Asteraceae: Cardueae [Draft]

ASTERACEAE: CARDUEAE [Draft]

Shih Chu;

1. Tribe ECHINOPSIDEAE Cassini, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 173. 1815.

蓝刺头族 lan ci tou zu

Herbs, annual or perennial. Leaves alternate. Inflorescences compound, globose, bracteate. Capitula with 1 floret, grouped into 1 or more globose compound inflorescences with basal bracts. Involucral bracts present. Florets hermaphroditic, fertile. Corolla tubular; limb 5-cleft. Anthers bluish gray, base sagittate; appendages basal. Style arms with a ring of hairs below fork. Achenes cylindrical, angled, densely hairy; hairs straight. Pappus elements scalelike, free or connate.

The tribe has 2 genera: Acantholepis, a monotypic genus distributed in the Mediterranean regions and Central Asia, and Echinops, with ca. 120 species, distributed in Southern Europe and Asia.

1. ECHINOPS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 814. 1753.

蓝刺头属 lan ci tou shu

Herbs, perennial, rarely annual. Stems erect, usually apically branched, arachnoid to lanate. Involucral bracts in 3--5 rows, margin ciliate; outermost rows with few to many, white, filiform, bristlelike bracts; outer ones linear but apically triangular or broadly elliptic; middle ones keeled, apex subulate-acuminate; inner ones sometimes shorter than middle ones. Pappus elements adpressed, free to connate.

^{^[1]} About 120 species: N Africa, C Asia, S Europe; 17 species in China.

1a. Annual herbs; middle bracts abaxially arachnoid.

2a. Stems and branches yellowish, glabrous or with capitate stipitate glands or glandular hairs; leaves green, sparsely arachnoid and with capitate stipitate glands ........... 16. E. gmelini

2b. Stems and branches whitish to grayish white, densely arachnoid-lanate; leaves grayish white, densely to thickly arachnoid-lanate ........................... 17. E. nanus

1b. Perennial herbs; middle bracts abaxially not arachnoid.

3a. Margin of pappus elements not strigose.

4a. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, margin entire, abaxially grayish white, densely arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous ........................... 14. E. integrifolius

4b. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, margin toothed, pinnatilobed, or pinnatifid, concolorous to subconcolorous, adaxially sparsely arachnoid ...................................... .........................................................

.............................................. 15. E. humiles

3b. Margin of pappus elements strigose.

5a. Leaves leathery.

6a. Outermost involucral bracts 1/3--1/2 as long as others.

7a. Lower leaves lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed, adaxially shiny ................................ 1. E. coriophyllus

7b. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, bipinnatipartite or subpinnatipartite, adaxially sparsely arachnoid ............................................... .........................................................

.......................................... 2. E. prezewalskii

6b. Outermost involucral bracts 1/5--1/4 as long as others.

8a. Plants ca. 1.5 m tall; stems sparsely arachnoid and strigose mixed with capitate stipitate glands .......................... .........................................................

............................................ 4. E. talassicus

8b. Plants 0.2--0.6 m tall; stems arachnoid-lanate, strigose and not mixed with capitate stipitate glands.

9a. Corolla lobes abaxially glabrous ............ 3. E. ritro

9b. Corolla lobes abaxially with a few hairs ................

......................................... 5. E. tjanschanicus

5b. Leaves papery to thickly papery.

10a. Bracts abaxially strigose or arachnoid.

11a. Leaves glabrous or adaxially sparsely arachnoid ........ .........................................................

......................................... 12. E. tricholespis

11b. Leaves adaxially densely strigose ...................... .........................................................

...................................... 13. E. sphaerocephalus

10b. Bracts abaxially glabrous.

12a. Stems sparsely to densely and thickly arachnoid to arachnoid-lanate.

13a. Lower and middle stem leaves pinnatipartite; leaf lobes margin finely and closely spiniform ciliate .................... .........................................................

............................................... 6. E. grijsii

13b. Lower and middle stem leaves bipinnatipartite; leaf lobes margin entire or irregularly spinosely toothed 7. E. latifolius

12b. Stems setiferous and basally or below middle mixed arachnoid.

14a. Leaves asperous, adaxially sparsely strigose ...........

.............................................. 11. E. setifer

14b. Leaves not asperous, glabrous or adaxially sparsely arachnoid.

15a. Outermost involucral bracts 1/4 as long as others; plants 1.5--2 m tall ................................. 10. E. sylvicola

15b. Outermost involucral bracts 1/3--1/2 as long as others; plants 0.3--1 m tall.

16a. Leaves pinnatipartite; involucral bracts 18--22 ........ .........................................................

......................................... 8. E. pseudosetifer

16b. Leaves bipinnatisect; involucral bracts 16--19 .........

............................................. 9. E. dissectus

1. Echinops coriophyllus Shih, Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst. 5: 63. 1979.

截叶蓝刺头 jie ye lan ci tou

Herbs, perennial, ca. 45 cm tall. Stems solitary, branched below middle, sparsely arachnoid. Leaves leathery, abaxially gray to gray-green, thinly arachnoid, adaxially green and shiny. Leaves of lower stem sessile, lanceolate, ca. 10.5 × 5.5 cm, base truncate, margin spinosely toothed, teeth with an apical spine. Leaves of midstem similar to lower ones, decreasing in size upward. Uppermost leaves lanceolate to elliptic. Inflorescences solitary on apex of branches, ca. 4 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 1.3 cm. Involucral bracts 20--21, keeled, glabrous; outermost ones ca. 5 mm, unequal, 1/3--1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically broadly elliptic, claw margin sparsely long ciliate, margin apically ciliate, apex cartilaginous and acuminate; middle and inner ones oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 0.8--1.3 cm, margin sparsely ciliate above middle; cilia short, adpressed. Florets ca. 1.3 cm. Corolla blue, glabrous; tube ca. 5 mm. Achenes ca. 6 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, unequal, to 2 mm, connate from or below middle. Fl. and fr. Jul.

* Mountain slopes; Jiangsu (Tongshan Xian).

