm, margin sparsely mucronate or with triangular and shallow teeth, apex acute. Middle and upper stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade lyrately pinnatisect or not divided; terminal lobe broadly triangular, ca. 7 X 5 cm, apex acuminate; lateral lobes 1- or 2-paired, alternate, narrowly ovate to auriculate; leaves in axils of inflorescence lanceolate, narrowly linear, subulate, or linear-subulate, small, margin entire, apex acuminate. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose-paniculate, with 15--20 flowered. Involucre cylindric, 5--6 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, less than ca. 1 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 5--6 X ca. 1 mm, margin narrowly white membranous, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes pale red, fusiform, ca. 2 mm, with 12--14 apiculate ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun.

 

                * Sandy areas valleys; 1000--1500 m. Hubei, Zhejiang.

 

34. Youngia japonica (Linnaeus) de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 194. 1938.

 

黄鹌菜 huang an cai

 

                Prenanthes japonica Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 107. 1767; Chondrilla japonica (Linnaeus) Lamarck; C. lyrata Poiret; Crepis formosana Hayata; C. japonica (Linnaeus) Bentham; C. lyrata (Poiret) Bentham ex C. B. Clarke; C. taquetii (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) H. Léveillé; Lactuca taquetii H. Léveillé & Vaniot; L. taraxacum H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Prenanthes fastigiata Blume; P. multiflora Thunberg; P. striata Blume; Youngia formosana (Hayata) H. Hara; Y. gracilis Miquel; Y. japonica (Linnaeus) de Candolle subsp. formosana (Hayata) Kitamura; Y. japonica var. formosana (Hayata) H. L. Li; Y. lyrata Cassini; Y. multiflora (Thunberg) de Candolle; Y. napifera de Candolle ex Wight; Y. paosa Steudel.

 

                Herbs, annual, 10--100 cm tall. Stem solitary or fascicled, erect, basally with sparse crisp hairs, long branched from basal part or apically slender and corymbose. Leaves with crisp hairs. Basal leaves with 1--7 cm winged or unwinged petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or broadly linear, 2.5--13 X 1--4.5 cm, lyrately pinnatipartite or pinnatisect, rarely not divided; lateral lobes 3--7-paired, elliptic, gradually smaller towards stem base, lowermost auriculate, margin toothed, serrulate, mucronate, or rarely entire; terminal lobe ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or obovate, margin toothed or entire, apex rounded to acute. Stem leaves absent or rarely 1 or 2, similar to basal leaves. Heads few to numerous, terminal, corymbose, with 10--20 florets. Involucre cylindric, 4--5 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries broadly ovate, less than ca. 0.6 X 0.6 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 4--5 X 1--1.3 mm, margin broadly white membranous, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes brown to reddish brown, fusiform, 1.5--2 mm, 11--13 unequally ribbed, apically beakless. Pappus white, 2.5--3.5 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Apr--Oct.

 

                Mountain slopes, mountain valleys, forests, forest margins, grassland in forests, moist areas; 200--4500 m. Beijing, Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indo-china??, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines].

 

35. Youngia pseudosenecio (Vaniot) C. Shih, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 80(1): 157. 1997.

 

卵裂黄鹌菜 luan lie huang an cai

 

                Lactuca pseudosenecio Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 12: 320. 1903; Crepis japonica (Linnaeus) Bentham var. elstonii Hochreutiner; Prenanthes lyrata Thunberg ex Houttuyn; Youngia japonica (Linnaeus) de Candolle subsp. elstonii (Hochreutiner) Babcock & Stebbins.

 

                Herbs, annual, 50--150 cm tall. Stem solitary or fascicled, erect, paniculate from middle, basally and middle with sparse crisp hairs. Basal and lower and middle stem leaves with 1-5--5 cm winged petiole; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, ca. 27 X 7 cm, pinnatipartite or sublyrately pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 3--7-paired, remote, elliptic to triangular, gradually smaller towards leaf base, lowermost segment usually toothlike, apex acute to obtuse; terminal lobe elliptic, margin with few teeth, apex acute. Upper stem leaves linear, margin entire. Leaves in axils of inflorescence bractlike to subulate. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose-paniculate, with ca. 20 florets. Involucre cylindric, 4--5.5 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, pale green; outer phyllaries ovate to broadly ovate, less than 1 X 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 4--5.5 X ca. 1 mm, margin white membranous, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, fusiform, ca. 2 mm, with 11--13 apiculate ribs, apically attenuate but beakless. Pappus white, scabrous, 3--3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Nov.

 

                * Grassland in mountain slopes, moist areas by water, densely grassy areas by houses, ravines; 300--2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

36. Youngia rosthornii (Diels) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 92. 1937.

 

多裂黄鹌菜 duo lie huang an cai

 

                Crepis rosthornii Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 632. 1901; C. japonica (Linnaeus) Bentham f. foliosa Matsuda.

 

                Herbs, annual, ca. 100 cm or more tall. Stem erect, apically corymbose-paniculate, glabrous. Basal leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic to 20 X 8 cm, bipinnately compound, primary segments 5--7-paired, elliptic, irregularly elliptic to oblanceolate, lyrately pinnatisect; secondary terminal segment hastate-triangular; secondary lateral lobes few, 1-paired, elliptic to auriculate. Lower and middle stem leaves similar to basal leaves. Uppermost leaves and leaves in axils of inflorescence narrowly linear, margin entire. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose-paniculate, with ca. 20 florets. Involucre cylindric, ca. 6 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ca. 1 X 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 6 X 2 mm, margin narrowly white membranous, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes dark purple, fusiform, ca. 2 mm, with 14 ribs, apically beakless. Pappus white, ca. 3.5 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

 

                * Mountain slopes; 500--1500 m. Sichuan, Zhejiang.

 

37. Youngia erythrocarpa (Vaniot) Babcock & Stebbins, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 484: 102. 1937.

 

红果黄鹌菜 hong guo huang an cai

 

                Lactuca erythrocarpa Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 12: 319. 1903.

