TARAXACUM F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Holsaticae 56. 1780, nom. cons. [Draft]

 

蒲公英属 pu gong ying shu

 

Ge Xue-Jun; J. Kirschner

 

                Herbs, perennial or rarely biennial (in Taraxacum nutans), acaulescent, scapose. Leaves in a basal rosette; leaf blade margin entire, sinuate, or runcinate-pinnatifid. Scapes 1 to numerous, arachnoid or glabrous. Capitulum solitary on leafless scapes. Involucre campanulate to oblong; bracts herbaceous, in many series; bracts of outer series short, often spreading and reflexed at maturity; bracts of innermost series erect, subequal. Receptacle flat, glabrous. Ligule usually yellow, rarely white or red to purple, 5-lobed, usually with dark stripe. Anthers sagittate at base. Style branches slender, apex obtuse. Achene body oblong to narrowly so, 4- or 5-angled to slightly compressed, 5- to 10--ribbed, spiculate to tuberlate in apical part or throughout, rarely smooth, apex abruptly contracted into or gradually narrowing in a conic to cylindric cone; beak often very long and slender. Pappus copious, trichomes simple, unequal in length, persistent.

 

                About 2000 species (microspecies), mainly in temperate to Arctic regions, especially abundant in northern hemisphere; 67 species (20 endemic) in China.

 

                Taraxacum altune D. T. Zhai & Z. X. An from Xinjiang is a Crepis minuta Katamura (X. J. Ge & D. T. Zhai, Novon 9: 47. 1999).

 

1a. Ligules red, purple, or pale red.

2a. Involucral bracts dark green (almost nearly black); outer involucral bracts appressed, margin not membranous; achene beak 2.5--4 mm ..................................................................................................................  56. T. lilacinum

2b. Involucral bracts green; outer involucral bracts recurved, margin narrow and membranous; achene beak 6--8 mm ...................................................................................................................................................  68. T. pseudoroseum

1b. Ligules yellow, bright yellow, yellowish white, or white.

3a. Outer involucral bracts with very long corniculate appendages at tip, length of corniculate appendages far exceeding base width of outer bracts.

4a. Achene pale yellow brown or pale brick red; outer involucral bracts with thin and very long corniculate appendages ...........................................................................................................................  45. T. stenoceras

4b. Achene dark brown; outer involucral bracts with slightly thick corniculate appendages ..............  46. T. pseudostenoceras

3b. Outer involucral bracts without or with slightly short corniculate appendages, length of appendages not exceeding base width of outer bracts.

5a. Capitulum nutant after anthesis; biennial ..................................................................................  58. T. nutans

5b. Capitulum always erect; piennial.

6a. Achene reddish brown, red, orangish red, or dark purple.

7a. Outer involucral bracts patent or recurved.

8a. Achene body apex abruptly contracted into a shortly cylindric 0.5--0.7 mm cone; achene beak 5--8 mm ......................................................................................................................  62. T. erythrospermum

8b. Achene body apex gradually narrowing in a long cylindric 0.8--1 mm cone; achene beak 7--10 mm ........................................................................................................................  60. T. tianschanicum

7b. Outer involucral bracts erect or appressed.

9a. Involucral bracts dark green; achene reddish brown, orangish red, or dark purple  50. T. sikkimense

9b. Involucral bracts green; achene red or reddish brown.

10a. Pappus 6--7 mm; achene cone 0.5--0.8 mm ...............................................  59. T. repandum

10b. Pappus ca. 5 mm; achene cone ca. 1 mm ...............................................  61. T. sumneviczii

6b. Achene yellow, pale brown, dark brown, or gray.

11a. Outer involucral bracts 3 mm wide or more.

12a. Outer involucral bracts patent or recurved .....................................................  31. T. grypodon

12b. Outer involucral bracts erect or appressed.

13a. Outer involucral bracts lanceolate.

14a. Involucre ca. 19 mm ...............................................................................  30. T. lanigerum

14b. Involucre 8--10 mm .....................................................................................  33. T. licentii

13b. Outer involucral bracts broadly ovate.

15a. Outer involucral bracts with wide membranous margin ...........  32. T. platypecidium

15b. Outer involucral bracts with narrow membranous margin.

16a. Outer involucral bracts green when dry, with nonprominent narrow membranous margin .............................................................................................................  34. T. ohwianum

16b. Outer involucral bracts black or dark green when dry, with distinct white or pale membranous margin.

17a. Achene body oblaceolate, apex gradually narrowing into a long cone  28. T. calanthodium

17b. Achene body obovoid-cuneate, apex abruptly contracted into a short cone          29. T. lugubre

11b. Outer involucral bracts less than 3 mm wide.

18a. Outer involucral bracts patent or recurved at anthesis.

19a. Involucral bracts or some involucral bracts with prominent corniculate appendages.

20a. Scapes almost glabrous; achene body grayish brown, obconic, basally with small tubercles ......................................................................................................  39. T. monochlamydeum

20b. Scapes arachnoid in apical part; achene body yellowish brown, cylindric, basally with big tubercles ..................................................................................  42. T. longipyramidatum

19b. Involucral bracts not corniculate or just slightly callused.

21a. Scapes densely arachnoid in apical part.

22a. Achene body 3--4 mm, beak 7--12 mm; pappus 6--7 mm .............  44. T. officinale

22b. Achene body 2.5--3 mm, beak 6--7 mm; pappus 5--6 mm ........................................

................................................................................................................  43. T. xinyuanicum

21b. Scapes glabrous or sparsely arachnoid in apical part.

23a. Outer involucral bracts with papillatus-cilium at tip ...............  11. T. antungense

23b. Outher involucral bracts without papillatus-cilium at tip.

24a. Inner involucral bracts 2--2.5 X as long as outer ones; achene basally with big tubercles; pappus ca. 7 mm ...................................................................................

....... ........................................................................................  42. T. longipyramidatum

24b. Inner involucral bracts 2.5--3 X as long as outer braccts; achene with small tubercles; pappus 5--6 mm.

25a. Achene body obconic, beak ca. 2 times as long as body  40. T. multiscaposum

25b. Achene body cylindric, beak ca. 3 X as long as body .......  41. T. lipskyi

18b. Outer involucral bracts appressed at anthesis.

26a. Achene without beak or with a short and stout beak.

27a. Involucral involucral bracts not corniculate at apex; scapes completely glabrous  2. T. goloskokovii

27b. Involucral involucral bracts or at least some of them corniculate or callused at apex; scapes arachnoid on apical part.

28a. Involucral bracts glabrous or just ciliated, outer bracts green .  4. T. brevirostre

28b. Involucral bracts arachnoid.

29a. Leaves densely arachnoid; outer involucral bracts pale green  1. T. minutilobum

29b. Leaves glabrous; involucral bracts dark green ....  3. T. pseudominutilobum

26b. Achene with slender beak, equalling or exceeding body.

31a. Achene almost glabrous or just few spicules in apical part.

32a. Involucral bracts almost black; outer involucral bracts without white membranous margin; stigma black when dry .......................................................................  20. T. glabrum

32b. Involucre green or dark green; outer involucral bracts with narrow white membranous margin; stigma dark yellow green.

33a. Involucral bracts dark geen; leaves entire, rarely dentate ................................        

......................................................................................................  21. T. pseudoatratum

33b. Involucral bracts green; leaves entire, usually dentate or shallowly dissected      22. T. subglaciale

31b. Achene basally smooth or tuberculate, apically densely spiculate.

34a. Involucre dark green.

35a. Stigma black when dry.

36a. Ligules white; pappus snowy white .....................................  37. T. pingue

36b. Ligules yellow; pappus white.

37a. Achene body obovoid-cuneate, apex abruptly contracted into a small cone ..................................................................................  53. T. apargiaeforme

37b. Achene body not as above.

38a. Outer involucral bracts broadly ovate, without prominent membranous margin.

39a. Involucral bract without a corniculate apex; achene yellowish to yellow brown ................................................................  47. T. tibetanum

39b. Involucral bracts with prominent corniculate appendages at apex; achene grayish black ...............................  54. T. alatopetiolum

38b. Outer involucral bracts lanceolate or ovate, often with prominent membranous margin.

40a. Outer involucral bracts lanceolate.

41a. Outer involucral bracts callused or corniculate at apex  48. T. eriopodum

41b. Outer involucral bracts flat or not corniculate at apex  57. T. chionophilum

40b. Outer involucral bracts ovate.

42a. Outer involucral bracts with reticulate veins  52. T. forrestii

42b. Outer involucral bracts without reticulate veins.

43a. Achene body at least some 4--4.5 mm, basally smooth, apically spiculate .......................................  51. T. suberiopodum

43b. Achene body at least some 3--5 mm, apically spiculate.

44a. Achene basally tuberculate but not rugose  55. T. qirae

44b. Achene basally rugose but not tuberculate  49. T. mitalii

35b. Stigma yellow or yellow green when dry.

45a. Involucral bracts not corniculate at apex.

46a. Scapes glabrous; outer involucral bracts with narrow white membranous margin; leaves pinnatifid ....................................  67. T. centrasiaticum

46b. Scapes with trichomes; outer involucral bracts without white membranous margin; leaves often entire ................................  69. T. pseudoalpinum

45b. Involucral bracts all at least some corniculate at apex.

47a. Only some outer involucral bracts corniculate at apex  66. T. ludlowii

47b. All outer involucral bracts corniculate at apex.

48a. Achene gray or grayish brown .....................  65. T. maurocarpum

48b. Achene yellowish, yellowish brown, pale brown or pale orangish yellow.

49a. Achene apex with a cone to 1.8 mm; inner involucral bracts not corniculate or callused at apex .........................  63. T. sherriffii

49b. Achene apex with a cone 1.5 mm or shorter; inner involucral bracts with prominent corniculate appendages at apex.

50a. Apical corniculate appendate of outer involucral bracts deltoid and slightly wide .....................................  65. T. glaucophyllum

50b. Apical corniculate appandate of outer incolucral bracts narrowly triangular.

51. Outer involucral bracts with narrow white membranous margin ...................................................................  27. T. altaicum

51. Outer involucral bracts with wide membranous margin  38. T. stanjukoviczii

34b. Involucre green or pale green.

52a. Ligule white; achene beak stout ............................................  5. T. leucanthum

52b. Ligule yellow, pale yellow, rarely white; achene beak slender or slightly stout.

53a. Involucral bracts apically corniculate.

54a. Receptacles with palea ......................................  26. T. brassicaefolium

54b. Receptacles without palea.

55a. Leave with purple spots .....................................  25. T. variegatum

55b. Leave without purple spots.

56a. Apex of each inner involucral bract with 1 or 2 cornicular appendages ..................................................................................  36. T. bicorne

56b. Apex of each inner involucral bract with 1 corniculate appendage.

57a. Achene body 2.5--3.5 mm, apex abruptly contracted into a cone; pappus snowy white ..............................  35. T. kok-saghyz

57b. Achene body ca. 4 mm, apex gradually narrowing in a cone; pappus white or dirty white.