2. Echinops prezewalskii Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 4: 108. 1923.

火烙草 huo lao cao

Herbs, perennial, 15--40 cm tall. Stems simple or fascicled, unbranched or 1--3-branched, arachnoid-lanate. Leaves leathery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, densely to thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green to yellow-green, sparsely arachnoid. Basal and lower stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 10--20 × 2--8 cm, bipinnatipartite or subbipinnatisect, primary lateral lobes or segments in 5--8 pairs, ultimate lobes or segments triangular, margin and apically with spines. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, decreasing in size upward, base semiamplexicaul, pinnatipartite, margin and apically with spines. Inflorescences 1 or few, ± corymbose, 5--5.5 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 1.8 cm. Involucral bracts 16--20, keeled, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones to 8 mm, unequal, 1/2 or more as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically broadly elliptic, claw margin sparsely long ciliate, margin apically sparsely and short ciliate, apex cartilaginous and acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm, above middle constricted into an awn, margin adpressed long ciliate; inner ones similar to middle ones, but longer. Corolla white or bluish, outside glandular-punctate; tube ca. 5 mm. Achenes ca. 6 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, mostly ca. 1 mm, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

Sandy mountainous regions, desert steppes; 500--2200 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi [Mongolia].

3. Echinops ritro Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 815. 1753. quoad ß.

β.硬叶蓝刺头 ying ye lan ci tou

Echinops acaule S. G. Gmelin; E. ritro Linnaeus var. tenuifolius de Candolle; E. tauricus Willdenow ex Ledebour; E. tenuifolius Fischer ex Schkuhr.

Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall. Stems whitish to grayish white, simple or fascicled, unbranched or apically branched, densely or thickly arachnoid-lanate. Leaves leathery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, oblanceolate, or linear-elliptic, 8--20 × 2--8 cm, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; basal lobes or segments spiniform; lateral ones in 5--8 pairs, elliptic to lanceolate, margin triangularly toothed, teeth margin and apex with spines; dorsum ones decreasing in size upward. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, similar to basal and lower ones or sometimes bipinnatisect. Inflorescences corymbose apically on stem and branches, rarely solitary, 3.5--4.5 cm in diam. Capitula 1.2--1.7 cm. Involucral bracts 20--21, keeled, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones 3--4 mm, 1/5--1/4 or more as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically broadly elliptic, margin apically short ciliate, apex cartilaginous and acuminate; middle ones elliptic oblanceolate, 1.3--1.5 cm, patently long ciliate above middle, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones shorter. Corolla blue, tube outside glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 5.5 mm; hairs brown, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.2 mm, connate below middle. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

Gravely places on mountain slopes; 200--2400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia; SW Asia, Europe].

4. Echinops talassicus Goloskokov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Kazakhsk. S.S.R. 3: 52. 1965.

大蓝刺头 da lan ci tou

Herbs, perennial, ca. 1.5 m tall. Stems grayish white, solitary, unbranched or 1- or 2-branched, sparsely arachnoid-lanate and strigose, densely so under inflorescences. Leaves leathery, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, densely glandular-punctate. Lower and middle stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade oblanceolate, 15--20 × 2--8 cm, pinnatipartite or pinnatifid; lateral lobes elliptic, margin triangularly toothed; teeth margin and apically with spines. Upper stem leaves sessile, decreasing in size upward, similar to other leaves but base semiamplexicaul. Inflorescences 1 or few at end of a branch, 4--5 cm in diam. Capitula 2--2.3 cm. Involucral bracts few keeled; outermost ones 5--6 mm, unequal, ca. 1/4 as long as others; outer ones narrowly oblanceolate and apically broadly elliptic, apically long ciliate; middle ones oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 0.8--2.5 cm, margin apically short ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.2 cm, apex divided and awned. Corolla blue, tube outside glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 5 mm; hairs long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements ca. 1 mm, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Aug.

Mountain slopes; Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan].

5. Echinops tjanschanicus Bobrov, Fl. URSS 27:22.1962.

天山蓝刺头 tian shan lan ci tou

Herbs, perennial, 20--25 cm tall. Stems branched from base, sparsely to densely arachnoid-lanate. Leaves leathery, abaxially grayish white or white, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous, glandular-punctate. Basal and lower stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, 10--20 × 2--3 cm, pinnatipartite or subpinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, with spines on margin and apically, central one larger; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, basal ones spiniform. Middle and upper stem leaves decreasing in size upward, sessile, similar to other leaves but base semiamplexicaul. Leaves on uppermost stem and under inflorescences narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed. Inflorescences 1 or 2 at end of a branch, 3--4 cm in diam. Capitula 1.4--1.5 cm. Involucral bracts 20--28; outermost ones few, 3--4 mm, unequal, 1/5--1/4 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically brownish and broadly elliptic, margin apically long ciliate, apex cartilaginous and short acuminate; middle ones narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 0.9--1.2 cm, margin above middle long ciliate, suddenly constricted from middle into a long spiniform acumen; inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.3 cm, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue, tube outside glandular-punctate, lobes abaxially with few simple long hairs. Achenes ca. 6.5 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1 mm, unequal, basally connate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

Mountain slopes; Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan].

6. Echinops grijsii Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5(5): 221. 1866.

华东蓝刺头 hua dong lan ci tou

Echinops cathayanus Kitagawa.

Herbs, perennial, 30--80 cm tall. Stems solitary, apically usually branched, densely and thickly arachnoid, basally with lacerate petiole remains. Leaves papery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, adaxially green, glabrous, non-glandular punctate, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Basal and lower stem leaves long petiolate; petiole brown, fibrous; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 10--15 × 4--7 cm, pinnatipartite; lobes margin finely and closely spiniform ciliate; lateral lobes in ca. 4 or 5(--7) pairs, ovate-triangular, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or long linear-elliptic. Middle stem leaves short petiolate or sessile, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, pinnatipartite; lobes similar to basal and lower stem leaf lobes. Inflorescences 1 to several, ca. 4 cm in diam. Capitula 1.5--2 cm. Involucral bracts 24--28, glabrous, abaxially non-glandular punctate; outermost ones numerous, 7--8 mm, unequal, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically brown and broadly elliptic, claw margin long ciliate below middle, margin apically short ciliate; middle ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.3 cm, margin apically short ciliate, gradually constricted from middle into a spiniform acumen; inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm, apex divided into teeth. Florets ca. 1 cm. Corolla white, tube outside glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 1 cm; hairs brown-yellow, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 3 mm, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

* Grassland; 100--800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong.

7. Echinops latifolius Tausch, Flora 11: 486. 1828.

驴欺口 lu qi kou

Echinops dahuricus Fischer; E. dahuricus var. latilobus de Candolle; E. dahuricus var. angustilobus de Candolle; Sphaerocephala dahuricus (Fischer) O. Kuntze ex Komarov.