 

                Herbs, annual, 50--100 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, branched from base, glabrous. Leaves with multicellular nodiferous crisp hairs or glabrescent. Basal leaves with ca. 5 cm petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate, to 6 X 3 cm, lyrately pinnatisect; terminal segment broadly ovate, triangular, or triangular-hastate to obtuse, margin toothed, apex acute; lateral segments (1 or)2- or 3-paired, elliptic, margin toothed, apex acute. Stem leaves numerous, similar to basal leaves, shortly petiolate. Leaves in axils of inflorescence subsessile; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, not divided. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose. Involucre cylindric, 4--6 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate to broadly ovate, 0.5--0.8 X 0.5--0.6 mm, apex acute to short acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate 4--6 X ca. 1 mm, margin narrowly white membranous, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes fusiform, with 11--14 ribs, apically attenuate to a short and stout beak. Pappus white, ca. 2.5 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Apr--Aug.

 

                * Densely grassy areas on mountain slopes, wastelands on plains or in ravines; 400--1900 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.

 

38. Youngia szechuanica (E. S. Söderberg) S. Y. Hu, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 22: 37. 1969.

 

少花黄鹌菜 shao hua huang an cai

 

                Crepis szechuanica E. S. Söderberg, Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 28: 362. 1934; C. scaposa C. C. Chang; Hieracium runcinatifolium C. C. Chang; Youngia scaposa (C. C. Chang) Babcock & Stebbins.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 15--40 cm tall. Stem solitary or fascicled, erect, slender, base with residue of old petioles, base of petiole dense brown tomentose, corymbose from base. Leaves with brown multicellular crinkled hairs. Basal leaves with petiole to 6.5 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate, 3.5--13 X 1.5--6.5 cm, lyrately pinnatilobate, pinnatipartite, or pinnatisect; lateral lobes 5--8-paired, opposite or alternate, elliptic to triangular, apex obtuse to rounded; terminal lobe ovate, margin entire or with few broad and triangular teeth. Leaves in axils of inflorescence subulate to bractlike. Heads numerous, terminal, corymbose, with ca. 5 florets. Involucre cylindric, 6--7 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic to ovate, ca. 1.3 X 1 mm, apex obtuse to rounded; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 6--7 X ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes dark to dark brown, fusiform, ca. 3 mm, with 10--13 ribs, apically beakless. Pappus brown, ca. 3 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                * Roadsides on mountain slopes; 1100--1700 m. Sichuan.

 

207. HEXINIA H. L. Yang, Fl. Desertis Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3: 472??. 1992.

 

河西菊属 he xi ju shu

 

                Herbs, perennial, many ranked dichotomous, globate cespitose. Basal and lower stem leaves few, linear, base sessile, semiamplexicaul, apex obtuse. Lower and middle stem leaves or sometimes basal leaves small, rudimental, or triangular scales. Heads many, homogamous, with ca. 4 florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 2 or 3 rows; outer phyllaries shorter than inner phyllaries. Receptacle flat. Florets yellow, hermaphrodite. Corolla ligule apically truncated and 5-toothed. Style arms slender; anthers base with sagittate appendages. Achenes oblong, with 15 equal ribs, apex rounded and beakless. Pappus in 5--15 rows, white, base connate into a ring and caducous as a unit.

 

                Monotypic; endemic to China.

 

1. Hexinia polydichotoma (Ostenfeld) H. L. Yang, Fl. Desertis. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 3: 459??. 1992.

 

河西菊 he xi ju

 

                Chondrilla polydichotoma Ostenfeld, S. Tibet 6(3): 29. 1922; Zollikoferia polydichotoma (Ostenfeld) Ilijin.

 

                Herbs, spheroid, 15--50 cm tall. Caudex without residue of fibrous and lacerate sheath, with many stems from caudex. Stem from basal part many ranked dichotomous, glabrous, apically thick under head. Leaves glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves few, linear, sessile, 0.5--4 X 0.2--0.5 cm, base semiamplexicaul, apex obtuse. Middle and upper stem leaves small, triangularly scale-formed. Heads numerous, terminal on branches, solitary, with 4--7 florets. Involucre cylindric, 8--10 X 2--3 mm. Phyllaries in 2 or 3 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries triangular to triangular-ovate, 2--4 X 0.5--2.5 mm, unequal; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 8--10 X 2.5--3.5 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes pale yellow to yellowish brown, oblong, ca. 4 mm, with 15 ribs, apex obtuse and beakless. Pappus white, in 5--10 rows, base connate into a ring and deciduous as a unit. Fl. and fr. May--Sep.

 

                * Sandy soils, edges of sandy soils, low areas between sand dunes; 400--1600 m. Gansu, Xinjiang.

 

208. CREPIDIASTRUM Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 34: 147. 1920.

 

假还阳参属 jia huan yang shen shu

 

                Ixeris Cassini subgen. Crepidiastrum (Nakai) Stebbins.

 

                Herbs, suffrutescent, glabrous, glaucous. Stem stout, simple or branched. Leaves rosulate or on stem, alternate, entire or pinnately incised. Heads on lateral leafy branches, in corymbs, small, homogamous. Involucres narrow. Inner phyllaries equal, in 1 series, small, few. Outer surface of florets yellow or red, apex runcinate and 5-toothed. Achenes ± flattened, with 10--15 longitudinal ribs, tip shortly narrowed. Pappus copious, in 1 row, subscabrous, caducous.

 

About 7 species: E Asia; two endemic species in China.