58a. Ligule yellow; outer involucral bracts corniculate  23. T. mongolicum

58b. Ligule white or pale yellow.

59a. Ligules white; apex of outer involucral bracts corniculate ...........................................................  24. T. coreanum

59b. Ligules pale yellow white; apex of outer involucral bracts often not corniculate .........................  7. T. luridum

53b. Involucral bracts not apically corniculate or just slightly callused.

60a. Outer involucral bracts lanceolate, narrower than inner involucral bracts, usually tinged pale purple red .............................  19. T. bessarabicum

60b. Outer involucral bracts lanceolate to ovate, equalling or exceeding inner involucral bracts, sometimes purple at apex.

61a. Achene apex abruptly contracted into a cone.

62a. Achene beak shorter than 7 mm .................  15. T. compactum

62b. Achene beak longer than 7 mm.

63a. Outer involucral bracts green, without white membranous margin ........................................................................  70. T. ecornutum

63b. Outer involucral bracts pale green, with white membranous margin.

64a. Achene body apically densely spiculate  13. T. stenolobum

64b. Achene body apically tuberculate ........  18. T. indicum

61b. Achene apex gradually narrowing in a cone.

65a. Ligules pale yellow or white; outer involucral bracts lanceolate      6. T. dealbatum

65b. Ligules yellow; outer involucral bracts broadly ovate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate.

66a. Outer involucral bracts ovate, apex not corniculate or callused .................................................................  8. T. borealisinense

66b. Outer involucral bracts broadly ovate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, apex corniculate or callused.

67a. Outer involucral bracts with narrow or nonprominent membranous margin.

68a. Achene beak ca. 10 mm; achene body apically densely spiculate .......................................................................        

................................................................  12. T. heterolepis

68b. Achene beak 3--4 mm; achene body apically only with a few spicules, almost smooth ...........  16. T. dasypodum

67b. Outer involucral bracts with wider membranous margin.

69a. Involucral 1.6--2 cm ..................  10. T. lamprolepis

69b. Involucre 0.8--1.3 cm.

70a. Achene usually pale brownish orange  17. T. parvulum

70b. Achene yellowish or pale brown, rarely yellowish brown.

71a. Scapes glabrous or sparsely arachnoid in apical part at anthesis ...........................  9. T. asiaticum

71b. Scapes usually all densely arachnoid at anthesis ..............................................  14. T. dissectum

 

1. Taraxacum minutilobum Popov ex Kovalevskaja, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Uzbekistansk. Fil. Akad. Nauk SSSR 17: 6. 1962.

 

毛叶蒲公英 mao ye pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade narrowly oblaceolate to oblong, 3.5--6 cm X 6--10 mm, pinnatifid, densely arachnoid; lateral lobes of 5--10 on each side, linear to elliptic, margin few denticulate or not, apex acute to obtuse; interlobes without denticles or lobules; terminal lobe triangular to hastate, margin entire, apex acute. Scapes few, 3--8 cm, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 1--1.3 cm; bracts densely arachnoid, apicex with a dark purple corniculate appendage; outer bracts pale green with broad paler margins, lanceolate to ovate, 3--4 X 2--2.5 mm, appressed; inner bracts green, 2--2.5 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with purple stripe. Stigmas yellow. Achene yellowish brown; body 5.5--6 mm, apically rarely tuberculate, apex with no apparent cone; beak 0.5--1.5 mm, stout. Pappus white or dirty white, 4--5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                Riverside terraces; 3000--3700 m. SW Xinjiang (Taxkorgan Xian) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan].

 

2. Taraxacum goloskokovii Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS 29: 748. 1964.

 

小叶蒲公英 xiao ye pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum alpigenum Dshanaëva.

 

                Leaf blade linear, 2--4 cm X 3--4 mm, margin entire to dentate, apex obtuse to acute. Scapes 1--2, glabrous, 6--8 cm. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 0.8--1.2 cm; bracts green, flat or callused at apex; outer bracts lanceolate-ovate to lanceolate, 2--6 X ca. 2 mm, as wide or wider than inner ones, appressed, margin membranous; inner bracts 2--2.5 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with purple stripe. Stigmas black when when dry. Achene pale brown; body 4--5 mm, apically smooth or rarely tuberculate, apex with no apparent cone; beak 1--2 mm, stout. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                Riverside terraces; 3000--3700 m. SW Xinjiang (Taxkorgan Xian) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].

 

3. Taraxacum pseudominutilobum Kovalevskaja, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Uzbekistansk. Fil. Akad. Nauk SSSR 17: 7. 1962.

 

葱岑蒲公英 cong ling pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade linear to rarely elliptic, 3--7 X 5--10 mm, pinnatifid, pinnatilobate, or rarely entire, glabrous; lateral lobes 2--5 on each side, patent or pointing downwards, linear, margin entire or denticulate, apex obtuse; interlobes often with denticles or lobules; terminal lobe linear hastate, small. Scapes 2--5(--11), 3--6 cm, arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 0.8--1.2 cm; bracts dark green, arachnoid, rarely glabrous or ciliated; outer bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3--5 X 1--2 mm, narrower than inner ones, appressed, flat or apically darkly corniculate, margin narrow and membranous; inner bracts 2--2.5 X as long than outer bracts, surface corniculate. Ligules yellow, with a purple stripe. Stigmas yellow. Achene yellowish brown to dark brown; body 4.5--5.5 mm, apically rarely spiculate, apex with a very short cone; beak 1--2 mm, stout. Pappus white, 4--5 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

                Grasslands, riverside terraces; 3000--3700 m. SW Xinjiang (Artux Xian, Taxkorgan Xian) [Tajikistan, Uzbekistan].

 

4. Taraxacum brevirostre Handel-Mazzetti, Monogr. Taraxacum 46. t. 1, f. 18. 1907.

 

短喙蒲公英 duan hui pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade linear, 3--5 cm, pinnatifid, glabrous or sometimes finely woolly; lateral lobes often linear to narrowly triangular, pointing downwards, margin usually entire; interlobes smooth; terminal lobe lanceolate to triangular. Scapes 1 to numberous, 3--9 cm, exceeding leaves, arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 1.3--1.8 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1 cm; outer bracts ovate, margin white, broad, and membranous, apex usually callused to corniculate; inner bracts lanceolate, 2--2.5 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a pale gray to dark purple stripe. Stigma and style yellow to pale green. Achene yellowish green; body narrowly oblong, ca. 5 mm, apically spiculate but gradually smooth at apex, apex gradually narrowing into a 0.2--0.5 mm cone; beak 1.5--2.5 mm, stout. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. May--Aug. 2n = 16.

 

                Grassy slopes; 1700--5000 m. W Gansu, Qinghai, Xizang [Afghanistan, Mongolia, Pakistan; SW Asia]

 

5. Taraxacum leucanthum (Ledebour) Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 2: 815. 1846.

 

白花蒲公英 bai hua pu gong ying

 

                Leontodon leucanthus Ledebour, Icon. Pl. (Ledebour) 2: 12. 1830.

 

                Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, ca. (2--)3--5(--8) cm X 2--5 mm, nearly entire, pinnatilobate, or rarely pinnatifid and denticulate, glabrous. Scapes 1 to numberous, 2--6 cm, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 2.5--3 cm in diam. Involucre green to dark green when dry, 0.9--1.3 cm, apex corniculate or callused; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, as wide or slightly wider than inner ones, margin wide and membranous. Ligules white or rarely pale yellow with a dark stripe. Stigmas black when when dry. Achene yellowish, pale brown, or grayish brown; body obovoid-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, apical ca. 1/4 sparsely spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a 0.5--1.2 mm cone; beak 3--6 mm, stout. Pappus pale red to rarely dirty white, 4--5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul. 2n = 32.

 

                Grassy slopes, valleys, riverside terraces and marshes; 2500--6000 m. W Gansu, ?Hebei, Qinghai, Shanxi, W Xinjiang, Xizang [India, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia; SW Asia].

 

6. Taraxacum dealbatum Handel-Mazzetti, Monogr. Taraxacum 30. 1907.

 

粉绿蒲公英 fen lu pu gong ying

 

                Petiole usually suffused purplish red; leaf blade oblanceolate, 5--15 X 0.5--2 cm, pinnatifid; lateral lobes 4--9 on each side, long triangular to linear, patent or pointing downward, margin entire; interlobes without denticles or lobules; terminal lobe linear hastate, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 1--7, 10--20 cm, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 1.5--2 cm in diam. Involucre purplish red near apex, campanulate, 1--1.5 cm; bracts apically not corniculate; outer bracts pale green, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 4--7 X 2--3 mm, appressed, margin membranous; inner bracts 2 X as long as outer ones. Ligules pale yellow or white with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark yellow. Achene pale yellowish brown to pale brown; body ca. 3 mm, basally tuberculate, apical ca. 1/3 sparsely spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a 0.6--1 mm cone; beak 3--6(--8) mm. Pappus white 6--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug. 2n = 32.

 

                Riverside terraces, fields, roadsides; 600--3200 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia].

 

7. Taraxacum luridum G. E. Haglund ex Persson, in Bot. Notis. 1938. 307. 1938.

 

红角蒲公英 hong jiao pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum badachschanicum Schischkin; T. ikonnikovii Schischkin.

 

                Leaf blade 5--8 X 0.8--2 cm, narrowly oblong, linear, or oblanceolate, pinnatifid, midvein usually purplish red; lateral lobes 4--6 on each side, linear, patent or pointing downwards, margin entire, apex acute; interlobes without denticles or lobules; terminal lobe hastate, margin entire, apex obtuse. Scapes few, usually purplish red, 5--10 cm, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum ca. 3 cm in diam. Involucre green, campanulate, 0.9--1.3 cm; outer bracts dark red at apex, triangular lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, wider than inner ones, appressed to slightly patent, margin narrow and membranous, apex not corniculate or minutely corniculate; inner bracts 2--2.5 X as long as outer with, apex dark red cornicuate. Ligules basally yellow, apically white, and with a purple stripe. Stigmas yellow. Achene pale brown; body obovoid-lanceolate, 3--4.5 mm, basally tuberculate, apical ca. 1/3 spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a 0.7--1 mm cone; beak 5--7 mm. Pappus white or dirty white, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. ??.

 

                Riverside terraces; ca. 3000 m. SW Xinjiang (Taxkorgan Xian) [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Pakistan, Russia; SW Asia].

 

8. Taraxacum borealisinense Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 31: 45. 1980.

 

华蒲公英 hua pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum oblanceofolium D. Z. Ma; T. sinense Dahlsted (1926), not Poiret (1816); T. sinicum Kitagawa. (Why does not T. sinicum published in 1933 have priority?)