Herbs, perennial, 30--60 cm tall. Stems grayish white, unbranched or short 1- or 2-branched, basally sparsely arachnoid-lanate or glabrous, under inflorescences densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, base with lacerate petiole remains. Leaves papery, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal, lower, middle and upper stem leaves long petiolate; petiole fibrous, base semiamlexicaule; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate-elliptic, 15--35 × 8--18 cm, bipinnatipartite; central lobe largest, primary lateral lobes in ca. 4--8 in pairs; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, ultimate one narrowly elliptic, obliquely triangular, or lanceolate, margin entire or with few triangular spinose teeth, apex long speciform-acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves sessile, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid, base semiamplexicaul. Inflorescences 1--3 at end of a branch, 3--5.5 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 1.9 cm. Involucral bracts 14--17, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones scalelike, ca. 7 mm, ca. 3/5 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically broadly rhombic or elliptic, margin apically long ciliate, apex short acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, 1--1.3 cm, margin sparsely short ciliate, suddenly constricted from maximum width into a long spiniform acumen; inner ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm, margin apically short ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate. Corolla blue, tube outside glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 7 mm; hairs long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.2 mm, connate below middle. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

Grassland, open forests; 100--2200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Mongolia, Russia].

8. Echinops pseudosetifer Kitagawa, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV, 2: 120. 1935.

羽裂蓝刺头 yu lie lan ci tou

Herbs, perennial, 0.5--1 m tall. Stems grayish white, unbranched or apically short branched, below middle setiferous and arachnoid-lanate, under inflorescences densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, base with lacerate petiole remains. Leaves papery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, thickly or densely arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, usually glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves long petiolate; petiole fibrous, base thickened, semiamplexicaul; leaf blade elliptic, 25--30 × 8--13 cm, pinnatipartite; central lobe largest; lateral lobes in 5--8 pairs, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, margin only on one side toothed; teeth 1 or 2 or sometimes more, triangularly spinose. Middle and upper stem leaves conformed, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid, sessile, dilated, semiamplexicaul. Inflorescences 1--7 at end of a branch, ca. 6 cm in diam. Capitula 1.9--2.1 cm. Involucral bracts 18--22, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones 7--8 cm, 1/3--2/5 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate, apically brown and rhombic to broadly elliptic, claw margin short ciliate, margin apically short ciliate; middle ones oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate-elliptic, suddenly constricted from maximum width into a spiniform acumen, 1.3--1.8 cm, margin short ciliate; inner ones linear, ca. 1.5 cm. Corolla blue, outside apically glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 6.5 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 2 mm, basally connate. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

* Mountain slopes; 400--700 m. Hebei, Shanxi.

9. Echinops dissectus Kitagawa, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV, 2: 118. 1935.

褐毛蓝刺头 he mao lan ci tou

Herbs, perennial, 30--90 cm tall. Stems gray, solitary, unbranched or apically short branched, below middle brown setiferous and arachnoid, under inflorescences with dense to dense and thick arachnoid cotton and sometimes multicellular noduliferous hairs. Leaves papery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, densely to densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate and usually with multicellular noduliferous brown long hairs, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal, lower and middle stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 15--25 × 5--13 cm, bipinnatisect; primary lateral segments with 6--10 pairs, elliptic to lanceolate, trawl larger; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward, ultimate lobes narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rarely triangularly toothed, teeth margin and apex spinose. Upper stem leaves similar in form and same in division to basal, lower, and middle stem leaves but smaller. Inflorescences 1--3 at end of a branch, 4--6 cm in diam. Capitula 1.7--2 cm. Involucral bracts 16--19, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones 8--10 mm, unequal, nearly 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate, apically brown and broadly elliptic, margin including claw long ciliate, apex long cartilaginous acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate-elliptic, suddenly constricted from maximum width into a spiniform acumen, margin long ciliate; inner ones narrowly elliptic, apex divided into spiniform awns. Corolla blue, tube outside apically glandular-punctate or sometimes very sparsely pubescent. Achenes ca. 6 mm; hairs yellow, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 2 mm, basally connate. Fl. and fl. Jul--Aug.

Forest margins, moist grassland, stony sunny slopes, river margins; 1300--1800 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong [Korea, Russia].

10. Echinops sylvicola Hih, Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst. 5: 68. 1979.

林生蓝刺头 ling sheng lan ci tou

Herbs, perennial, 1.5--2 m tall. Stems whitish to grayish white, solitary, unbranched or apically few-branched, below middle sparsely arachnoid and densely strigose, apically and under inflorescences densely to densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Leaves papery to thinly papery, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, glabrous. Middle and upper stem leaves long petiolate; leaf blade oblanceolate, 16--18 × 4--6 cm, pinnatipartite or pinnatifid; central lobe larger, basal ones spiniform, lateral ones in 3 or 4 pairs, triangular to lanceolate, margin spiniform ciliate or triangular and spinosely toothed. Leaves under inflorescences similar to others but smaller. Inflorescences 1--3 at end of a branch, 5--6 cm in diam. Capitula 2--2.4 cm. Involucral bracts ca. 23, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones 5--6 mm, unequal, ca. 1/4 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate, apically brownish and rhombic, claw margin long ciliate, margin apically ciliate, apex short acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, acuminate from maximum width into a spinose awn, 1.4--1.6 cm, margin short ciliate; inner ones narrowly elliptic, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue, tube outside above middle glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 6 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.4 mm, basally connate. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

* Forests; 1300--1500 m. Xinjiang.

11. Echinops setifer Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Sada RSFSR 4: 108. 1923.

糙毛蓝刺头 cao mao lan ci tou

Herbs, perennial, 1--2 m tall. Stems whitish to grayish white, solitary, unbranched or apically short branched, basally densely long setiferous and sparsely arachnoid, under inflorescences densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Leaves papery, abaxially whitish to grayish white, adaxially green, sparsely strigose, densely and thickly arachinoid-lanate and densely brown long setiferous along veins. Basal and lower stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate-elliptic, 15--25 × 7--14 cm, bipinnatisect to subbipinnatisect; central segment larger, primary lateral ones in 5--7 pairs; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward; ultimate segment narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate-triangular, margin toothed; teeth margin and apex spinose. Middle and upper stem leaves pinnatipartite. Leaves under inflorescences narrowly elliptic. Inflorescences 1--3 at end of a branch, 4--5 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 2 cm. Involucral bracts 17--22, abaxially glabrous; outermost ones 8--9 mm, unequal, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate, apically brown and broadly elliptic, claw margin long ciliate above middle, margin apically sparsely ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, margin ciliate, suddenly constricted from maximum width into a spiniform 1.4--1.6 cm acumen; inner ones elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue, ca. 1.3, tube outside sparsely glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 7 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 2 mm, connate below middle. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

Mountain slopes; Henan, Shandong [Japan, Korea].