 

1a. Flowering branches lateral; heads many ...............................................................................................  1. C. lanceolatum

2a. Flowering branches ascending; heads few ..........................................................................................  2. C. taiwaniarum

 

1. Crepidiastrum lanceolatum (Houttuyn) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 150. 1920.

 

假还阳参 jia huan yang shen

               

Prenanthes lanceolata Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. 10: 383. 1779; Chondrilla lanceolata (Houttuyn) Poiret; Crepidiastrum koshunensis (Hayata) Nakai; C. lanceolatum (Houttuyn) Nakai f. batakanense (Kitamura) Kitamura; C. lanceolatum var. batakanense (Kitamura) Nemoto; C. lanceolatum f. pinnatilobum (Maxinowicz) Nakai; C. quercus (H. Léivellé & Vaniot) Nakai; Crepis integra (Thunberg) Miquel; C. integra var. pinnatiloba Maximowicz; C. lanceolata SchultzBipontinus ex Zollinger; C. lanceolata var. pinnatiloba (Maximowicz) Makino; Hieraciodes integrum (Thunberg) Kuntze; Ixeris koshunensis (Hayata) Stebbins; I. lanceolata (Houttuyn) Stebbins; I. quercus (H. Léivellé & Vaniot) Stebbins; Lactuca koshunensis Hayata; L. lanceolata (Houttuyn) Makino; L. lanceolata var. batakanensis Kitamura; L. quercus H. Léivellé & Vaniot; Prenanthes integra Thunberg.

 

                Stem stout, woody, short, rhizomelike, few branched, with tuft of rosulate leaves apically. Flowering branches lateral, decumbent. Radical leaves with 2--3 mm wide petiole; leaf blade ovate, spatulate, or rarely rounded, thick, glabrous, base narrowed into winged petiole, margin entire, pinnafid, or pinnatilobate. Stem leaves remote, lower spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, middle oblong to lanceolate, upper ovate to ovate-oblong, 4--5 X 0.5--2 cm, base clasping, apex obtuse. Flowering branches 10--40 cm. Heads many, corymbose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., with 8--12 florets; peduncle 3--9 cm, slender. Involucre 8--9 X 3--5 mm, glabrous. Phyllaries in 4 series; outer phyllaries shorter, ovate, 1--1.2 cm. Florets yellow. Achenes 2.5--4 X ca. 0.8 mm, with 10[--15] ribs. Pappus white, 3--4 mm.

 

                * Rocky situations on hillsides in coastal areas. Taiwan.

 

2. Crepidiastrum taiwanianum Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 34: 252. 1920.

 

台湾假还阳参 tai wan jia huan yang shen

 

                Crepidiastrum koshunense (Hayata) Nakai var. taiwanianum (Nakai) Yamamoto; Lactuca taiwanensis (Nakai) Makino.

 

                Stem elongate, stout, brown villous, many branched, with a tuft of rosulate leaves apically. Flowering branches ascending. Radical leaves spatulate, 4.5--5.5 X 1.2--1.6 cm, glabrous, base narrowed, margin toothed, apex rounded. Middle leaves 20--24 X 8--10 mm, base clasping, margin subtoothed, apex rounded; upper leaves gradually smaller. Heads few, corymbose; peduncle 5--9 mm. Involucre tubular, 6--8 X 3--5 mm. Phyllaries in 1-series, ovate, ca. 1 mm; inner phyllaries 8, narrowly oblong lanceolate, apex obtuse. Florets yellow, ca. 8 X 1.5 mm. Achenes ca. 4 mm, with 10 ribs. Pappus white, ca. 3 mm.

 

                * Littoral areas; near sea level. S Taiwan.

 

                No material was seen of this genus and the descriptions of genus and species were taken from Flora of Taiwan.

 

209. LAUNAEA Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat. 25: 321. 1822.

 

栓果菊属 shuan guo ju shu

 

                Ammoseris Endlicher; Brachramphus de Candolle; Lomatolepis Cassini; Rhabdotheca Cassini.

 

                Herbs, biennial, perennial, or shrublets. Leaves not divided, pinnatilobate, or pinnatifid, usually toothed. Heads few to many, terminal on stem, corymbose, paniculate, racemose, fascicled, or solitary, homogamous. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries small; inner phyllaries not imbricate. Receptacle flat. Florets yellow to reddish purple. Corolla apically truncate and 5-toothed. Anthers base with sagittate appendages. Style arms slender. Achenes with 3--6 elevated ribs, apically truncate and beakless. Pappus white, caducous as a unit or persistent.

 

                About 50 species; Africa, Europe, Asia; two species in China.

 

1a. Plants without creeping stems; leaves lanceolate, narrowly ovate, spatulate or broadly linear, margin serrulate; heads terminal, corymbose ..........................................................................................................................................  1. L. acaulis

1b. Plants with creeping stems; leaves oblanceolate, margin sinuolate, pinnatifid or lyrately pinnatifid; heads in rosette on nodes .............................................................................................................................................................  2. L. samartosa

 

1. Launaea acaulis (Roxburgh) Babcock ex Kerr in Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 2: 299. 1936.

 

光茎栓果菊 guang jing shuan guo ju

 

                Prenanthes acaulis Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 404. 1832; Crepis acaulis (Roxburgh) J. D. Hooker; Lactuca glabra de Candolle ex Wight; Launaea glabra (de Candolle ex Wight) Franchet; Microrhynchus glaber Wight; Youngia acaulis (Roxburgh) de Candolle.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 25--35 cm tall, acaulis or subacaulis. Roots thick, with few scapes. Scapes few corymbose, glabrous. Branches slender, glabrous. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves many, rosular, shortly petiolate; leaf blade spatulate, narrowly ovate, spatulate-ovate, lanceolate, or linear-oblanceolate, 5--14 X 0.5--1 cm, base cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Leaves at axils of inflorescence very small, bractlike. Heads few to many, corymbose, with ca. 14 florets. Involucre cylindric, 1.3--1.5 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, triangular, or lanceolate, 2--4 X 0.6--0.8 mm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 13--15 X ca. 2 mm, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes oblanceolate to elliptic-oblanceolate, ca. 4.8 mm, with 6 elevated ribs, narrowed towards both ends, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus white, ca. 8 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--May.

 

                Roadsides on mountain slopes, wastelands, sparsely forested steppes; 300--3600 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand].

 

2. Launaea sarmentosa (Willdenow) Merill, Sunyatsenia 2: 328. 1935.

 

匐枝栓果菊 fu zhi shuan guo ju

 

                Prenanthes sarmentosa Willdenow, Phytographia 10. 1794; Launaea pinnatifida Cassini; Microrhynchus sarmentosa (Willdenow) de Candolle; Sonchus mairei H. Léivellé.