 

                Petiole usually suffused purple; leaf blade obovate-lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or rarely linear lanceolate, 4--12 X 0.6--2 cm, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, glabrous, veins abaxially usually suffused purple; lateral lobes 3--7 on each side, narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, patent or pointing downward, margin entire or with teeth; terminal lobe long hastate to hastate-deltoid. Scapes 5--20 cm, arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 2--2.5 cm in diam. Involucre pale green, 0.8--1.2 cm; bracts in 3 series, flat or apically slightly callused; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, margin white, narrow to wide, and membranous; inner bracts lanceolate, ca. 2 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow or rarely white and with a purple stripe. Achene pale brown; body obovoid lanceolate, 3--4 mm, basally sparsely tuberculate, apically spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a conic-cylindric ca. 1 mm cone; beak 3--4.5 mm. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug. 2n = 24.

 

                Salt marshes, fields; 300--2900 m. Gansu, Hebei, SW Heilongjiang, Henan, SW Hubei, N Hunan, W Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, N Sichuan, E and NW Yunnan [Monglia, Russia].

 

9. Taraxacum asiaticum Dahlstedt, Acta Hort. Gothob. 2: 173. 1926.

 

亚洲蒲公英 ya zhou pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum cuspidatum Dahlsted (1926), not Marklund (1911); T. cuspidatum Dahlsted var. lonchophyllum Kitagawa; T. falcilobum Kitagawa; T. sinomongolicum Kitagawa.

 

                Leaf blade obovate-lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or rarely linear lanceolate, 4--20 cm X 3--9 mm, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; lateral lobes triangular-lanceolate to linear; interlobes often lobulate; terminal lobe hastate to narrowly hastate, large, apex acute. Scapes several, 10--30 cm, equalling or exceeding leaves, glabrous or arachnoid. Capitulum 3--3.5 cm in diam. Involucre 1--1.2 cm, ovoid at base; bracts apically purplish callused or shortly corniculate; outer bracts broadly ovate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, margin white, wide, and membranous; inner bracts linear to lanceolate, 2--2.5 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow or rarely white and with a dark purple stripe. Stigmas pale yellow to dark green. Achene yellowish to brown; body obovoid lanceolate, 3--4 mm, basally almost smooth, apically tuberculate, apex gradually narrowing in a cylindric ca. 1 mm cone; beak 5--9 mm. Pappus dirty white, 5--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Sep. 2n = 32.

 

                Grasslands, river banks, forest margins; 100--2400 m. S Chongqing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, SW and W Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai [Mongolia, Russia].

 

10. Taraxacum lamprolepis Kitagawa, Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 2: 306. 1938.

 

光苞蒲公英 guang bao pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate to linear, 5--10 X 0.8--1.5 cm, retrorsely pinnatifid; terminal lobe hastate, triangular, or narrowly ovate, small; lateral lobes 6--8 on each side, long triangular to triangular-lanceolate, pointing downward. Scapes 10--25 cm, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 1.6--2 cm; outer bracts broadly ovate to long ovate, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid, margin blackish green and transparant, apex callused or corniculate; inner bracts linear, apex ± dark purple corniculate. Ligules yellow with a dark stripe. Achene brown; body oblong-obovoid to obovoid, ca. 4 mm, basally ± tuberculate, apically spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a cylindric ca. 0.8 mm cone; beak 8.5--9 mm. Pappus white, 6--8 mm. Fl. and fr. May--Jul.

 

                * Mountain slopes, fields; ca. 300 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, NE Nei Mongol.

 

11. Taraxacum antungense Kitagawa, J. Jap. Bot. 22: 173. 1948.

 

丹东蒲公英 dan dong pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum urbanum Kitagawa; T. yinshanicum Z. Xu & H. C. Fu.

 

                Petiole purple red, winged; leaf blade oblanceolate, 5--21 X 1.5--2 cm, pinnatifid or lyrate; terminal lobe broadly triangular, apex obtuse to acute; lateral lobes 2 or 3 on each side, triangular-lanceolate, patent, margin entire or sparsely denticulate. Scapes 30--40 cm, equalling or exceeding leaves, glabrous. Capitulum ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Involucre ca. 1.3 cm, base round; outer bracts lanceolate, 7--10 mm, reflexed, flat or apically very shortly corniculate, margin apically papilla-ciliate; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, 1.3--1.6 cm, margin white and membranous, apex callused. Ligules pale yellow with a purple stripe. Achene pale brown; body oblong-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, basally smooth or sparsely tuberculate, apically spiculate, apex gradually narrowing in a cylindric ca. 0.5 mm cone; beak ca. 9 mm. Pappus white, 6--8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                * Grassy mountain slopes; ca. 100 m. Liaoning (Dalian Shi, Dandong Shi).

 

12. Taraxacum heterolepis Nakai & H. Koidzumi ex Kitagawa, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 829. 1933.

 

异苞蒲公英 yi bao pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum multisectum Kitagawa.

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate to linear, 10--25 X 0.5--3 cm, pinnatifid, glabrous; lateral lobes triangular to linear, patent or slightly pointing downward, margin entire or denticulate; interlobes denticulate or lobulate; terminal lobe triangular, apex acute. Scapes 10--15 cm, sparsely arachnoid. Capitulum ca. 3.5 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.3 cm; outer bracts lanceolate, appressed, margin narrow and membranous, apex acute and purplish callused or corniculate; inner bracts linear to lanceolate, ca. 20 X 2 mm, apex dark red and ± callused. Ligules yellow with a faint stripe. Achene brown; body obconic, ca. 4.5 mm, basally smooth, apically spiculate, apex gradually narrowing in a cylindric ca. 1 mm cone; beak ca. 1 cm. Pappus white to pale brownish white, 5--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jun.

 

                * Mountain slopes, roadsides, wetlands; ca. 300 m. Hebei, N Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, N Nei Mongol.

 

13. Taraxacum stenolobum Stscheglejew, Sc. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 27: 180. 1954.

 

深裂蒲公英 shen lie pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblong to oblong-linear, 6--17 X 0.8--3 cm, pinnatifid to almost pinnate, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid; lateral lobes 3--5 on each side, linear to triangular-linear, pointing downward to rarely patent, margin entire or dentate, apex acute; interlobe margins denticulate or lobulate; terminal lobe long hastate to rarely triangule, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 1--6, 8--35 cm, woolly when young, apically sparsely arachoid at anthesis, glabrescent in fruit. Involucre broadly campanulate, 0.9--1.5 cm; outer bracts pale green and often purplish, lanceolate-ovate to lanceolate, 6--7 X 1.5--3 mm, as wide or wider than inner ones, appressed, margin narrow and membranous, apex obtuse and not corniculate or indistinctly corniculate; inner bracts green, 1.5--2 X as long as outer ones, apex obtuse and callused or corniculate. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark yellow. Achene pale grayish brown; body 2.5--3 mm, apical ca. 1/3 spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a 0.5--0.8 mm cone; beak 7--10 mm, slender. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                Riverside terraces, mountain slopes; ca. 700 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

14. Taraxacum dissectum (Ledebour) Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 2: 814. 1846.

 

多裂蒲公英 duo lie pu gong ying

 

                Leontodon dissectus Ledebour, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg Hist. Acad. 5: 553. 1814; Taraxacum baicalense Schischkin.

 

                Leaf blade deeply dissected, with trichomes; lateral lobes 3--7 on each side, ± linear, basally often tinged pink, margin entire but distal ones often basally dentate basally; interlobes margins often dentate or lobulate; terminal lobe triangular-hastate. Scapes 1--6, 4--7 cm, densely arachnoid. Capitulum 1--2.5 cm in diam. Involucre companulate, 8--11 mm; involucral bracts greenish purple but not coruniculate at apex; outer bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, (3.5--)5--6 X (1.5--)3.5--4 mm, appressed, surface flat, margin white, distinct, and broad; inner bracts ca. 2 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow to bright yellow and with a purple stripe. Stigmas pale green. Achene grayish yellowish brown; body (4--)4.4--4.6 mm, basally almost smooth, apically with ± dense thin acute spicules, apex gradually narrowing into a narrowly cylindric 0.8--1 mm cone; beak ca. 6 mm. Pappus white, 6--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep. 2n = 32.

 

                Alpine grasslands; 3000--3600 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia].

 

15. Taraxacum compactum Schischkin, Sist. Zametki Mater. Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. Kuybysheva 1-2: 5. 1949.

 

堆叶蒲公英 dui ye pu gong ying

 

                Leaves narrowly oblanceolate to long elliptic, 18--25 X 2--4 cm, margin entire and denticulate, lyrate, or pinnatifid, glabrous; lateral lobes 3--6 on each side, triangular to long triangular, apex acute to obtuse; interlobe margins with or without denticles or lobules; terminal lobe widely triangular, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 2--5, 10--35 cm, stout, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre green, broadly companulate, 0.9--1.5 cm, apically not corniculate; outer bracts lanceolate-ovate to lanceolate, 3--7 X 2--4 mm, appressed, with or without a very narrow membranous margin; inner bracts 1.5--2 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark green. Achene yellow brown; body cylindric, 2.5--3 mm, basally almost smooth, apically ± densely spiculate, apex with a 0.4--0.6 mm cone; beak 4.5--6 mm, slender. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug. 2n = 24.

 

                Desert grasslands, forest meadows; 700--1700 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

 

16. Taraxacum dasypodum Soest, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 2: 265. 1961.

 

丽江蒲公英 li jiang pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate, ca. 7 X 1.8 cm, pinnatifid, subglabrous; lateral lobes 2 or 3 on each side, triangular, ca. 5 mm, margin entire, apex acute; terminal lobe hastate, often large, apex slightly obtuse or entire. Scapes 2 or 3, 5--6 cm, slightly shorter than leaves, arachnoid. Capitulum 1.5--2 cm in diam. Involucre pale green, ca. 1 cm; outer bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3--5 X ca. 2 mm, margin white, inconspicuous, and membranous, apex callused or corniculate; inner bracts ± purple at apex, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2--2.5 mm wide, margin pale and narrow, apex callused. Ligules yellow. Stigmas yellow. Achene pale yellowish; body ca. 5 mm, basally almost smooth, apically sparsely spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a conic ca. 1 mm cone; beak 3--4 mm. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr.

 

                * Grassy slopes, wastelands; 1900--3200 m. NW Yunnan.

 

17. Taraxacum parvulum de Candolle, Prodr. 7(1): 149. 1838.

 

小花蒲公英 xiao hua pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum bhutanicum Soest; T. himalaicum Soest; T. kawaguchii Kitamura; T. staticifolium Soest; T. wutaishanense Kitagawa.

 

                Plants small to medium-sized. Leaf blade 5--10 X 0.8--1.5cm, grayish green, almost glabrous, margin entire, lyrate, pinnatifid; lateral lobes 4 or 5 on each side, nearly triangular to linear-triangular, patent. Scapes 3--10 cm, apically densely arachnoid. Capitulum 2--3 cm in diam. Involucre 1--1.3 cm; outer bracts usually 8--10, pale greenish, ± lanceolate, usually (4--)4.5--6 X (1.5--)1.8--3 mm, slightly imbricate, surface flat or apically callused, margin distinct, broad, and membranous; inner bracts purple at apex, linear, margin membranous. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas and style yellow. Achene pale brownish orange; body 3--4 mm, apically sparsely spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a conic ca. 1 mm cone; beak 4--6 mm. Pappus white, 4--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                Marshes, riverside terraces, grassy slopes; 1500--4500 m. NE Qinghai, N Shanxi, N Sichuan, SC and W Xizang, NW Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Kashmir, Nepal, N Pakistan].