12. Echinops tricholespis Schrenk in Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 47. 1841.

薄叶蓝刺头 bo ye lan ci tou

Herbs, perennial, 1--1.5 m tall. Stems grayish white, solitary, unbranched or apically branched, sparsely arachnoid and strigose, under inflorescences densely arachnoid-lanate. Leaves green to gray-green, concolorous, papery, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate, 7--16 × 4--9 cm, pinnatipartite; lobes elliptic-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed. Uppermost stem leaves similar in form and same in division to middle and upper stem leaves but smaller. Inflorescences solitary to 2 at end of a branch, 3.5--7 cm in diam. Capitula 2--2.3 cm. Involucral bracts 15--18; outermost ones ca. 1 cm, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate to long spatulate and apically elliptic, abaxially sparsely strigose and glandular-punctate, claw margin long ciliate, margin ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate to oblanceolate-elliptic, 1.5--2 cm, abaxially strigose, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue, tube apically glandular-punctate. Achenenes ca. 7 mm; hairs yellow, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Aug.

Mountain slopes; ca. 1300 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakstan].

13. Echinops sphaerocephalus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 814. 1753.

蓝刺头 lan ci tou

Echinops cirsiifolius K. Koch; E. maximus Sievers ex Palls.

Herbs, perennial, 0.5--1.5 m tall. Stems solitary, branched, densely long setiferous and sparsely arachnoid. Leaves papery, abaxially grayish white, sparsely arachnoid-lanate and long setiferous, adaxially green, densely strigose. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade broadly lanceolate, 15--24 × 5--10 cm, pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 3--5 pairs, triangular to lanceolate, margin spinosely toothed, apex spiniform acuminate. Upper stem leaves decreasing in size upward, sessile. Inflorescences 1--3 at end of a branch, 4--4.5 cm in diam. Involucral bracts 14--18; outermost ones ca. 1 cm, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones narrowly oblanceolate, apically brown and broadly elliptic, abaxially densely strigose and glandular-punctate, margin including of claw long ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.2 cm, abaxially densely strigose, margin long ciliate; inner ones lanceolate, abaxially densely strigose, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue to white, tube outside non-glandular punctate to sparsely glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 7 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements ca. 1.2 mm, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

Forest margins, along canals; ca. 2000 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Russia; Europe].

14. Echinops integrifolius Karelin & Kirilow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 14: 446. 1841.

全缘叶蓝刺Í ·quan yuanye lan ci tou

Herbs, perennial, 20--90 cm tall. Stems pale gray to grayish white, solitary, unbranched, leafy, basally and middle densely glandular-punctate, basally densely covered with remains of old leaves apically and under inflorescences densely to densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2--8 × 0.6--0.8 cm, abaxially whitish to grayish white, densely to thickly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially green, densely glandular-punctate, margin revolute. Inflorescences solitary, 2--4 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 1.6 cm. Involucral bracts 16--18; outermost ones ca. 7 mm, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate to linear, abaxially and apically strigose, claw margin long ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, ca. 1.1 cm, abaxially strigose, margin long ciliate above middle; inner ones narrowly elliptic, abaxially glandular-punctate, margin long ciliate. Corolla white, tube outside non-glandular punctate. Achenes ca. 5 mm; hairs yellowish, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements subulate, ca. 1.5 mm, connate almost entirely. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

Dry rocky slopes; ca. 1300 m. Xinjiang (Fuyun Xian) [Kazakstan, Russia].

15. Echinops humilis M. von Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 598. 1819.

矮蓝刺头 ai lan ci tou

Herbs, perennial, 7--16 cm tall. Stems grayish white, solitary to few, unbranched, rarely branched, leafy, densely to thickly arachnoid-lanate. Leaves grayish white, concolorous, papery, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Basal leaves rosulate, short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 2--7 × ca. 1 cm, base semiamplexicaul, pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, or lyrately pinnatilobed; lateral lobes in 3--6 pairs, obliquely ovate to obliquely triangular, apex obtuse. Stem leaves sessile, base semiamplexicaul. Inflorescences solitary, ca. 3 cm diam. Outermost involucral bracts ca. 1 cm, equal to almost equal to others; outer ones oblanceolate, margin long ciliate below middle; middle ones lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, margin around middle short ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones linear-lanceolate, margin short ciliate, apex long acuminate. Achenes ca. 6 mm; hairs yellow, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.2 mm, basally connate. Fl. and fr. Aug.

Mountain slopes; ca. 3000 m. SW Xinjiang (Taxkorgan Tajik Zizhixian) [Kazakstan, Russia].

16. Echinops gmelini Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 195. 1832.

沙蓝刺头 sha lan ci tou

Echinops turczaninovii Ledebour ex Turczaninow; E. foliis integris S. G. Gmelin.

Herbs, annual, 10--90 cm tall. Stems yellowish, solitary, patently branched from middle to base, rarely unbranched, sparsely capitate stipitate glandular pubescent to glabrescent to glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, papery, sparsely arachnoid and capitate stipitate glandular. Lower stem leaves sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, 3--9 × ca. 0.5 cm, base semiamplexicaul, margin spinosely toothed and spiniform ciliate. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to lower ones, decreasing in size upward. Inflorescences solitary to several at end of a branch, 2--3 cm in diam. Capitula 1.2--1.4 cm. Involucral bracts 16--20; outermost ones to 1 cm, ca. 1/2 as long as others; outer ones oblanceolate and apically brown and broadly elliptic, abaxially densely strigose, claw abaxially and basally long arachnoid, margin short ciliate but long ciliate around middle, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones oblanceolate, ca. 1.3 cm, abaxially strigose but basally long arachnoid, margin short ciliate above middle, apex constricted from maximum width into a spiniform acumen; inner ones narrowly elliptic, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue to white, tube non-glandular punctate. Achenes ca. 5 mm; hairs dark yellow, long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.2 mm, basally connate. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

Gravely places on mountain slopes, desert steppes, loess hills, flooded places; 500--3200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russian].