 

                Perennial creeper, glabrous. Stem creeping, 20--90 cm, nodes remote. Roots adventitious. Basal leaves rosular, sessile or with a short winged petiole; leaf blade oblanceolate 3--8 X 0.6--1 cm, pinnatilobate, sublyrate pinnatilobed, sinuolate and toothed, or crenate; lateral lobes 1--3-paired, apex rounded to obtuse; terminal lobe irregularly rhomboid, triangular, or elliptic, base narrow into petiole, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Leaves at nodes of creeping stem similar to basal leaves. Head solitary at rosette in creeping stem or at rosette of basal leaves, with ca. 14 florets. Involucre cylindric, ca. 1.3 cm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries triangular to narrowly elliptic, 2.5--6 X ca. 1.5 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 13 X 2 mm, margin white membranous, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow. Achenes dirty brown, long obpyramidal, ca. 3.8 mm, with 4 large, obtuse, and stout ribs. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

              

                Sandy coastal areas; near sea level; Hainan [India, Sri Lanka; N and W Africa].

 

210. FABERIA Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23: 479. 1888.

花佩菊属 hua pei ju shu

 

                Lactuca Linnaeus sect. Faberia (Hemsley) Franchet.

 

                Herbs, perennial, scapiform. Leaves thick in texture, lyrately divided or entire. Heads ± large, homogamous. Involucre campanulate to turbinate. Phyllaries in 3--5 rows, gradually longer towards center, imbricate to inconspicuously so. Receptacle flat or subconvex, glabrous. Florets purplish red to blue, hermaphrodite. Corolla ligule apically truncate and 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate or sharply auriculate appendages. Style arms slender, papilliferous, echinulate. Achenes narrowly elliptic, compressed, with 7--10 ribs or lines on each surface, echinulate, apex truncate and beakless. Pappus in 1--3 rows, brown, red, or pale yellow, equal in length, scabrous.

 

                Six species endemic to China.

 

1a. Leaf blade not divided.

2a. Basal leaves narrowly ovate to cordate ...........................................................................................................  1. F. tsiangi

2b. Basal leaves lanceolate ...............................................................................................................................  2. F. lanceifolia

1b. Leaf blade lyrately pinnate.

3a. Petiole and leaves abaxially with densely brown multicellular nodiferous hairs.

4a. Pappus brown ....................................................................................................................................................  3. F. sinensis

4b. Pappus red ........................................................................................................................................................  4. F. ceterach

3b. Plants glabrous.

5a. Florets yellow ...................................................................................................................................................  5. F. thibetica

5b. Florets bluish purple .....................................................................................................................................  6. F. cavaleirei

 

1. Faberia tsiangii (C. C. Chang) C. Shih, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 80(1): 166. 1997.

 

卵叶花佩菊 luan ye hua pei ju

 

                Hieracium tsiangii C. C. Chang, Sinensia 3: 207. 1933.

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 62 cm tall. Stem usually purple, slender, apically slender and with glandular hairs, apex paniculate. Basal leaves long petiolate; leaf blade narrowly ovate to cordate, margin irregularly crenate. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves, shortly petiolate. Upper stem leaves broadly lanceolate to lanceolate, margin irregularly crenate, apex long acuminate. Heads medium in size. Involucre campanulate. Phyllaries in several rows; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate to linear, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to linear, apex subobtuse. Florets purple. Achenes with 10 ribs, apex truncate. Pappus yellowish white. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

                * Roadsides; 1400--1500 m. Guizhou.

 

2. Faberia lanceifolia J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 196. 1934.

 

披针叶花佩菊 pi zhen ye hua pei ju

 

                Lactuca glabra C. C. Chang (later homonym).

 

                Herbs, perennial, glabrous, with many roots. Stem erect, to 60 cm tall, striate, leafy. Basal leaves with petiole to 7 cm; leaf blade lanceolate 10--15 X 1.5--2.5 cm, base narrow into petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate. Stem leaves 1--4, very small. Heads terminal, ± large, with ca. 10 florets. Phyllaries in 3 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 3 X 1 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 1 cm X 1 mm. Florets dark bluish purple. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm, tenuously ribbed. Pappus brown, ca. 5 mm.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Hunan (de hong??).

 

                We have not seen material of this species and the above description is taken from the original publication.

 

3. Faberia sinensis Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23: 479. 1888.

 

花佩菊 hua pei ju

 

                Crepis hieracium H. Léivellé; Faberia hieracium (H. Léivellé) H. Léivellé; Prenanthes sinensis (Hemsley) Stebbins ex Babcock.

 

                Herbs, scapiform, perennial, 40--90 cm tall. Rhizomes short, with thick roots. Scapes erect, apically corymbose or simple. Stem and branches especially basally with sparsely multicellular nodiferous hairs. Leaves abaxially pale green and with brown multicellular nodiferous hairs on veins, adaxially green and glabrous. Basal leaves fascicled; petiole 2--15 cm, with multicellular nodiferous hairs; leaf blade 4--40 X 5--7.5 cm, lyrately pinnatipartite; rachis with multicellular nodiferous hairs; lateral lobes semiorbicular, small, base auriculate; terminal lobe elliptic-cordate, ovate-cordate, elliptic, or ovate, base cordate, rounded, or subtruncate, margin with large teeth or crenate, apex acuminate. Leaves in axils of inflorescence linear-subulate, bractlike. Heads few to several, terminal on stem, corymbose, rarely solitary. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.4 cm. Phyllaries in 5 rows, abaxially purple, imbricate, glabrous, apex acute; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 2.5 X 1 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 5 X 0.8 mm; inner phyllaries linear to broadly linear, ca. 5 cm X 1 mm. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, compressed, ca. 3.8 mm, with 5--7 lines on each surfaces, echinulate. Pappus brown, ca. 8 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                * Forest margins, forests, moist places under rocks; ca. 600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

                All herbs are used medicinally for promoting semen.