 

18. Taraxacum indicum Handel-Mazzetti, Monogr. Taraxacum 50. 1907.

 

印度蒲公英 yin du pu gong ying

 

               Root thick. Leaf blade obovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, retrorsely pinnatifid to rarely pinnate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; lateral lobes triangular, margin entire or denticulate; terminal lobe triangular, hastate, or rhombic. Scapes several, 5--20 cm, exceeding leaves, densely arachnoid when young, glabrescent in fruit. Capitulum 1.5--2.5 cm in diam. Involucral bracts callused at apex; outer bracts ovate to lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.5--2 mm, slightly patent or appressed, margin priminent and white; inner bracts lanceolate, ca. 2 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Achene pale brown; body 4--5 mm, apically with a ± large to medium tubercle, apex abruptly contracted into a conic cone; beak 8--10 mm, slender. Pappus white. Fl. and fr. Feb--Sep.

 

                Grasslands; 1300--3800 m. SW Sichuan (Muli Xian), C and NW Yunnan [India, Kashmir, Pakistan, Vietnam].

 

19. Taraxacum bessarabicum (Hornemann) Handel-Mazzetti, Monogr. Taraxacum 26. 1907.

 

窄苞蒲公英 zhai bao pu gong ying

 

                Leontodon bessarabicus Hornemann, Suppl. Hort. Bot. Hafn. 88. 1819; Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrzejowski var. bessarabicum (Hornemann) de Candolle.

 

                Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 4--16 X 0.5-2.5 cm, grayish green to reddish green, sparsely arachnoid, margin entire, pinnatilobate, or rarely pinnatifid; lateral lobes many, short, narrow, patent, apex acute. Scapes 6--20 cm, equalling or slightly exceeding leaves, sparsely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 1.5--2 cm in diam. Involucre 0.8--1.5 cm; bracts apically not corniculate or only slightly callused; outer bracts dark green, lanceolate, 7--8 mm, erect to appressed, margin pale, very wide, ± scarious, and ciliate; inner bracts 1.5--2 X a long as outer ones. Ligules golden yellow with a silvery gray stripe. Stigmas pale grayish brown. Achene grayish; body 4--5 mm, apical 1/4--1/3 sparsely spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a 1--1.5 mm cone; beak 3--5 mm. Pappus dirty white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct. 2n = 16.

 

                Fields, roadsides, Riverside terraces; ?? m. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Pakistan; SW Asia, Europe].

 

20. Taraxacum glabrum de Candolle, Prodr. 7(1): 147. 1838.

 

光果蒲公英 guang guo pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, 4--9 cm X 4--10(--20) mm, margin entire to pinnatilobate; lateral lobes 2 or 3 on each side, triangular, patent, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse; interlobe margins without denticles or lobules; terminal lobe triangular, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 2--4, often tinged purple, 5--10 cm, stout, glabrous, exceeding leaves. Capitulum 3--4 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 0.8--1.6 cm; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, width equalling or slightly exceeding inner ones, dark without a pale margin, apex not corniculate; inner bracts dark green, apex not corniculate or rarely corniculate. Ligules yellow with a dull violet stripe. Stigma black when dry. Achene pale brown; body 3.5--4 mm, smooth, apically rarely with tubercles, apex gradually narrowing into a ca. 0.6 mm cone; beak 5--7 mm. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug. 2n = 24, 32.

 

                Alpine and subalpine grasslands; 2300--4200 m. NC and W Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia, Russia].

 

21. Taraxacum pseudoatratum Orazova, Fl. Kazakstana 9: 491. 1966.

 

窄边蒲公英 zhai bian pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade linear to rarely oblanceolate, 2--7.5 cm X 4--6 mm, margin entire or rarely dentate, apex acute. Scapes several, 5--10 cm, thin, equalling or slightly exceeding leaves, glabrous. Capitulum ca. 2 cm in diam. Involucre companulate, 1--1.4 cm; outer bracts dark green, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 6--8 X 2--3 mm, width equalling or slightly exceeding inner ones, appressed, margin white, very narrow, and membranous, apically flat; inner bracts dark green, 1.5--2 X as long as outer ones, apically flat or coniculate. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Achene pale brown; body 3.5--4 mm, apically sparsely spiculate, apex with a 0.4--0.5 mm cone; beak 4--6 mm. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. May--Jul. 2n = 18, 24.

 

                Alpine and subalpine grasslands; ?? m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

22. Taraxacum subglaciale Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS, 29: 743. 1964.

 

寒生蒲公英 han sheng pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 2.5--6 cm X 3--8 mm, margin entire with dentate to pinnatilobate; laternal lobes 2--4 on each side, small, pointing downward, margin entire, apex obtuse; interlobe margins without denticles or lobules; terminal lobe long triangular, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes few, 4--6 cm, slender, glabrous. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 1--1.4 cm; involucral bracts green, apex callused; outer bracts ovate, ovate-lancelate, or narrowly elliptic, 5--6 X 1.5--3 mm, width slightly exceeding inner ones, appressed, margin wide and membranous magin; inner bracts ca. 2 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow to bright yellow and with a purple stripe. Stigmas yellow. Achene pale brown; body 3.5--4 mm, almost smooth, apex gradually narrowing into a ca. 0.5 mm cone; beak 3.5--5 mm. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                Alpine and subalpine deserts; 3500--4500 m. SW Xinjiang (Taxkorgan Xian) [Kazakstan].

 

23. Taraxacum mongolicum Handel-Mazzetti, Monogr. Taraxacum 67. 1907.

 

蒲公英 pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum argute-denticulatum Nakai & H. Koidzumi; T. formosanum Kitamura; T. hangzhouense H. Koidzumi; T. hondae Nakai & H. Koidzumi; T. huhhoticum Z. Xi & H. C. Fu; T. kansuense Nakai ex H. Koidzumi; T. liaotungense Kitagawa; T. mongolicum var. formosanum (Kitamura) Kitamura; T. pseudodissectum Nakai & H. Koidzumi.

 

                Root cylindric, stout. Petiole green or reddish, dentate-winged; leaf blade oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 4--20 X 1--5 cm, margin pinnatifid to pinnatipartite; lateral lobes 4 or 5 on each side, triangular to linear, margin entire or irregularly dentate; interlobe margins dentate; terminal lobe apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 1 to many, green or reddish, equalling or slightly exceeding leaves, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum ca. 3--4 cm in diam. Involucre pale green, 1.2--1.4 cm; involucral bracts in 2 or 3 rows; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 8--10 X 1--2 mm, erect or patent, sometimes recurved, margin wide and membranous, apical corniculate appendage distinct and often suffused red at apex; inner bracts linear lanceolate, 10--16 X 2--3 mm, apex corniculate. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas and style blackish. Achene brown; body ovoid, ca. 4 mm, tuberculate throughout, apically spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a conic ca. 1 mm cone; beak 6--8.5 mm. Pappus white, 6--6.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Sep. 2n = 18, 24+2B, 32.

 

                Grassy slopes, river sides, fields, roadsides; below 100 to 3400 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, N Guangdong, N Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, NE Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shaanxi, N Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].

 

24. Taraxacum coreanum Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 62. 1932.

 

朝鲜蒲公英 chao xian pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum pseudoalbidum Kitagawa; T. pseudoalbidum var. lutescens Kitagawa.

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 5--15 X 2--5 cm, apex acute, base attenuate into winged petiole, margin lobed to pinnatifid; lateral lobes narrowing triangular to linear, patent or pointing downward; interlobes sparsely arachnoid, margin denticulate or lobulate; terminal lobe triangular-hastate, broadly rhombic, or deltoid, apex acute. Scapes several, 10--15 cm, densely woolly when young, glabrescent when mature. Capitulum 3--3.5 cm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm; outer bracts reddish, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex prominently callused; inner bracts linear lanceolate, apex dark purple and often callused or corniculate. Ligules white or rarely pale yellow and with a purple stripe. Achene brown; body 3.5--5 mm, basally tuberculate, apically spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into conic-cylindric ca. 1 mm cone; beak 4--9 mm, slender. Pappus white, 7--8 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jun. 2n = 32.

 

                Fields, roadsides; ?? m. Hebei, S Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Nei Mongol [Korea, Russia].

 

25. Taraxacum variegatum Kitagawa, Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 2: 302. 1938.

 

斑叶蒲公英 ban ye pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum erythropodium Kitagawa.

 

                Root dark brown, cylindrincal, stout. Leaf blade oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, base attenuate into winged petiole, margin nearly entire to retrorsely pinnatifid; lateral lobes 4 or 5 on each side, triangular to long triangular, with dark purple dots, glabrous or ± arachnoid, margin entire or dentate; terminal lobe triangular hastate, apex ± acute to obtuse. Scapes 5--15 cm, arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 4(--6) cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 1.7--2.3 cm; outer bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apex slightly corniculate; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, margin white and membranous, apex callused or with a short corniculae appendage. Ligules yellow with a dark green wide stripe. Achene pale brown; body oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3--4.5 mm, basally tuberculate, apically spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a conic-cylindric 0.5--0.8 mm cone; beak to 1 cm. Pappus white, 5.5--8.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jun.

 

                * Grassy slopes, roadsides; ?? m. C Hebei, SW Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol.

 

26. Taraxacum brassicaefolium Kitagawa, Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 2: 308. 1938.

 

芥叶蒲公英 jie ye pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate to broadly linear, 10--35 X 2.5--6 cm, base gradually attenuate into a short winged petiole, margin pinnatifid or lyrate; lateral lobes triangular to linear, often pointing upward or rarely downward, margin entire or often denticulate; interlobe margins entire or denticulate; terminal lobe triangular, very wide, margin entire. Scapes numerous, often purplish brown, 30--50 cm, stout, sparsely arachnoid, glabrescent. Capitulum ca. 5.5 cm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 2.2 cm, base round to truncate; bracts slightly corniculate at apex; outer bracts narrowly ovate to linear-lanceolate; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, apex purple. Receptacle often with membranous palea. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Achene pale greenish brown; body ca. 4 mm, tuberculate in middle and gradually smooth below, apically spiculate, apex subabruptly contracted into a cylindric 0.5--0.7 mm cone; beak 1--1.5 cm. Pappus white, 7--9 mm. Fl. Apr--Jun. 2n = 32.

 

                * Riversides, forest margins, roadsides; ?? m. C Hebei, SE Heilongjiang, E and S Jilin, NE Liaoning, NE Nei Mongol.

 

27. Taraxacum altaicum Schischkin, Sist. Zametki Mater. Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. Kuybysheva 1-2: 6. 1949.