17. Echinops nanus Bunge, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 6: 411. 1863.

丝毛蓝刺头 si mao lan ci tou

Herbs, annual, 12--16 cm tall. Stems whitish to grayish white, solitary, branched, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate; branches ascending, robust. Leaves thickly papery, subconcolorous, densely and thickly arachnoid-lanate. Lower stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, 4--8 × 1--1.2 cm, pinnatilobed to pinnatifid; lateral lobes in 2--4(or 5) pairs, narrowly ovate, triangular-lanceolate, or triangulate, margin sparsely spinosely toothed. Upper stem leaves similar in form and same in division to lower stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Inflorescences several at end of a branch, 2.5--3 cm in diam. Capitula ca. 1.3 cm. Involucral bracts 12--14; outermost ones slightly shorter than others; outer ones linear but apically slightly wider, abaxially strigose, claw margin long ciliate, margin apically short ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; middle ones narrowly elliptic, ca. 1 cm, abaxially and basally long arachnoid but apically densely strigose, margin short ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones narrowly elliptic, abaxially long arachnoid, apex divided into teeth. Corolla blue, tube outside sparsely capitate stipitate and glandular-punctate. Achenes ca. 5 mm; hairs long, straight, adpressed. Pappus elements linear, ca. 1.3 mm, connate below middle. Fl. and fr. Jun--Jul.

Deserts; 1300--1500 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan) [Kazakstan, Russia, Uzbekistan].

2. Tribe CYNAREAE Lessing, Linnaea 5: 128. 1830, p.p.

菜蓟族 cai ji zu

Herbs or shrubs, monoecious or dioecious. Leaves alternate. Capitula homogamous or heterogamous. Bracts in many rows, leathery to herbaceous, apically spinose or appendaged. Receptacle with or without scales or hairs, sometimes alveolate; alveola margin with subulate processes. Florets numerous, bisexual or pistillate, or outer ones pistillate and inner ones bisexual. Corolla tubular. Anther base sagittate. Style arms with a thick ring of hairs below fork.

The tribe has ca. 76 genera, best represented in Europe, N Africa and Asia; 42 genera in China.

1a. Achene insulas lateral ......... 3. Subtribe Centaureinae

1b. Achene insulas basifixed.

2a. Achenes hairy, apex without a rim 1. Subtribe Carlininae

2b. Achenes glabrous, apex ± with a rim .....................

.... ................................... 2. Subtribe Carduinae

1. Subtribe Carlininae O. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(5): 314. 1894.

刺苞亚族 ci bao ya zu

Achenes densely hairy, apex without a rim; hairs long, straight, adpressed; insulas basifixed.

About 13 genera; three genera in China.

1a. Inner bracts longer than florets, spreading and radiate; plant monoecious ................................... 2. Carlina

1b. Inner bracts shorter than florets, erect, not spreading and radiate; plant dioecious.

2a. Receptacle flat, densely covered with scales ............

............................................. 3. Atractylodes

2b. Receptacle convex, without scales ........ 4. Tugarinovia

2. CARLINA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 828. 1753.

刺苞菊属 ci bao ju shu

Athamus Necker; Carlowitzia Moench; Chromatolepis Dulac; Mitina Adanson.

Herbs, annual to perennial. Leaves entire to pinnatisect, margin usually toothed; teeth spinose. Involucre broadly campanulate to hemispherical. Receptacle flat, with scales and sometimes also with bristles; scales divided almost from base or apically into linear segments. Florets all bisexual. Corolla 5-lobed. Filaments glabrous, anthers caudate. Style arms short. Achenes oblong or terete, costate, apex truncate. Pappus elements plumose, in a ring, basally usually united into groups.

About 28 species: Asia, Europe, mostly in Mediterranean regions; one species in China.

1. Carlina biebersteinii Bernhardi ex Hornemann, Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl. 94. 1819.

刺苞菊 ci bao ju

Carlina longifolia Reichenbach; C. longifolia var. potica Boissier; C. vulgaris Linnaeus var. longifolia (Reichenbach) Korshinsky; C. vulgaris var. microcephala Ledebour.

Herbs, biennial, 20--120 cm tall. Stems apically branched, weakly arachnoid. Basal leaves long petiolate. Stem leaves sessile, green, concolorous or abaxially paler green, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 4--15 × 0.5--2 cm, papery to thickly papery, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid or adaxially glabrous or subglabrous, margin entire and spiniform ciliate. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitulum. Capitula 1 to several, racemose-corymbose. Involucre hemispherical, 3.5--4.5 cm in diam.; outer bracts green, herbaceous, linear-oblong to lanceolate, abaxially sparsely arachnoid, margin toothed and with simple or ramose spines; middle ones brown or dark-purple, narrower and shorter than outer ones, margin with simple or ramose spines; inner ones yellow, linear, rigid, scarious, longer than florets, radiate when dry. Corolla purple, 7--9 mm. Achenes oblong, 2--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

Dry meadows, thickets, bench by rivers; ca. 1000 m. Xinjiang (Burqin Xian) [Kazakstan, Russia; Europe].

3. ATRACTYLODES de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 748. 1838.

苍术属 cang shu shu

Giraldia Baroni.

Herbs, perennial, dioecious, rhizomatous. Leaves entire or divided, margin spiniform ciliate or spinosely toothed. Subtending leaves in 2 rows, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect. Capitula homogamous. Receptacle flat, densely covered with scales. Florets bisexual or sometimes pistillate with reduced stamens. Corolla 5-cleft. Filaments glabrous. Style arms short, triangular, abaxially pubescent. Achenes obovoid to ovoid, compressed, apex truncate. Pappus elements in 1 row, plumose, basally connate into a ring.

About seven species: Eastern Asia; five species in China.

Atractylodes differs from the Mediterranean genus Atractylis Linnaeus by being dioecious.

1a. Leaves not pinnately divided.

2a. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sometimes elliptic to long eliptic, widest below middle ............................

............................................... 1. A. koreana

2b. Leaves obovate, long obovate, oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, widest above middle .......... 2. A. lancea

1b. Leaves pinnately divided.

3a. Leaves pinnatilobed, pinnatifid, lyrate-pinnatipartite, or lyrate-pinnatifid.

4a. Leaves pinnatilobed to pinnatifid; lateral lobes triangular ....................................... 3. A. carlinioids

4b. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid to lyrate-pinnatipartite; lateral lobes elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or long obovate elliptic 2. A. lancea

3b. Leaves 3--5-pinnatisect.

5a. Involucre 3--4 cm in diam.; corolla red-purple ..........