 

4. Faberia ceterach Beauverd, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève 2: 51. 1910.

 

滇花佩菊 dian hua pei ju

 

                Herbs, subscapose, perennial, thick and strong, with many slender roots. Stems 1 or 2, erect, 25--70 cm tall, basally with red rigid hairs, apically with 1 or 2 leaves, glabrous or plant acaulis. Basal leaves with 1--3 cm petiole; leaf blade dark green, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 6--15 cm, leathery, abaxially cinereous white, adaxially very slippery, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex acute to acuminate; lateral lobes 7--15, gradually smaller towards stem base. Heads several, terminal, with numerous florets. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries ca. 8, linear-elliptic, 1.1--1.2 cm, apex obtuse. Phyllaries purplish red, abaxially glabrous. Florets purplish red. Achenes cinereous red, linear-ellipsoid, tenuously many ribbed, apex attenuate. Pappus red, scabrous.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Yunnan (Kunming Xian).

 

                No material was seen of this species, and the above description is taken from the original publication.

 

5. Faberia thibetica (Franchet) Beauverd, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève 2: 50. 1910.

 

光滑花佩菊 guang hua hua pei ju

 

                Lactuca thibetica Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 9: 293. 1895.

 

                Herbs, scapiform, perennial, 13--35 cm tall. Rhizomes short, with many roots. Stem solitary, erect, simple or branched, glabrous. Leaves thick, glabrous, margin with irregular and large teeth or subserrate. Basal leaves with 0.8--8 cm petiole; leaf blade lyrately pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 1-paired, auriculate or leaves not divided, ovate-triangular to triangular-hastate, very small; terminal lobe narrowly ovate, narrowly triangular-ovate, or ovate-hastate, 2--4 X 1--3 cm, margin with irregular and large teeth or subserrate. Head solitary, terminal on stem or few, terminal, corymbose, pendulous or declined. Involucre campanulate to turbinate. Phyllaries in 3 rows, purplish red, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, 3--5 X ca. 1.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm X 1.5--2 mm, apex acute. Florets yellow. Achenes brown, narrowly ellipsoid, compressed, ca. 5 mm, with 5--8 lines on each surface. Pappus brown, ca. 8 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; ca. 2700 m. Sichuan.

 

6. Faberia cavaleriei H. Léveillé, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 24: 252. 1914.

 

贵州花佩菊 gui zhou hua pei ju

 

                Prenanthes cavaleirei (H. Léveillé) Stebbins.

 

                Plants glabrous. Leaves lyrately pinnate. Heads small. Florets bluish purple.

 

                * Habitat ??; elevation ??. Guizhou.

 

                No material was seen of this species, and the above description is taken from the original publication.

So far as I can judge from the description, this taxon may belong to the genus Prenanthes.

 

211. FABERIOPSIS C. Shih & Y. L. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 438. 1996.

 

假花佩菊属 jia hua pei ju shu

 

                Herbs, perennial. Leaves thick in texture, not divided, margin entire. Heads medium in size, homogamous, with ca. 12 florets. Involucre turbinate to campanulate. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate-triangular; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Florets pale blue. Corolla ligule 3-parted; lateral segment narrowly linear, apex acute; central segments narrowly elliptic, apex truncate and 3-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender. Achenes immature. Pappus brown, scabridous.

 

                Monotypic; endemic to China

 

1. Faberiopsis nanchuanensis (C. Shih) C. Shih & Y. L. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 439. 1996.

 

假花佩菊 jia hua pei ju

 

                Faberia nanchuanensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 195. 1995.

 

                Herbs, perennial. Stem solitary, purple, erect, ca. 34 cm tall, base ca. 2.5 mm in diam., paniculate basally from middle, glabrous. Basal leaves with 5--8 cm petiole; leaf blade long linear-elliptic, 8--10 X 1--1.5 cm, base cuneate to petiole, margin inconspicuously with sparse and depressed teeth , apex shortly acuminate. Stem leaves sessile or with petiole to 6 cm; leaf blade narrowly linear-elliptic but uppermost stem leaves narrowly linear, thick, nearly leathery, abaxially purple, base narrowly cuneate, apex acuminate or long acuminate. Heads 12, terminal, corymbose. Involucre campanulate to turbinate. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex obtuse to acute; outer phyllaries ovate-triangular to narrowly ovate, ca. 5 X 1.5 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 13 X 2 mm. Florets pale blue. Corolla ligule 3-parted; lateral segments narrowly linear, apex acute; central segments narrowly elliptic, apex 3-toothed. Achenes immature. Pappus brown, ca. 7 mm, scabridous. Fl. Jun.

 

                * Ravines, moist places; elevation unknown. Chongqing (Nanchuan Xian).

 

212. PARAPRENANTHES C. C. Chang ex C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 418. 1988.

 

假福王草属 jia fu wang cao shu

 

                Lactuca Linnaeus sect. Sororiae Franchet.

 

                Herbs, annual or perennial. Stem erect, apically paniculate or corymbose. Leaves not divided or pinnate. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose, small, homogamous, with 4--15 florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially usually pale purplish red; outer phyllaries with apex acute to obtuse; inner phyllaries long. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Florets red or purple. Corolla ligule apically truncate and 5-toothed. Anthers with basal sagittate appendages. Style arms slender. Achenes dark, fusiform, with 4--6 ribs on each surface, apically attenuate but without or rarely with a beak, apex white. Pappus in 2 rows, white, slender, scabridous.

 

                Fifteen species; E and S Asia; 15 species (14 endemic) in China.

 

1a. Leaf blade not divided irregularly hastate, ovate to triangular-hastate, or palmate and 3 lobed, or 3-cleft.

2a. Branches of inflorescence glabrous; leaves triangular-hastate ...............................................................  1. P. sylvicola

2b. Branches of inflorescence with multicellular nodiferous hairs.

3a. Leaf blade palmately 3-lobed or palmately 3-cleft ...................................................................................  2. P. multiformis

3b. Leaf blade not divided .......................................................................................................................................  3. P. hastata

1b. Leaf blade lyratey pinnate; lateral lobes 1--5-paired.