 

阿尔泰蒲公英 a er tai pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade obovate-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 12--20 X 2.5--4.5 mm, glabrous, margin entire, dentate, or rarely lyrate; lateral lobes 3--5 on each side, triangular, patent, margin entire, apex acute; interlobe margins without denticles or lobules; terminal lobe broadly triangular, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 2--4, often purplish red, 10--30 cm, stout, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 3--4 cm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.2--2 cm; bracts dark green, apex corniculate; outer bracts ovate to lanceolate, 7--10 X 3--5 mm, wider than inner ones, appressed, rarely erect, margin very narrow and membranous; inner bracts ca. 2 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark yellow. Achene yellow brown; body cylindric, 3.5--4.5 mm, basally with or without tuberculate, apically densely spiculate, apex with a 0.5--0.8 mm cone; beak 8.5--10 mm, slender. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                Forest meadows; 2000--2500 m. Xinjiang (Altay Xian, Qitai Xian, Ürümuqi Shi) [Kazakstan, Russia].

 

28. Taraxacum calanthodium Dahlstedt, Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 150. 1926.

 

大头蒲公英 da tou pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum canitiosum Dahlstedt.

 

                Leaf blade broadly lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, 7--20 X 1.2--3 cm, pinnatifid; lateral lobes shortly deltoid to broadly deltoid, patent or pointing downward, margin entire; interlobe margin denticulate; terminal lobe hastate-triangular to hastate, ± large, arachnoid. Scapes several, ca. 25 cm, equalling or slightly exceeding leaves, ± arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 5--6 cm in diam. Involucre black to dark green when dry, 1.5--2 cm, with prominent white or pale brown membranous margin; outer bracts broadly ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 5--8 mm wide, apex callused or with a prominent short corniculate apendage; inner bracts broadly linear, apex callused or slightly corniculate. Ligules yellow with a reddish purple stripe. Stigmas and styles dark green, black when dry. Achene yellowish brown; body oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm, apical 1/3--1/2 spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a conic ca. 1 mm cone; beak 1--1.1 cm. Pappus pale dirty yellowish white, 4--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                * Alpine grasslands; 2500--4300 m. S Gansu, E Qinghai, Shaanxi (W Qin Ling Shan), NW and W Sichuan, E and SW Xizang.

 

29. Taraxacum lugubre Dahlstedt, Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 148. 1926.

 

川甘蒲公英 chuan gan pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum connectens Dahlstdt.

 

                Petiole long, often pinkish purple; leaf blade linear lanceolate, 10--25 X 2.5--3.5 cm, pinnatifid; lateral lobes many, shortly to widely deltoid, pointing downward, margin entire; terminal lobe hastate-triangular to hastate, ± large, sparsely arachnoid. Scapes several, ca. 25 cm, equalling or slightly exceeding leaves, arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 3.5--5.5 cm in diam. Involucre dark purple, 1.5--2 cm; outer bracts broadly ovate-lanceolate to ovate, margin white, prominent, and membranous, apex not corniculate or rarely callused; inner bracts broadly linear, ca. 2 X as long as outer ones, apex obtuse. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas and styles dark green, black when dry. Achene yellowish; body obovoid-cuneate, ca. 4 mm, apically spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a ca. 0.5 mm cone; beak 3--4 mm. Pappus white. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

 

                * Alpine grasslands; 2800--4200 m. S Gansu, S and SE Qinghai, Shaanxi (Qin Ling Shan), NC Sichuan, NE Xizang.

 

30. Taraxacum lanigerum Soest, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 2: 269. 1961.

 

多毛蒲公英 duo mao pu gong ying

 

                Root thick. Leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 3 cm, pinnatifid, arachnoid or partly woolly; basal 2 lobes often elongate, pointing downward; lateral lobes 5 on each side, triangular, falcatus, or linear, patent or pointing downward, margin denticulate between lobes; terminal lobe slightly hastate. Scapes 2--4, 7--9 cm, arachnoid, especially densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre nearly black, ca. 1.9 cm; outer bracts lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2.5 mm, appressed, arachnoid on margin and apex, margin white or green, narrow, and membranous, apex corniculate; inner bracts broadly linear, arachnoid, margin wide and membranous, apex callused. Ligules yellow with a nearly dark stripe. Stigmas and styles dark when dry. Achene immature. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

 

                Forest margins, alpine grasslands; 3900--4600 m. S Qinghai, Xizang [?Nepal].

 

31. Taraxacum grypodon Dahlstedt, Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 157. 1926.

 

反苞蒲公英 fan bao pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade lanceolate to linear lanceolate, 10--20 X 2--4 cm; exterior leaf blades with margins entire or pinnatilobate, apex obtuse; intermediate or interior leaf blades with lateral lobes 3 or 4 on each side; lateral lobes triangular, pointing downward; interlobe margins entire or sparsely denticulate; terminal lobe broadly hastate, margin entire or nearly entire, apex obtuse. Scapes ca. 30 cm, ca. 2 X as long as leaves, arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 5.5--6 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, ca. 2 cm; outer bracts numerous, ovate-lanceolate, ± patent-reflexed, margin prominent and narrowly membranous, apex obtuse; inner bracts ± purple at apex. Ligules bright yellow with a wide purplish red stripe. Stigmas and styles dark green, black when dry. Achene yellowish; body ca. 3 mm, apically spiculate, apex subabruptly contracted into a conic-cylindric 0.5--1 mm cone; beak 0.9--1.2 cm, slender. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. ??.

 

                * Pine forests, grassy mountain slopes; high elevations. N Sichuan, E Xizang.

 

32. Taraxacum platypecidium Diels ex H. Limpricht, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 515. 1922.

 

白缘蒲公英 bai yuan pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum albomarginatum Kitamura.

 

                Leaf blade broadly oblanceolate to oblanceolate, 10--30 X 2--4 cm, pinnatifid, sparsely arachnoid to almost glabrous; lateral lobes 5--8 on each side, triangular, margin entire or sparsely denticulate; terminal lobe ± large, triangular. Scapes 1 to numberous, ca. 45 cm, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 4--4.5 cm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.5--1.7 mm; bracts 3 or 4 rows, apex corniculate or not corniculate; outer bracts with dark green belt in middle, broadly ovate or linear, margin white, wide, and membranous, ciliate, apex pink; inner bracts oblong-linear to linear-lanceolate, ca. 2 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purplish red stripe. Stigmas and style dark green, ± black when dry. Achene pale brown; body ca. 4 mm, apically spiculate, apex abruptly contracted to a conic-cylindric ca. 1 mm cone; beak 0.8--1.2 cm, slender. Pappus white, 7--10 mm. Fl. and fr. Mar--Jun.

 

                Grassy mountain slopes, mountain slopes, roadsides; 1600--3400 m. S Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, W Henan, W Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, E and S Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan [?Korea, Russia].

 

1a. Outer bracts broadly ovate .....................................................................................................  32a. var. platypecidum

1b. Outer bracts linear ............................................................................................................  32b. var. angustiracteatum

 

32a. Taraxacum platypecidium var. platypecidium

 

白缘蒲公英 (原变种) bai yuan pu gong ying (yuan bian zhong)

 

                Outer bracts broadly ovate.

 

                Grassy mountain slopes, roadsides; 1900--3400 m. S Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, W Henan, W Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, E and S Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan [?Korea, Russia].

 

32b. Taraxacum platypecidium var. angustibracteatum Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 3: 202. 1935.

 

狭苞蒲公英 (变种) xia bao pu gong ying

 

                Outer bracts linear, as wide as inner bracts.

 

                * Mountain slopes; ca. 1600 m. Hebei, Shanxi.

 

33. Taraxacum licentii Soest, Acta Bot. Neerl. 19: 28. 1970.

 

山西蒲公英 shan xi pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum junpeianum Kitamura; T. mandshuricum Nakai ex H. Koidzumi.

 

                Leaf blade 6--9 X 1.5--2.5 cm, margin pinnatilolate to pinnatifid; lateral lobes 3--5 on each side, triangular, ca. 1 cm, pointing downward, apex acute to slightly obtuse; terminal lobe triangular. Scapes 10--15 cm, exceeding leaves, arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 3--3.5 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 8--10 mm; outer bracts dark green except for margin, lanceolate, ca. 8 mm, margin white, very wide, and membranous, apex not corniculate or callused; inner bracts lanceolate, ± as long as outer ones. Ligules with a dark green stripe. Stigmas black when dry. Achene unknown. Fl. ??.

 

                * Grassy mountain slopes; ca. 2200 m. E Heilongjiang, Shanxi.

 

34. Taraxacum ohwianum Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 124. 1933.

 

东北蒲公英 dong bei pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate, 10--30 cm, margin pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, apex acute to obtuse; terminal lobe rhombic-triangular to triangular; lateral lobes 4 or 5 on each side, triangular to long triangular, slightly pointing downward, sparsely arachnoid or glabrous, margin entire or sparsely denticulate. Scapes several, 10--20 cm, equalling or exceeding leaves at anthesis, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 2.5--3.5 cm in diam. Involucre 1.3--1.5 cm; outer bracts broadly dark purple, ovate, 6--7 X 4.5--5 mm, appressed, apex acute to slightly obtuse and not corniculate or only slightly callused, with narrow white membranous margin, sparsely ciliated; inner bracts lanceolate, 2--2.5 X as long as outer ones, apex obtuse and not corniculate. Ligules yellow with a dark stripe. Achene yellowish; body long ellipsoid, 3--3.5 mm, basally nearly smooth, apically spiculate, apex subabruptly contracted into a conic-cylindric 0.5--1 mm cone; beak 8--11 mm, slender. Pappus dirty white, ca. 8 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jun.

 

                Mountains, roadsides; ?? m. S Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, N Nei Mongol [Korea, Russia].

 

35. Taraxacum kok-saghyz L. E. Rodin, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 187. 1933.

 

橡胶草 xiang jiao cao

 

                Taraxacum brevicorniculatum Koroleva.

 

                Leaf blade narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, 4.5--5 X 0.6--1.7 cm, glabrous, midvein sometimes red, margin not so deeply lobed but often nearly entire, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes1--3, sometimes tinged purple red, 7--24 cm, sparsely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum ca. 2.5--3 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 8--11 mm; bracts pale green, apex often with a purplish red well-developed corniculate appendage; outer bracts lanceolate-ovate to lanceolate, 4--5 X 1.5--2 mm, appressed, margin white, membranous, and equalling inner ones; inner bracts 1.5--2.5 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas yellow. Achene pale brown; body 2.5--3.5 mm, basally tuberculate or smooth, apical 1/3--1/2 densely spiculate, apex with a 1--1.8 mm cone; beak 5--6 mm. Pappus white, 4--5 mm. Fl. and fr. May--Jul. 2n = 16, 24, 32.

 

                Riverside terraces, meadows, fields; ?? m. Xinjiang (Yining Shi) [Kazakstan; Europe].