.... ...................................... 4. A. macrocephala

5b. Involucre 1--1.5 cm in diam.; corolla yellow or white 5. A. japonica

1. Atractylodes koreana (Nakai) Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 178. 1935.

朝鲜苍术 chao xian cang shu

Atractylis koreana Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 478. 1928.

Herbs 25--50 cm tall. Rhizome long, stout, with several adventitious roots of even thickness. Stems simple or fascicled, unbranched or apically branched, glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous to subconcolorous, papery to thickly papery, glabrous, pinnatipartite, margin spiniform ciliate to closely toothed, apex acuminate to subacute; teeth triangular, spinose. Basal and lowermost stem leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5--10 × 2--4 cm, base rounded and semiamplexicaul. Upper stem leaves similar to others but smaller. Capitula 1 to several at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate to cuneate-campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam.; bracts in 6 or 7 rows, abaxially glabrous, apex obtuse to rounded; outer ones ovate, 2--4 × 1--2 mm; middle ones elliptic, 6--7 × 2--3 mm; inner ones narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolate, ca. 1.1 cm × 4 mm. Corolla white, ca. 8 mm. Achenes obovate, ca. 4 mm. Pappus elements brown, 6--7 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

Thickets, dry slopes; 200--700 m. Liaoning, Shandong [Korea].

2. Atractylodes lancea (Thunberg) de Candolle, Prodr. 7: 48. 1838.

苍术 cang shu

Atractylis lancea Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg. ed 14, 729. 1784; Acarna chinensis Bunge; Atractylis chinensis (Bunge) de Candolle; A. chinensis var. liaotungensis Kitagawa; A. chinensis var. loesseneri Kitagawa; A. chinensis var. quiqueloba Baranov & Sk.; A. chinensis var. simplicifolia (Loesen) Chu; A. ovata Thunberg; A. ovata var. simplicifolia Loesen; A. separata Bailey; Atractylodes chinensis (Bunge) Koidzumi; A. chinensis var. simplicifolia (Loesen) Kitagawa; A. erossodentata Koidzumi; A. lancea (Thunberg) de Candolle var. simplicifolia (Loesen) Kitamura; A. lyrata Siebold & Zuccarini; A. ovata (Thunberg) de Candolle; Giraldia stapfii Baroni.

Herbs, perennial, (15--)30--100 cm tall. Rhizome thick, prostrate or ascending, with many adventitious roots of even thickness. Stems simple or fascicled, unbranched or apically few-branched, sparsely arachnoid or glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, rigidly papery, glabrous, margin spiniform ciliate or spinosely toothed. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower, stem leaves subsessile to petiolate; petiole to 3.5 cm; leaf blade 8--12 × 5--8 cm, 3--5(--9)-pinnatifid or -binnatipartite, sometimes entire; lateral lobes elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or obovate-elliptic; terminal lobe orbicular, obovate, obliquely ovate, ovate, or elliptic. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 0.5--2.5 cm; leaf blade obovate, narrowly obovate, obovate-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire or basally sometimes with 1 or 2 triangular and spinose tooth. Upper stem leaves sometimes triangular, with 1 or 2 spinose teeth. Subtending leaf pinnatipartite to pinnatisect. Capitula 1 to several at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 5--7 rows, margin sparsely arachnoid, apex rounded to obtuse; outer and outermost ones ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3--6 × 1.5--3 mm; middle ones ovate, ovate-elliptic, or elliptic, 6--10 × 3--4 mm; inner ones elliptic to linear, 1.1--1.2 cm × 2--3 mm, apically sometimes turning red. Corolla white, ca. 9 mm. Achenes obovoid. Pappus elements brown to dirty-white, 7--8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Oct.

Grassland, forests, thickets, rock crevices; 700--2500 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia].

Widely cultivated throughout China. The rhizomes are used medicinally.

3. Atractylodes carlinoides (Handel-Mazzetti) Kitamura, Acta Phytotax & Geobot. 7: 119. 1938.

鄂西苍术e xi cang shu

Atractylis carlinoides Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 642. 1937.

Herbs, perennial, 30--50 cm tall. Rhizome procumbent, with several adventitious roots of even thickness. Stems usually purple-red, solitary, unbranched. Leaves green, concolorous, papery, glabrous. Basal leaves rosulate, petiolate; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 15--21 × 3--4 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lobes triangular, margin spinosely toothed; central one largest; lateral ones 6--9 pairs; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward. Stem leaves several, sessile, elliptic to lanceolate, 5--12 × 1--3 cm, pinnatilobed to pinnatipartite; lobes margin spinosely toothed and teeth apically with long spines. Subtending leaf pinnatipartite. Capitula 1 or 2 at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, 2.5--3 cm in diam.; bracts in 4 or 5 rows; outer ones elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 7--11 × 3--4 mm; middle ones linear-elliptic, ca. 1.7 cm × 4 mm; inner ones linear to broadly linear, ca. 2.1 cm × 3 mm. Corolla yellow, ca. 1.3 cm. Achenes obovoid, ca. 6 mm. Pappus elements white, 7--8 mm. Fl. and fr. Sep.

* Slopes; ca. 1600 m. Hubei (Ziqui Xian).

4. Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi, Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. 5. 1930.

白术 bai shu

Atractylis macrocephala (Koidzumi) Handel-Mazzetti; A. macrocephala (Koidzumi) Handel-Mazzetti var. hunanensis Ling.

Herbs, perennial, 20--60 cm tall. Rhizome thick. Stems branched from base, glabrous. Leaves papery, glabrous, margin spiniform ciliate to finely spiniform serrate. Middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 3--6 cm; leaf blade 3--5-pinnatisect; lateral segments 1- or 2-parted, oblanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 4.5--7 × 1.5--2 cm; dorsum and epitropic stem leaves similar in form and same in division to middle stem leaves, decreasing in size upward; terminal segment largest, long obovate, narrowly elliptic, or elliptic. Under capitulum leaves sessile, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, entire. Subtending leaf pinnatisect. Capitula 6--10 at end of a branch. Involucre large, broadly campanulate, 3--4 cm in diam.; bracts in 9 or 10 rows, margin white arachnoid, apex obtuse; outer and middle ones ovate to triangular, 6--8 × 3--4 mm; inner ones lanceolate to broadly linear, 1.1--2 cm × 2--3 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.7 cm. Achenes obconical, ca. 7.5 mm, white hairy. Pappus elements dirty-white, ca. 1.7 cm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

* Grassland, forests; 600--2800 m. Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.

Widely cultivated throughout China. The rhizomes are used medicinally.

5. Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi ex Kitamura, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 178. 1935.

关苍术 guan cang shu

Atractylis japonica (Koidzumi ex Kitamura) Kitagawa; A. ovata Thunberg var. ternata Komarov; A. pinnatifolia (Komarov) S. H. Hu; Atractylodes lyrata Siebold & Zuccarini var. ternata (Komarov) Koidzumi.

Herbs, perennial, 40--80 cm tall. Rhizomes procumbent, thick. Stems solitary or few-fascicled, unbranched or branched, glabrous. Leaves green, concolorous, papery, glabrous, margin spiniform ciliate or spinose denticulate. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Lower and middle stem leaves petiolate; petiole 5--8 cm; leaf blade 3--5-pinnatisect; lateral segments elliptic, obovate, long obovate, or oblanceolate, 3--7 × 2--4 cm, apex acute, short acuminate, or rounded; terminal segment larger to equal to lateral segments, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or obovate, 4--9 × 2--6 cm. Upper stem leaves short petiolate, similar to lower and middle stem leaves, decreasing in size upward. Subtending leaf pinnatisect. Capitula 4--6 at end of a branch. Involucre campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 7 or 8 rows, margin arachnoid, apex obtuse; outer ones triangular-ovate to elliptic, 3--5 × 1--2 mm; middle ones elliptic, 6--8 × 2--3 mm; inner ones elliptic, 1--1.2 cm × 3--4 mm. Corolla white or yellow, ca. 1.2 cm. Achenes obovoid, ca. 5 mm, white hairy. Pappus elements brown, 8--9 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

Forests, forest margins; 200--800 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Japan].

The rhizomes are used medicinally.

4. TUGARINOVIA Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 356. 1928.

革苞菊属 ge bao ju shu

Herbs, perennial, dioecious, dwarf. Leaves basal, leathery. Capitula solitary, homogamous, functionally staminate or pistillate; staminate flowers small, with revolute stamens; pistillate flowers large, with staminodes. Receptacle without scales. Anthers basally with long filiform tails, apically with lanceolate appendages. Style apically expanded, arms broadly triangular-ovate, apex obtuse in staminate florets and acute in pistillate florets.

One species: China, Mongolia.

1. Tugarinovia mongolia Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 357. 1928.

革苞菊 ge bao ju

Rhizome thick, 6--7 cm in diam., densely covered with petiole residues. Leaves petiolate; petiole 1.5--7 cm, lanose, base thickened; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 3--15 × 1--4 cm, pinnatipartite, pinnatisect, or pinnatilobed; lobes or segments wide and short, irregularly shallowly spinosely toothed; teeth sparsely to densely arachnoid or lanose, apically spinose; spines rigid, 2--4 mm. Flowering stems fascicled or solitary, unbranched, scapiform, 2--4 cm tall, densely white-lanose, basally dirty-white lanose. Capitulum 1, nodding or erect. Involucre obconic to obovoid, ca. 1 cm in diam.; bracts in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially arachnoid; outer ones leathery, similar to a subtending leaf, shallowly spinosely toothed; teeth apically with a yellow spinule; inner ones linear-lanceolate, entire. Corolla white, 0.7--1.4 cm. Achenes oblong, 8--10 mm, densely sericeous-villous. Pappus elements in many rows, dirty-white, to 1.5 cm, scabrid. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

Stone hilly lands, sandy sloping fields, gravely slopes; 800--1500 m. Nei Mongol [Mongolia].

The rhizomes are used medicinally.

1a. Leaves narrowly elliptic to oblong ... 1a. var. mongolica

1b. Leaves ovate ........................ 1b. var. ovatifolia

1a. Tugarinovia mongolia var. mongolica

革苞菊(原变种) ge bao ju (yuan bian zhong)

Leaves narrowly elliptic to oblong. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

Stone hilly lands, sandy sloping fields; ca. 1500 m. Nei Mongol [Mongolia].

1b. Tugarinovia mongolia var. ovatifolia Ling & Ma, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 75: 248. 1979.

叶革苞 luan ye ge bao ju

Leaves ovate. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

* Gravely slopes; ca. 800 m. Nei Mongol (Ih Ju Meng).

2. Subtribe Carduinae O. Hoffmann, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(5): 314. 1894.

飞廉亚族 fei lian ya zu

Capitula homogamous or heterogamous. Achenes glabrous, rarely hairy, with ± dentiform rims; insula basifixed. Pappus elements in 1 to many rows.

[Distribution??]

1a. Capitula heterogamous; outer florets sterile, inner ones bisexual ............................................. 25. Crupina

1b. Capitula homogamous; florets bisexual, sometimes all staminate in Cirsium.

2a. Filaments hairy to densely papilose.

3a. Pappus elements long plumose ................ 17. Cirsium

3b. Pappus elements serrulate, scabrid or scalelike.

4a. Leaves variagated or green .................. 24. Silybum

4b. Leaves not variagated.

5a. Pappus elements bristlelike, scabrid ........ 22. Carduus

5b. Pappus elements bristlelike in outer rows, scalelike in inner row ......................................... 23. Oligochaeta

2b. Filaments glabrous or papilliferous but visible only under lens.

6a. Receptacle alveolate, alveola-margin with easily deciduous, rigid, and scarious processes.

7a. Pappus elements scabrid.

8a. Pappus with 1(--3) of inner elements much longer than others; stem winged .................................... 19. Onopordum

8b. Pappus elements ± of same length; stem rarely present, if so then unwinged .................................. 20. Dolomiaea

7b. Pappus elements plumose.

9a. Stem winged; pappus elements with 1(--3) of inner ones much longer than others ............................... 19. Onopordum

9b. Stem lacking; pappus elements ± of same length
....................................... 21. Diplazoptilon

6b. Receptacle densely scaly or hairy, rarely without scales (as in some species of Saussurea).

10a. Receptacle densely scaly.

11a. Pappus elements serrulate, scabrid or short plumose, sometimes with 2--5 of inner ones much longer than others.

12a. Capitula not cotton-spherical; bracts not densely and fluffily cottony; pappus elements sometimes with 2--5 of inner ones much longer than others ......................................

.................................................. 5. Jurinea

12b. Capitula cotton-spherical, bracts densely and fluffily cottony; pappus elements all of same length ...... 6. Bolocephalus

11b. Pappus elements long plumose at least in inner rows.

13a. Pappus elements in 2 rows; outer ones scabrid; inner ones long plumose .................................... 8. Saussurea

13b. Pappus elements in many rows, plumose.