4a. Lateral lobes of leaves 1-paired, linear-subulate very small, broadly linear, base of leads ...............  15. P. longiloba

4b. Lateral lobes of leaves (1-)or 2--5-paired, not linear-subulate, equally distributed on rachis.

5a. Leaf base expanded and amplexicaul.

6b. Leaf base auriculiformis amplexicaul ...................................................................................................  6. P. auriculiformis

6a. Leaf base sagittate and amplexicaul.

7a. Leaf blade terminal lobe narrowly linear-lanceolate .............................................................................  4. P. yunnanensis

7b. Leaf blade terminal lobe broadly triangular to broadly ovate-trianglar ............................................  5. P. sagittiformis

5b. Leaf base not amplexiaul.

8a. Branches of inflorescence glabrous.

9a. Leaf blade pinnate; terminal lobe elliptic or long rhombioid ...................................................................  9. P. heptantha

9b. Leaf blade lyrately pinnate; terminal lobe broadly triangular-hastate, -cordate, triangular to broadly ovate-triangular.

10a. Leaf blade glabrous ..........................................................................................................................................  7. P. sororia

10b. Leaf blade with multicellular nodiferous hairs ........................................................................................  8. P. gracilipes

8b. Branches of inflorescence with multicellular nodiferous hairs.

11a. Lower and middle stem leaves lyrately pinnatisect ......................................................................  10. P. prenanthoides

11b. Lower and middle stem leaves pinnate to lyrately pinnate.

12a. lobes of leaves same-sized or almost same-sized, rhombioid, linear, broadly linear, linear-lanceolate to linear-elliptic .............................................................................................................................................................  14. P. glandulosissima

12b. Leaf blade terminal lobe large or ± large.

13a. Terminal lobe lanceolate ........................................................................................................................  11. P. luchunensis

13b. Terminal lobe not lanceolate.

14a. Lateral lobes of leaves attenuate or abruptly narrowed to winged petiolule .............................  12. P. polypodifolia

14b. Lateral lobes without petiolule ......................................................................................................................  13. P. pilipes

 

1. Paraprenanthes sylvicola C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 419. 1988.

 

林生假福王草 lin sheng jia fu wang cao

 

                Herbs, annual, 50--150 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous, apically paniculate to rarely narrowly paniculate. Branches slender. Leaves glabrous. Basal and middle stem leaves with 4.5--9 cm winged or unwinged petiole; leaf blade triangular to ovate-hastate, 5.5--15 X 4.5--9 cm, base hastate, cordate, or truncate, margin sinuolate and toothed with tooth apex mucronulate, apex acute to acuminate. Upper stem leaves or leaves under inflorescence similar to basal and lower stem leaves; petiole 1.5--2.5 cm, winged; leaf blade triangular to elliptic-lanceolate. Heads few to many, terminal, racemose-paniculate to narrowly paniculate, with ca. 11 florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 4 rows, green or rarely purple, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate-triangular to long triangulate, 1--2 X 0.5--0.7 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic to broadly linear, 9--20 X 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Florets purplish red. Achenes fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 5 or 6 ribs on each surface, apically gradually narrowed but beakless, apex white. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. Feb--Aug.

 

                * Mountain valleys, forests; 500--2500 m. Chongqing (Nanchuan Xian), Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

 

2. Paraprenanthes multiformis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 420. 1988.

 

三裂假福王草 san lie jia fu wang cao

 

                Herbs, annual, 40--90 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, apically paniculate. Branches slender, with dense multicellular nodiferous hairs. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves unknown. Middle leaves with 3--10 cm petiole; leaf blade irregularly hastate, 6--8 X 5--6 cm, 3-lobed or 3-parted, base hastate; lobes large or small, margin toothed. Upper stem leaves similar to middle stem leaves or with short winged petiole; leaf blade triangular, not divided, base cuneate, margin mucronulate, apex acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves lanceolate, triangular-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, thick and with squarrous hairs, margin toothed or entire, apex long acuminate. Heads many, terminal, narrowly paniculate, with ca. 11 florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries 3 or 4 rows, pale purplish red, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1--2 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic to linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm X 1 mm, apex obtuse. Florets red. Achenes dark, fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 6 ribs on each surface, apically narrowed but beakless, apex pale white. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

                * Forests, forest margin; 600--800 m. Sichuan, Fujian, Hunan (Zhijiang Xian), Jiangxi.

 

3. Paraprenanthes hastata C. Shih, Acta Phytotx. Sin. 33: 192. 1999.

 

三角叶假福王草 san jiao ye jia fu wang cao

 

                Herbs, annual, ca. 70 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, apically paniculately corymbose. Branches slender, with densely multicellular nodiferous hairs. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves unknown. Middle stem leaves and lower stem leaves with 5.5--9 cm petiole; leaf blade triangular-hastate, 7--14.5 X 5--7 cm, margin sinuolate and toothed toothed apex mucronate, apex acuminate and mucronate. Upper stem with 0.5--2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, 10--12 X 2.5--3.5 cm, margin sinuolate and toothed or mucronate, apex acuminate. Leaves at axils of inflorescence linear-subulate, very small. Heads many, terminal, corymbose. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries triangular-ovate, 1--2 X ca. 0.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 7 X 0.5 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Florets purplish red. Achenes immature. Pappus white. Fl. Jun.

 

                * Forests; ca. 800 m. Chongqing.

 

4. Paraprenanthes yunnanensis (Franchet) C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 421. 1988.

 

云南假福王草 yun nan jia fu wang cao

 

                Lactuca yunnanensis Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 9: 264. 1895.

 

                Herbs, perennial, 60--150 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, base 1--1.5 cm in diam., glabrous, paniculate. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves unknown. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole to 10 cm, winged, base sagittate-amplexicaul; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, pinnatipartite; lobes margin entire or serrate; lateral lobes 2-paired, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate, 2.5--6 X ca. 0.5 cm; terminal lobe linear-lanceolate. Upper and uppermost stem leaves gradually smaller towards stem apex, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, thin, margin entire. Heads many, terminal, with ca. 11 florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially sometimes purplish red, glabrous; outer phyllaries triangular, lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate 2--3.5 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate, ca. 1 cm X 1--1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Florets purple. Achenes fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 6 ribs on each surface, apically narrowed but beakless, apex pale yellowish white. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

                * River valleys; ca. 1500 m. Yunnan.