 

36. Taraxacum bicorne Dahlstedt, Ark. Bot. 5(9): 29. 1906.

 

双角蒲公英 shuang jiao pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade linear, narrowly oblanceolate, or long elliptic, 5--20 X 0.7--3.5 cm, glabrous, sometimes glaucous, base sometimes tinged purple red, margin pinnatilobate to pinnatifid; lateral lobes 5--7 on each side, triangular, oblong, or linear, apex acute to obtuse, margin entire or dentate; interlobes denticulate or lobulate; terminal lobe triangular-hastate to long hastate, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 2--5, often purplish red, 10--25 cm, slightly exceeding leaves, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 3--3.5 cm in diam. Involucre campulate, 1.1--1.3 cm; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, 3--5 X 1.5--2.5 mm, appressed, membrane white and membranous, apex often tinged purplish red and long with a long corniculate appendages equalling inner ones; inner bracts green, 2.5 X as long as outer ones, apex with 2 distinct corniculate appendages. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas yellow. Achene pale brown; body cylindric, 3--4 mm, basally tuberculate, apically densely spinulose, apex with a 0.8--1.2 mm cone; beak 7--9 mm, slender. Pappus snowy white, 5.5--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jul. 2n = 24.

 

                Riverside terraces, salt marshes, fields; ?? m. W Gansu, N Nei Mongol, NC Qinghai, Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan; SW Asia].

 

37. Taraxacum pingue Schischkin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Acad. Nauk SSSR 7: 3. 1937.

 

尖角蒲公英 jian jiao pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, 7--9 X 1--2.5 cm, not lobed, margin undulately dentate, apex obtuse. Scapes 10--12 cm, stout, sparsely arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.5--2 cm; bracts dark green, apex with a long and acute corniculate appendage; outer bracts lanceolate-ovate to lanceolate, 6--8 X 2.5--3 mm, wider than to slightly narrower than inner ones, appressed, membrane white, and very narrow; inner bracts ca. 2 X as long as outer ones, apex obtuse. Ligules white turning yellow when dry and with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark when dry. Achene pale yellowish brown; body ca. 4 mm, apically spiculate, apex with a 0.6--0.8 mm cone; beak 7--8 mm, slender. Pappus whitek, 7--8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                Alpine deserts, grasslands; ?? m. Xinjiang (Hejing Xian, Taxkorgan Xian) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].

 

38. Taraxacum stanjukoviczii Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS, 29: 737. 1964.

 

和田蒲公英 he tian pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate, 7--17 X 1.3--2 cm, margin entire or sparsely denticulate, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 1 or 2, 12--17 cm, glabrous. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 1.2--1.8 cm; bracts dark green, apex shortly corniculate; outer bracts lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 7--10 X 1.5--2 mm, slightly wider than inner ones, appressed, membrane white, very broadly, membranous; inner bracts 1.5--2.5 as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas yellow. Achene yellowish brown; body 3.5--4 mm, basally with a few tubercules, apically spiculate, apex with a 0.8--1.2 mm cone; beak 7--10 mm. Pappus white, 7--8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                Riverside terraces; 3000--4000 m. Xinjiang (Hotan Xian) [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan; SW Asia].

 

39. Taraxacum monochlamydeum Handel-Mazzetti, Monogr. Taraxacum, 43. 1907.

 

荒漠蒲公英 huang mo pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum holophyllum Schischkin; T. vernale Schischkin.

 

                Leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate to long elliptic, 5--10 X 1--3 cm, veins often tinged purple red, margin pinnatilobate or pinnatifid; lateral lobes long triangular, triangular, or rarely linear, apex obtuse, margin denticulate or rarely entire; interlobe margins denticulate or lobulate; teriminal lobe long triangular, long hastate, or triangular-hastate, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 1--5, 8--15 cm, equalling or slightly exceeding leaves, glabrous, base sometime tinged. Capitulum 1.5--3 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 0.8--1.4 cm; outer bracts pale green, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4--6 X 2--3 mm, wider than inner ones, slightly patent or reflexed, margin white and membranous, apex often suffused purple red, obtuse, and corniculate or rarely not corniculate; inner bracts green, 2.5--3 X as long as outer ones, apex obtuse and corniculate. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas yellow. Achene grayish brown; body 2.5--3(--3.5) mm, basally tuberculate, apically densely spiculate, apex with a 1--1.3 mm cone; beak 6--9 mm, slender. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr--Jul. 2n = 24.

 

                Salt marsh meadows, deserts, fields, roadsides; ?? m. N and E Xinjiang [Afghanistan, NW India, Kazakstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan].

 

40. Taraxacum multiscaposum Schischkin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Acad. Nauk SSSR 7: 8. 1937.

 

多葶蒲公英 duo ting pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade obovate, narrowly obovate, or long elliptic, 5--9 X 1--3 cm, often tinged red purple at base, glabrous, margin entire, lobed, or shallowly pinnatifid; lateral lobes 3--5 on each side, triangular to triangular-linear, patent, margin entire or denticulate, apex acute; interlobe margins with or without denticles; terminal lobe broadly triangular to rarely rhombic, margin denticulate, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 5--10, 10--20 cm, exceeding leaves, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre broadly campanulate, 0.9--1.3 cm; bracts with apex obtuse and not corniculate or callused; outer bracts pale green, ovate to broadly lanceolate, 3--5 X 2--3 mm, reflexed, margin narrow, membranous, and almost equalling inner; inner bracts green, 2.5--3 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark yellow. Achene yellowish brown; body 2.3--3 mm, basally tuberculate, apical ca. 1/3 densely spiculate, apex with a 1--1.4 mm cone; beak 6--8 mm, slender. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. May--Jul.

 

                Glasslands, fields, roadsides; ?? m. Xinjiang (Masu Xian, Ürümuqi Shi) [Afghanistan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].

 

41. Taraxacum lipskyi Schischkin, Fl. Turkmenia 7: 383. 1960.

 

小果蒲公英 xiao guo pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate to elliptic, 5--10 X 1--3 cm, glabrous, margin entire or dentate, apex acute to obtuse; lateral lobes 4--6 on each side, triangular-linear to rarely triangular, pointing downward or patent, margin entire or denticulate, apex obtuse; interlobe margins denticulate or lobulate. Scapes 4--8, 10--20 cm, exceeding leaves, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 cm; bracts with apex often purplish red, obtuse, and not corniculate or corniculate; outer bracts pale green, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, 5--8 X 1--3 mm, narrower or equalling inner ones, recurved, margin narrow, membranous; inner bracts green, 2.5--3 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark yellow. Achene pale brown; body 2.2--2.8 mm, apical ca. 2/3 or throughout densely spiculate, apex with a 1--1.4 mm cone; beak 8--11 mm, slender. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                Riverside terraces, grassland, fields; ?? m. Xinjiang (Fuyun Xian, Qinghe Xian) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].

 

42. Taraxacum longipyramidatum Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS 29: 735. 1964.

 

长锥蒲公英 chang zhui pu gong ying

 

                Taraxacum longirostre Schischkin.

 

                Leaf blade narrowly obovate, long elliptic, or rarely narrowly oblanceolate, 6--20 X 1.5--4 cm, glabrous, base often suffused purple, margin entire, pinnatilobate, or pinnatifid; lateral lobes 3--5 on each side, triangular to triangular-linear, margin entire or denticulate, apex acute to obtuse; interlobe margins denticulate or lobulate; terminal lobe triangular, broadly triangular, or rarely rhombic, big, margin entire or rarely denticulate, apex acute to obtuse. Scapes 2--6, 10--25 cm, exceeding leaves, sparsely arachnoid below capitulum, base often tingered purple. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.3--2 cm; bracts green, apex not corniculate or only slightly callused; outer bracts ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 5--8 X 2.5--3 mm, narrower or equalling inner ones, recurved margin white and membranous margine, apex obtuse; inner bracts obtuse, 2--2.5 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark yellow. Achene pale yellowish brown; body cylindric, 3--4 mm, basally densely tuberculate, apical 1/3--1/2 densely spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a 1.2--1.8 mm cone; beak 8--10 mm. Pappus white, ca. 7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                Riverside terraces, grassland, field, roadsides; ?? m. Xinjiang (Manas Xian, Tacheng Xian, Ürümuqi Shi) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].

 

43. Taraxacum xinyuanicum D. T. Zhai & Z. X. An, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 318. 1996.

 

新源蒲公英 xin yuan pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, 3.5--9 X 1--3.6 cm, green, glabrous or sparsely pilose, margin pinnatifid; lateral lobes pointing upward or downward, margin entire or denticulate, apex acute; interlobe margins denticulate or lobulate; terminal lobe triangular, margin entire. Scapes numerous, yellowish green, 5--18 cm, exceeding leaves, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre 0.9--1.2 cm; outer bracts pale green, lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, wider than inner ones, patent at anthesis, apex not corniculate; inner bracts green, ca. 1.5 X as long as outer ones, apex not corniculate. Ligules yellow with a dark stripe. Achene brown; body ca. 2.5 mm, basally smooth, apical ca. 1/3 spiculate, apex with a 0.2--0.4 mm cone; beak 4--5 mm, slender. Pappus white, 4--5 mm. Fl. and fr. ??. 2n = 16.

 

                * Forest grasslands; ca. 1500 m. Xinjiang (Xinyuan Xian).

 

44. Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Holsat. 56. 1780.

 

药用蒲公英 yao yong pu gong ying

 

                Leontodon taraxacum Linnaeus; Taraxacum almaatense Schischkin.

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate, 6--40 X 0.7--15 cm, commonly with sparce trichomes on midvein on abaxial surface otherwise generally glabrous or sometimes completely so, base tapering to a narrow scarcely or obscurely winged petiole, margin ± runcinate-pinnatifid or lobed but leaves vary to deeply cleft and with a small terminal segment; terminal lobe tending to be larger than others. Scapes 5--50 cm, numerous, exceeding leaves, densely arachnoid below capitulum, base often suffused purplish red. Capitulum 2.5--4 cm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.3--2.5 cm; bracts green, apex obtuse and not corniculate or only slightly callused; outer bracts broadly lanceolate to lanceolate, 4--10 X 1.5--3.5 mm, equalling or slightly wider than inner ones, recurved, margin narrow and membranous or absent; inner bracts ca. 1.5 X as long as outer ones. Ligules bright yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark yellow. Achene pale yellowish brown; body 3--4 mm, basally tuberculate, apical ca. 1/2 densely spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a 0.4--0.6 mm cone; beak 7--12 mm, slender. Pappus white, 6--8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug. 2n = 22, 24, 24+1B, 24+2B, 26, 27, 32, 40, 44, 48.

 

                Grasslands, fields, roadsides; 700--2200 m. C Liaoning, N Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia; Europe, North America].

 

                Reported as a naturalized weed in Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Xizang.