 

5. Paraprenanthes sagittiformis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 420. 1998.

 

箭耳假福王草 jian er jia fu wang cao

 

                Herbs, annual, ca. 80 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, base ca. 5 mm in diam., apically paniculate. Branches slender, glabrous. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves with ca. 5 cm petiole; leaf blade pinnatisect; lateral segments 1-paired, elliptic, ca. 1.5 X 1 cm; terminal segment triangular to broadly ovate-triangular, ca. 6 X 5.5 cm. Lower stem leaves petiolate; petiole winged, base sagittate and amplexicaul; leaf blade oblanceolate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 10--20 X 5--9 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral segments (1--)3--5-paired, rhombic, obliquely rhombic, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, basally on leaf very small and auriculate, apically on leaf 2.5--4 X 1--2 cm, apex acute; terminal lobe narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, 7--9 X 1--2 cm, margin inconspicuously mucronate and toothed, apex acute. Upper and uppermost stem leaves sessile, narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, base cuneate, margin subserrate, apex long acuminate. Heads many, terminal, with ca. 8 florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate, 2--3 X ca. 1 mm; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 11 X 2 mm, apex obtuse. Achenes dark, fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 4 or 5 unequal ribs on each surface, apically gradually narrowed to an inconspicuous beak. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

                * Forests; 2500--2700 m. Yunnan (Dêqên Xian).

 

6. Paraprenanthes auriculiformis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 421. 1988.

 

圆耳假福王草 yuan er jia fu wang cao

 

                Herbs, annual. Stem solitary, erect, base ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous, apically narrowly paniculately corymbose. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves unknown. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole winged, base auriculate and amplexicaul; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate 10--14 X 3.5--6 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, elliptic to narrowly triangular, apex mucronulate or inconspicuously toothed; terminal lobe lanceolate to narrowly triangular, margin mucronulate or sinuolate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Upper or uppermost stem leaves sessile, triangular, narrowly triangular, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, margin sinuolate, entire, or inconspicuously toothed, apex acuminate. Heads few to many, terminal, corymbose-paniculate, with ca. 10 florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 4 rows, purplish red; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2 mm, apex obtuse. Florets purple. Achenes dark, fusiform, ca. 3 mm, with 4 or 5 unequal ribs on each surface, apically narrowed to a very short beak. Pappus white, scabridous. Fl. and fr. Jul.

 

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; ca. 1900. Yunnan (Menghai Xian).

 

7. Paraprenanthes sororia (Miquel) C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 422. 1988.

 

假福王草 jia fu wang cao

 

                Lactuca sororia Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 189. 1865-66; L. diversifolia Vaniot; L. sororia f. glabra Y. Ling; L. sororia var. glabra Kitamura; L. sororia var. nudipes (Migo) Kitamura; Mycelis sororia (Miquel) Nakai; M. sororia var. nudipes Migo; Paraprenanthes thirionni (H. Léivellé) C. Shih; Prenanthes diversifolia (Vaniot) C. C. Chang; P. thirionni H. Léivellé.

 

                Herbs, annual, 50--150 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous, apically paniculate. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves with 4--7 cm winged petiole; leaf blade lyrately pinnatifid, pinnatipartite, or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes 1- or 2-paired, lanceolate, elliptic, or irregularly rhombic-lanceolate, 4--11 X 3--7 cm, smaller towards leaf base, margin with triangular mucronate teeth, apex rounded to acute; terminal lobe broadly triangular-hastate, triangular-cordate, triangular, or broadly ovate-triangular, 5.5--15 X 5.5--15 cm, rarely equal in size, base hastate, cordate, or truncate, margin mucronulately toothed, apex acute. Upper stem leaves sessile or with a short winged petiole; leaf blade hastate, ovate-hastate, lanceolate, or elliptic, small. Heads many, terminal, with ca. 10 florets. Involucre cylindric. Phyllaries in 4 rows, sometimes purplish red, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, 1--2 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.1 cm X 1 mm, apex obtuse to rounded. Florets pink. Achenes dark, fusiform, 4.3--5 mm, with 5 ribs on each surface, apex white and beakless. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm, scabridous. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

 

                Mountain slopes, thickets in mountain valleys, forests; 200--3200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Xizang, Zhejiang [Indo-china??, Japan, Korea].

 

8. Paraprenanthes gracilipes C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 194. 1995.

 

长柄假福王草 chang bing jia fu wang cao

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 60 cm tall. Stem and branches glabrous. Stem erect, apically paniculate. Branches slender. Leaves with sparsely multicellular nodiferous hairs. Basal leaves and lower stem leaves unknown. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 3--13 cm, with multicellular nodiferous hairs; leaf blade lyrately pinnatisect or sometimes not divided and triangular-hastate, base hastate, apex shortly acuminate; lateral segments 1-paired, elliptic, 3--4 X 1.5--2.5 cm, margin mucronate, apex acute; terminal segment triangular-hastate to broadly triangular, 8--10 X 6--9 cm, base shallowly hastate to rarely truncate, margin with unequal and mucronate teeth, apex shortly acuminate. Upper stem leaves with ca. 1.5 cm winged petiole; leaf blade triangular-lanceolate, ca. 4.5 X 3 cm, margin sparsely toothed and mucronulate, apex acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves and leaves under inflorescences sessile, narrowly elliptic, ca. 3.5 X 0.6 cm, base narrowly cuneate, apex acuminate. Heads many, paniculate on stem and branches, with ca. 4 florets. Involucre cylindric, ca. 9 X 2 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, pale red, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate to oblanceolate, 2--2.8 X ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse to acute; inner phyllaries lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, ca. 9 X 1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Florets white (from collection records). Achenes immature. Pappus pale yellowish white, scabriduous. Fl. Aug.

 

                * Forests; ca. 2500 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).