 

45. Taraxacum stenoceras Dahlstedt, Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 166. 1926.

 

角苞蒲公英 jiao bao pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate, 5--15 cm, usually glabrous or rarely sparsely arachnoid, base gradually attenuate into a short winged petiole, margin entire, lobed, or pinnatifid; laternal lobes triangular to linear, pointing downward, margin nearly entire or with 1 or 2 lobules in apical part; terminal lobe sagittate to hastate, margin entire. Scapes 5--15 cm, exceeding leaves. Capitulum ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre 1.2--1.5 cm; bracts pale blackish green to dark green; outer bracts lanceolate, slightly narrower or equalling inner ones, apex acute and with a very long narow corniculate appendage; inner bracts with horn at apex but shorter than one outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Achene pale yellowish brown to pale brick red; body obovoid-oblong, ca. 4 mm, tuberculate throughout or apical ca. 1/3 spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a ca. 1 mm cone; beak 5--9 mm. Pappus pale yellowish white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. ??.

 

                * Grassy mountain slopes, field; 3000--4500 m. SW Gansu, E Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang.

 

46. Taraxacum pseudostenoceras Soest, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. His.), Bot. 2: 271. 1961.

 

长角蒲公英chang jiao pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate, 4--10 X 0.6--1.5 cm, glabrous, margin almost entire with triangular teeth to pinnatifid; lateral lobes narrowly triangular to linear, margin entire; interlobes pointing downward, margin without denticles; terminal lobe triangular to lanceolate. Scapes ca. 9 cm, almost equalling or exceeding leaves. Capitulum ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.4 cm; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, margin prominent, narrow, and membranous, apex with a pink very long narrow corniculate appendage. Ligules yellow with a reddish purple stripe. Stigmas and styles dirty yellow. Achene dark yellowish; body oblanceolate, 3--3.5 mm, basally slightly tuberculate, apically spiculate, apex narrowing into a conic ca. 1 mm cone; beak 6--8 mm. Pappus dirty white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                Grassy mountain slopes; 2300--3500 m. SW Gansu, E Qinghai [E Nepal].

 

47. Taraxacum tibetanum Handel-Mazzetti, Monogr. Taraxacum 67. 1907.

 

藏蒲公英 zang pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate, 4---8 X 0.5--1 cm, glabrous, margin generally pinnatifid or rarely pinnatilobate; lateral lobes 4--7 on each side, triangular, pointing downward, margin nearly entire. Scapes 1 to several, 3--7 cm, glabrous or arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 2.8--3.2 mm in diam. Involucre dark green to black when dry, campanulate, 1--1.2 cm; outer bracts broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, wider than inner ones, margin narrow, membranous, and inconspicuous or absent, apex of some enlarged. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas and styles black when when dry. Achene pale brown; body obovoid oblong to oblong, 2.8--3.5 mm, apical ca. 1/3 spiculate, apex subabruptly contracted into a conic-cylindric ca. 0.5 mm cone; beak 2.5--4 mm, slender. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. ??.

 

                Grassy mountain slopes, riversides; 3600--5300 m. Qinghai, W Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [NE India, Nepal].

 

48. Taraxacum eriopodum (D. Don) de Candolle, Prodr. 7(1): 147. 1838.

 

毛柄蒲公英 mao bing pu gong ying

 

                Leontodon eriopodon D. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 413. 1820; Taraxacum wattii J. D. Hooker.

 

                Plants usually medium-sized. Leaf blade ??, 8--15 X 1.5--2.5 cm, margin shallowly to moderately pinnatifid; lateral lobes 3 or 4 on each side, usually ca. 1 X 1 cm at base, margin distally minutely dentate; terminal lobe usually 1.5--3 cm, usually broader than others, apex obtuse to rounded. Scapes brownish arachnoid. Involucre 1.1--1.4 cm in diam., base rounded; outer bracts usually 16--18, dark green and suffused red turning black when dry, ± lanceolate, (5.5--)6.5--7.5 X (2--)2.5--3 mm, appressed to erect, not imbricate, margin not paler than body, apex callused to corniculate; inner bracts dark green, usually 1.2--1.4 cm, margin often reddish, flat to apically corniculate. Ligules yellow with a greenish gray stripe. Stigmas dark when dry. Achene dark red to pale yellowish brown; body 4.5--5 mm, apical part ± densely spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a conic 1.2--1.4 mm cone; beak ca. 6 mm, usually stout. Pappus yellowish, 6--6.5 mm. Fl. and fr. ??. 2n = 32.

 

                Grassy mountain slopes, riversides; 3000--5300 m. Gansu, NE Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, SW Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India (Assam, Sikkim), Kashmir, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan].

 

49. Taraxacum mitalii Soest, Wentia 10: 46. 1963.

 

亚东蒲公英 ya dong pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade ??, margin pinnatifid; lateral lobes 3 or 4 on each side, triangular, ± deltoid, or ± subfalcate, 5--10(--20) X 5--10 mm, patent or pointing downward, apex acute to subacute; interlobe margins denticulate to dentate; termainal lobe subhastate, often elongated to 3 cm. Scapes 1 to several, brown, ca. 6 cm, nearly equalling leaves, arachnoid. Capitulum 3--4 cm in diam. Involucre grayish green, campanulate, 1.2--1.5 cm; bracts apically callused or minutely corniculate; outer bracts ovate, 6--7 mm, appressed, margin white or pale red; inner bracts lanceolate, 1--1.5 cm. Ligules yellow with dark purple to dark purplish red stripe. Stigmas pale dark green, nearly dark when dry. Achene yellowish olive; body ca. 3.5 mm, basally smooth, apically spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a conic-cylindric ca. 1 mm cone; beak ca. 7 mm. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. ??. 2n = 24.

 

                Mountain slopes, Rhododendron thickets; 2400--4500 m; S Xizang [Bhutan, India (Sikkim), Myanmar, Nepal].

 

50. Taraxacum sikkimense Handel-Mazzetti Monogr. Taraxacum 103. 1907.

 

锡金蒲公英 xi jin pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate, 5--12 cm, generally glabrous or rarely arachnoid, margin pinnatilobate, pinnatifid, or rarely dentate; lateral lobes 4--6 on each side, triangular to linear-lanceolate, patent or pointing downward, margin nearly entire; terminal lobe triangular to linear. Scapes 5--30 cm, glabrous, rarely arachnoid. Capitulum 4--5 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm; bracts pale blackish green to dark green when dry; outer bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, slightly narrower or equalling inner ones, apex slightly enlargement, margin very narrow, prominent, and membranous; inner bracts apically ± enlarged. Ligules yellow, pale yellow, or white and with a purple stripe, apex sometimes tinged red. Stigmas and styles black when when dry. Achene dark purple, reddish brown, or orangish red; body obovoid oblong, ca. 3 mm, apical 1/3--1/2 spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a 0.5--1 mm cone; beak 6--8 mm, slender. Pappus white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. ??. 2n = 32, 40.

 

                Grassy mountain slopes, roadsides; 2800--4800 m. Qinghai, W Sichuan, S Xizang, NW Yunnan [India (Sikkim), Nepal, Pakistan].

 

51. Taraxacum suberiopodum Soest, Act. Bot. Neerl. 19: 28. 1970.

 

滇北蒲公英 dian bei pu gong ying

 

                Plants ca. 20 cm tall, glabrous. Petiole with pink wings; leaf blade ??, erect, glaucous, margin of exterior leaves pinnatilobate and interior leaves triangular dentate; lateral lobes triangular to linear-lanceolate, apex obtuse; interlobe 1--1.5 cm wide, margin entire or denticulate; terminal lobe 3--5 cm, margin rarely denticulate, apex ± obtuse. Scapes ca. 20 cm, glabrous but densely brownish arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 3.5--4 cm in diam. Involucre ca. 1.4 cm, pale red green; outer bracts ovate, ca. 6 X 3 mm, margin ciliate. Ligules dark yellow with a dark violet stripe. Stigmas and styles black when when dry. Achene yellowish; body 5--5.5 mm, apically densely short spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a conic-cylindric ca. 1 mm cone; beak ca. 1 cm. Pappus dirty white, ca. 7 mm. Fl. and fr. ??.

 

                * Grassy mountain slopes, forest margins; 3100--3400 m. NW Yunnan (Ninglang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

 

52. Taraxacum forrestii Soest, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 2: 265. 1961.

 

网苞蒲公英 wang bao pu gong ying

 

                Root very thick. Leaf blade ca. 6 X 1.8 cm, arachnoid, margin entire or denticulate; lateral lobes 6 on each side for exterior leaves and 6--8 for interior leaves, patent or recurved, triangular, margin denticulate, apex acute; interlobes smooth; terminal lobe hastate, apex ± obtuse triangular. Scapes 2 or 3, 5--7 cm, stout, shorter than leaves, arachnoid. Capitulum ca. 3.5 cm in diam. Involucre dirty green, broadly campanulate, ca. 1.6 cm; outer bracts ovate, ca. 7 X 4 mm, laxly appressed, with reticulate veins, margin prominent, wide, and membranous, apex with a very small corniculate appendages; inner bracts dark green, broadly linear, to 2 mm wide, margin membranous, apex ± callused. Ligules yellow with a grayish purple stripe. Stigmas and styles black. Achene brown; body oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm, apically densely spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a cylindric cone; beak 3--5 mm, slender. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. ??.

 

                Mountain slopes; ca. 4200 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [India].

 

53. Taraxacum apargiaeforme Dahlstedt, Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 178. 1926.

 

天全蒲公英 tian quan pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade narrowly linear-lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or ligulate, 3--4 cm X 6--10 mm, glabrous, margin entire or pinnatifid; lobes 5--6 on each side, triangular, pointing downward, margin entire or linear denticulate; terminal lobe hastate. Scapes ca. 5 cm, exceeding leaves, glabrous. Capitulum 3.5--4.5 cm in diam. Involucre faintly dark green, narrowly campanulate, ca. 1.2 cm; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, erect to appressed, margin almost or rarely prominent and white or ± pink; inner bracts broadly linear, wider than outer ones. Ligules yellow without a colored stripe. Stigmas and styles dark green, turning black when dry. Achene dark yellowish; body obovoid-cuneate, 3.5--4 mm, apically spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a cylindric ca. 0.5 mm cone; beak 6--8 mm. Pappus dirty white. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                Alpine meadows; 3000--4000 m. N Sichuan, N Xizang [Kashmir, Pakistan].

 

54. Taraxacum alatopetiolum D. T. Zhai & Z. X. An, J. Aug. 1st Agric. Coll. 18(3): 2. 1995.

 

翼柄蒲公英 yi bing pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate, 2.5--4.5 cm X 4--8 mm, green, not lobed, base attenuate into winged petiole, margin sparsely shallowly dentate, apex acute. Scapes 2--4, dark purple, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre 1--1.2 cm; outer bracts dark grayish green, ovate to broadly ovate, without membranous margin, apex flat or callused; inner bracts grayish green, 1.5--2 X as long as outer ones, flat or corniculate. Ligules golden yellow with a dark wide stripe. Stigmas black. Achene dark gray; body 3.5--4 mm, apical ca. 1/3 sparsely tuberculate, apex gradually narrowing into a ca. 0.5 mm cone; beak 4--5 mm. Pappus dirty white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                * Subalpine meadows; ca. 3400 m. Xinjiang (Ürümqi Shi).