 

9. Paraprenanthes heptantha C. Shih & D. J. Liou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 423. 1988.

 

雷山假福王草 lei shan jia fu wang cao

 

                Herbs, annual, 80--200 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, glabrous, apically narrowly paniculate and branches slender. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves unknown. Lower, middle, and upper stem leaves with 2.5--10 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 12--24 X 8.5--13 cm, pinnatipartite or unequally pinnatipartite; lobes margin mucronate-sinuolate, apex obtuse to rounded; lateral lobes 3- or 4-paired, opposite, obliquely opposite, or alternate, elliptic, triangular, or irregularly rhombic; terminal lobe irregularly rhombic, lanceolate, or narrowly triangular. Upper stem leaves with short petiole; leaf blade linear-elliptic, ca. 10 X 1.3 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Heads many, terminal, narrowly paniculate, with 7 or 8 florets. Involucre cylindric, ca. 9 X 2 mm. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries triangular-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1--1.8 X ca. 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic, ca. 9 X 1 mm, apex obtuse. Florets bluish purple. Achenes dark, fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 5 unequal ribs on each surface, apically narrowed but beakless. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm, scabridulous. Fl. and fr. May--Jul.

 

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, forests; 600--1200 m. Guizhou (Leishan Xian), Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan.

 

10. Paraprenanthes prenanthoides (Hemsley) C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 423. 1988.

 

异叶假福王草 yi ye jia fu wang cao

 

                Crepis prenanthoides Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23: 477. 1888; Lactuca chunkingensis Stebbins.

 

                Herbs, annual, ca. 66 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, apically paniculate to corymbosely paniculate. Branches slender, with multicellular nodiferous. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves with ca. 8.5 cm petiole; leaf blade not divided, ovate-cordate, triangular-cordate, or hastate-cordate, 7--11 X 4.5--5 cm, margin toothed or sinuolate-crenate, apex acute to short acuminate. Lower and middle stem leaves with 1.5--2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade lyrately pinnatisect; lateral segments 1(or 2)-paired, pinatipartite, or subpinnatisect, elliptic to ovate; lateral lobes 3- or 4-paired, opposite to obliquely opposite, alternate, broadly linear to linear, margin with sparse and mucronate teeth; terminal segment triangular-hastate; terminal lobe long and narrowly linear, narrowly elliptic, linear-lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate, margin mucronate or with mucronate teeth, apex acuminate to shortly acuminate. Upward stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller, pinnatisect, segments linear to narrowly linear-lanceolate. Heads many, terminal, corymbose-paniculate, with 12--15 florets. Involucre cylindric, ca. 10 X 3 mm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially red, glabrous; outer phyllaries broadly triangular-ovate to lanceolate, 1--2 X 0.6--0.8 mm, apex obtuse to acute. Florets purplish red. Achenes dark but apex pale yellowish white, subfusiform, ca. 4.2 mm, with 5 or 6 unequal ribs on each surface, apically gradually narrowed but beakless or with a structure similar to a beak. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm, scabridous. Fl. and Fr. Apr--May.

 

                * Forests; 500--1100 m. Guizhou, Sichuan.

 

11. Paraprenanthes luchunensis C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 194. 1995.

 

绿春假福王草 lu chun jia fu wang cao

 

                Herbs, perennial, ca. 50 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate, with multicellular nodiferous hairs or capitate stipitate nodiferous hairs. Leaves glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with petiole to 11 cm; leaf blade ca. 9 X 2.5--3 cm, lyrately pinnatisect, margin entire or mucronate; lateral lobes 1- or 2-paired, elliptic, small, apex obtuse to acute; terminal lobe lanceolate, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves, apically gradually smaller. Heads many, terminal, corymbose to corymbose-paniculate. Involucre cylindric, ca. 12 X 2 mm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 2 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2 mm, apex acute. Achenes dark, fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 4 or 5 unequal ribs on each surface, apically narrowed to a stout beak, apex white. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm scabridous. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

                * Roads on mountain slopes; 500--1200 m. Sichuan (Emei Shan).

 

12. Paraprenanthes polypodifolia (Franchet) C. C. Chang ex C. Shih, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 80(1): 181. 1997.

 

蕨叶假福王草 jue ye jia fu wang cao

 

                Lactuca polypodiifolia Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 9: 265. 1895; Mulgedium meridionale C. Shih; M. polypodifolium (Franchet) C. Shih.

 

                Herbs, annual, 50--110 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect, paniculate to paniculate-corymbose above, with multicellular nodiferous hairs, apically under head slender and with multicellular nodiferous hairs or capitate stipitate multicellular nodiferous hairs. Leaves glabrous. Basal leaves, lower stem leaves, and middle stem leaves with 9--12 cm winged petiole; leaf blade lyrately pinnatisect; lateral lobes 1- or 2(or 3)-paired, rhombic to irregularly rhombic, small, base abruptly narrowed, margin segments sinuolate, apex obtuse to acute; terminal lobe triangular to triangulate-hastate, 5--8 X 3.5--6 cm, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Upper stem leaves with short petiole; leaf blade similar to basal, lower stem leaves, and middle stem leaves. Uppermost stem leaves sessile, linear. Heads many, terminal, corymbose, with ca. 10 florets. Involucre cylindric, ca. 9 X 3 mm. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries triangular to ovate, ca. 2 X 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 9 X 2 mm, apex obtuse. Florets purplish red. Achenes dark, fusiform, ca. 4 mm, with 7 unequal ribs on each surface, apically narrowed to a short stout beak, apex pale yellow. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm, scabrous. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

 

                * Roadsides on mountain slopes, forests in mountain valleys; 800--2000 m. Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

 

13. Paraprenanthes pilipes (Migo) C. Shih, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 424. 1988.

 

节毛假福王草 jie mao jia fu wang cao

 

                Mycelis sororia (Miquel) Nakai var. pilipes Migo, J. Shanghai Sci. Inst. 3: 173. 1939; Lactuca sororia Miquel var. glandulosa Kitamura; L. sororia var. pilipes (Migo) Kitamura (Later homonym).