 

55. Taraxacum qirae D. T. Zhai & Z. X. An, J. Aug. 1st Agric. Coll. 18(3): 3. 1995.

 

策勒蒲公英 ce le pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade long elliptic to long obovate-lanceolate, 2--9 X 0.5--1.5 cm, glabrous or with a few trichomes, base attenuate into winged petiole, margin entire, pinnatilobate, pinnatifid; lateral lobes triangular, margin entire; terminal lobe triangular. Scapes dark purple, glabrous or sparsely tomentose below capitulum. Involucre 1.3--1.8 mm; outer bracts dark green, elliptic, oblong to oblong-linear, erect, margin membranous, apex flat or callused; inner bracts ca. 1.5 X as long as outer ones, apex corniculate. Ligules yellow with a wide dark stripe. Stigmas black. Achene dark gray; body 3--3.5 mm, basally thickly tuberculate or smooth, apical ca. 1/4 with acute tubercules, apex gradually narrowing into a ca. 1 mm cone; beak 4--6 mm, slender. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

 

                * Riverside terraces; ca. 3100 m. Xinjiang (Qira Xian).

 

56. Taraxacum lilacinum Krasnov ex Schischkin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Acad. Nauk SSSR 7: 4. 1937.

 

紫花蒲公英 zi hua pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade long elliptic, 3--10 X 0.5--1.5 cm, glabrous, margin entire or pinnatilobate; lateral lobes 2 or 3 on each side, triangular, patent, margin entire, apex acute; interlobe margins without denticles or lobules; terminal lobe apex acute. Scapes 1 or 2, stout, exceeding leaves, glabrous. Capitulum 1.5--2 cm in diam. Involucre broadly campanulate, 0.9--1.4 cm; bracts dark green, apex flat or callused; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3--4 X 2--2.5 mm, appressed or slightly patent, equalling or slightly wider than inner, almost without membranous margin; inner bracts 1.5--2 X as long as outer ones. Ligules purplish red. Stigmas black when dry. Achene pale yellowish brown; body ca. 3 mm, basally sparsely tuberculate or smooth, apical ca. 1/4 densely spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a 0.5--0.7 mm cone; beak 2.5--4 mm. Pappus white, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                Alpine meadows, grasslands; above 2500 m. N and NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].

 

57. Taraxacum chionophilum Dahlstedt, Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 177. 1926.

 

川西蒲公英 chuan xi pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade ??, 7--10 X 1.5--2.5 cm, dark green, nearly glabrous or sparsely arachnoid, margin lyrate or pinnatifid; lateral lobes triangular; terminal lobe triangular to nearly hastate, small. Scapes exceeding leaves, arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum dark green, ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre dark green, narrowly campanulate, ca. 12 X 5 mm, base ovoid; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate to linear lanceolate, margin wide, membranous, and often denticulate or ciliated, apex pale purple; inner bracts linear. Ligules bright yellow with a pink stripe. Stigmas and styles yellow green, black when dry. Achene brown; body obovoid oblong, basally smooth, apically ca. 1/ 3 spiculate, apex gradually narrowing into a conic ca. 1 mm cone; beak 2--4 mm. Pappus dirty white, 6--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                * Alpine grasslands, thickets; 2700--4600 m. NW Sichuan.

 

58. Taraxacum nutans Dahlstedt, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 26: 264. 1932.

 

垂头蒲公英 chui tou pu gong ying

 

                Plants biennial. Leaf blade lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or obovate lanceolate, 10--15 X 1.5--2 cm, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid on exterior leaves but densely arachnoid on interior leaves, margin entire or rarely pinnatilobate. Scapes 1 to numberous, 10--30 cm, erect, almost equalling or slightly exceeding leaves, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 5--5.5 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 1.8--2 cm, nutant after anthesis; bracts in 4 series, linear, nearly equal, apex corniculate. Ligules orange brown with a purple stripe. Stigmas and styles dark green. Achene dirty brown; body 3.5--4 mm, basally ± tuberculate or smooth, apically spiculate, apex with a cylindric 0.5--1 mm cone; beak 1--1.5 cm. Pappus dirty white to pale yellowish white. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul. 2n = 16.

 

                * Mountain slopes; forests; 1100--3200 m. W Hebei, Shanxi.

 

59. Taraxacum repandum Pavlov, Bull. Acad. Sc. Kazak. SSR 8: 30. 1950.

 

血果蒲公英 xue guo pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade oblanceolate to long elliptic, 5--15 X 1--2.5 cm, glabrous, margin pinnatifid or lyrate; lobes 3--6 on each side, triangular to long triangular, patent, margin entire or denticulate, apex acute; interlobe margins denticulate or lobulate; terminal lobe triangular, margin entire or denticulate, apex obtuse. Scapes 2 or 3, 10--30 cm, exceeding leaves, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre green, broadly campanulate, 1--1.4 cm; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate to rarely ovate, margin narrow, equalling inner ones, appressed, membranous, and sparsely ciliated, apex suffused purplish red, obtuse, and not corniculate; inner bracts ca. 2.5 X as long as outer ones. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark yellow. Achene reddish brown; body obconic, 3.5--4 mm, basally smooth or rarely tuberculate, apical ca. 1/3 densely tuberculate, apex gradually narrowing into a 0.5--0.8 mm cone; beak 5--6 mm. Pappus white, 6--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                Subapline meadows, forest grasslands; ca. 2900 m. Xinjiang (Akqi Xian) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan].

 

60. Taraxacum tianschanicum Pavlov, Bull. Acad. Sc. Kazak. SSR 8: 30. 1950.

 

天山蒲公英 tian shan pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade long elliptic to oblancolate, 5--25 X 1.5--4.5 cm, glabrous, base sometimes tinged purplish red, margin pinnatilobate to lyrate; terminal lobe broadly triangular, triangular, or shortly hastate, apex obtuse to acute; lateral lobes 3--6 on each side, triangular, long triangular, linear, or lanceolate, margin entire, dentate, or lobulate, apex obtuse; interlobe margins denticulate, lobulate, or rarely entire. Scapes 2--5(--9), usually suffused purple red, 10--35 cm, stout, equalling or exceeding leaves. Outer bracts pale green, ovate-lanceolate, 5--8 X 2--4 mm, equalling or slightly wider than inner ones, patent or reflexed, margin narrow and membranous, apex often suffused purple red, obtuse, and not corniculate or rarely callused; inner bracts green, 1.5--2 X as long as outer ones, apex not corniculate or with a dark cornicula. Ligules yellow with a purple stripe. Stigmas dark yellow. Achene reddish brown to pale red; body 2.5--3 mm, basally thickly tuberculate, apical ca. 1/3 with dense acute tubercules, apex gradually narrowing into a ± conic 0.8--1 mm cone; beak 7--10 mm. Pappus white, 4--5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug. 2n = 28.

 

                Mountain grasslands, desert grasslands, forest margins, fields; 900--2500 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan].

 

61. Taraxacum sumneviczii Schischkin, Sist. Zametki Mater. Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. Kuybysheva 1-2: 8. 1949.

 

紫果蒲公英 zi guo pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade long elliptic, 2.5--5 cm X 5--10 mm, glabrous, margin pinnatifid or rarely pinnatilobate; lateral lobes 4--6 on each side, linear to long triangular, pointing downward, margin entire or denticulate, apex acute to obtuse; interlobe margins denticulate or lobulate; terminal lobe hastate, margin entire or denticulate, apex obtuse to acute. Scapes 3--5, often purplish red, 5--7 cm, equalling or slightly exceeding leaves, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Involucre campanulate, 0.8--1.2 cm; outer bracts green, ovate to lanceolate, 4--4.5 X 2--3 mm, wider than inner ones, appressed, margin membranous and ciliated, apex usually suffused red, acute, and not corniculate; inner bracts green, ca. 2 X as long as outer ones at anthesis but ca. 2.5 X as long in fruit, apex not corniculate. Ligules bright yellow with a purple stripe. Achene red brown; body 3--3.5 mm, basally tuberculate, apical ca. 1/3 densely spiculate, apex with a cylindric ca. 1 mm cone; beak 4--6.5 mm. Pappus white, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

 

                Riverside terraces, forest meadows; ?? m. Xinjiang (Huocheng Xian) [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia].

 

62. Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrzejowski in Besser, Enum. Pl. 75. 1822.

 

红果蒲公英 hong guo pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade ??, 3--8 X 0.5--1.6 cm, margin pinnatifid; lateral lobes 3--8 on each side, linear, long triangular, or rarely triangular, pointing downward, margin denticulate, apex acute; interlobe margins denticulate or lobulate; terminal lobe narrowly hastate to rarely triangular, small, margin entire or denticulate, apex acute. Scapes 2--10, often purplish, 8--15 cm, slender, equalling or exceeding leaves, densely arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 1.5--3.5 cm in diam. Involucre 6--12 X 5--9 mm; outer bracts often purplish and glaucous, to 6 mm, appressed, patent, or rarely recurved, margin pale, apex usually corniculate; inner bracts 2--2.5 X as long as outer ones. Ligules pale yellow with a gray, brown, or purple stripe, short, wide. Stigmas yellowish brown. Achene red, purple, or violet; body 2.3--3.3 mm, apically spiculate, apex abruptly contracted into a cylindric 0.5--0.7 mm cone; beak 5--8 mm, slender. Pappus white or dirty white, 5--6 mm. Fl. and fr. May--Jul.

 

                Grassy mountain slopes, forest meadows, desert grasslands, riverside terraces; ?? m. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan; Europe].

 

63. Taraxacum sherriffii Soest, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist), Bot. 2: 272. 1961.

 

拉萨蒲公英 la sa pu gong ying

 

                Leaf blade ca. 15 X 1.8 cm; lateral lobes of exterior leaf blades 3 on each side and deltoid or margin nearly entire; lateral lobes of interior leaf blades 5 on each side lanceolate to linear, narrow, patent or pointing downward, margin entire or with a denticle, apex slightly obtuse; interlobe to 1.5 cm, ca. 3 mm wide; terminal lobe big, apex slightly obtuse. Scapes 2 or 3, 10--12 cm, slender, glabrous or arachnoid below capitulum. Capitulum 2--2.5 cm in diam. Involucre dark green, campanulate, ca. 1.1 X 1.5 cm; outer bracts lanceolate, appressed, margin wide and white or green, apex apex and corniculate; inner bracts linear, margin membranous. Ligules yellow with a grayish purple stripe. Stigmas and styles yellow. Achene yellowish; body ca. 5 mm, basally tuberculate, apically spiculate, apex subabruptly contracted into a cylindric ca. 1.8 mm cone; beak ca. 6 mm. Pappus white, 6--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

 

                Grassy mountain slopes; 2300--4500 m. Qinghai, Xizang, NW Yunnan [Kashmir].

 

64. Taraxacum maurocarpum Dahlstedt, Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 175. 1926.

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