14a. Anthers without curved hairs ................ 5. Jurinea

14b. Anthers with curved hairs ................ 7. Pilostemon

10b. Receptacle sparsely to densely hairy.

15a. Pappus elements long plumose at least in inner rows.

16a. Receptacle fleshy; plants cultivated ........ 16. Cynara

16b. Receptacle not fleshy; plants wild.

17a. Achenes compressed, without ribs ........... 17. Cirsium

17b. Achenes not compressed, 3- or 4-ribbed .... 18. Ancathia

15b. Pappus elements serrulate, scabrid, short plumose, or narrowly scalelike.

18a. Pappus elements of outer row bristlelike; inner ones narrowly scalelike ........................... 15. Syreitschikovia

18b. Pappus elements serrulate, scabrid or short plumose.

19a. Pappus elements not connate into a ring, easily individually deciduous.

20a. Outer and middle bracts apically with hooked spines 11. Arctium

20b. Outer and middle bracts apically without hooked-spines.

21a. Pappus elements scabrid .................... 9. Cousinia

21b. Pappus elements plumose .............. 10. Schmalhausenia

19b. Pappus elements basally connate into a ring, deciduous.

22a. Bracts margin and apically with scarious appendages 14. Alfredia

22b. Bracts without scarious appendages.

23a. Herbs stemless; corolla yellow; style arms very short 12. Xanthopappus

23b. Herbs tall; corolla purple to blue; style arms long 13. Olgaea

5. JURINEA Cassini, Bull. Soc. Sci. Philom. Paris 140. 1821.

苓菊属 ling ju shu

Herbs, perennial [or shrublets]. Leaves entire or divided. Capitula 1 to several and corymbose, with numerous florets. Involucre bowl shaped, ovoid, campanulate, hemispherical, or cylindrical, rarely ellipsoid to cuneate; bracts imbricate, adpressed or reflexed, herbaceous or leathery. Receptacle with scales. Florets bisexual. Corolla red to purple. Anthers base lacerate-caudate; filaments free, glabrous or papillose. Style arms short, hairy at base. Achenes narrowly obovoid, narrowly ellipsoid, or long obconical, 4-ribbed, glabrous, sometimes tuberculate, with apical rim. Pappus elements in several rows, persistent or glabrescent, serrulate, scabrid, short plumose to plumose, sometimes 2--5 of inner ones much longer than others.

About 250 species: Asia, Europe; 14 species in W China.

1a. Achenes not spinose tuberculate.

2a. Pappus elements ca. 1.2 cm; involucre obconical .........

....................................... 3. J. pilostemonoides

2b. Pappus elements 0.8--1 cm; involucre cylindrical to bowl shaped.

3a. Bracts scarious; leaves linear, entire, abaxially grayish white, sparsely to thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous or subglabrous ............................ 1. J. multiflora

3b. Bracts leathery; leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, pinnately toothed, pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite, concolorous to subconcolorous, green to gray-green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid ............................... 2. J. mongolica

1b. Achenes spinose tuberculate.

4a. Pappus elements not connate into a ring, persistent.

5a. Outer and middle bracts apex reflexed.

6a. Stems branched; capitula several at end of a branch; leaves gray-green to grayish white, concolorous, sparsely arachnoid ....................................... 7. J. suidunensis

6b. Stems unbranched; capitulum 1 at end of stem; leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose adaxially green, asperous, strigose .............................. 8. J. dshungarica

5b. Bracts all straight, adpressed, apex not reflexed.

7a. Involucre cylindrical, 1.2--1.5 cm in diam.; leaves gray-green, concolorous, arachnoid-floccose .........................

............................................ 4. J. adenocarpa

7b. Involucre bowl shaped to broadly bowl shaped, 2--3 cm in diam.; leaves abaxially grayish white, densely to thickly tomentose, adaxially green to pale green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid or tomentose.

8a. Leaf lateral lobes margin toothed to undulately toothed; stems branched ................................. 5. J. flaccida

8b. Leaf lateral lobes margin entire; stems unbranched ......

............................................... 6. J. lanipes

4b. Pappus elements basally connate into a ring, deciduous.

9a. Achenes densely spinose tuberculate; leaves concolorous, green to grayish green and densely arachnoid or glabrous or grayish white and densely tomentose .......... 14. J. chaetocarpa

9b. Achenes sparsely to densely apically spinose tuberculate; leaves abaxially grayish white, densely or thickly arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid.

10a. Involucral bracts straight, adpressed, apex not reflexed 9. J. lipskyi

10b. Outer and middleinvolucral bracts apex reflexed to patent.

11a. Herbs to 45 cm tall; basal leaves 8--11 × 2--3 cm ...... .........................................................

.......................................... 10. J. scapiformis

11b. Herbs dwarf, ± stemless; basal leaves 2.5--4 × 0.3--1 cm.

12a. Leaves lyrate-pinnatipartite or lyrate-pinnatisect and usually also some simple .......................... 11. J. algida

12b. Leaves pinnately toothed, pinnatilobed or pinnatipartite, but without simple leaves.

13a. Leaves flaccid, pinnatipartite ......... 12. J. pamirica

13b. Leaves rigid, pinnately toothed or pinnatilobed ........

.......................................... 13. J. kaschgarica

1. Jurinea multiflora (Linnaeus) B. Fedtschenko, Consp. Fl. Turskest. 4: 295. 1912.

多花苓菊 duo hu ling ju

Serratula multiflora Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1145. 1753; Jurinea linearifolia de Candolle; Serratula ambiqua de Candolle; S. salicifolia Lepechin; S. salicina Pallas.

Herbs, perennial, 10--20 cm tall. Stems green or reddish, erect, ribbed, apically short corymbose branched, tomentose and brown-yellowish glandular-punctate. Leaves entire, abaxially grayish white, densely and thickly tomentose and glandular-punctate, adaxially green, glabrous or very sparsely to densely yellow glandular-punctate, margin revolute. Basal and lower stem leaves short petiolate. Middle stem leaves sessile, base semiamplexicaul; leaf blade linear to broadly linear, 4--8 × 0.3--0.6 cm. Under capitulum leaves linear-subulate, smaller than other leaves. Inflorescences with many capitula, terminal, corymbose, 3--5 cm in diam. Involucre cylindrical, ca. 5 mm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows, straight, adpressed, scarious, abaxially glandular-punctate; outer ones narrowly to broadly triangular, 3--5 × 1--2.5 mm; middle ones elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 5--9 × 2--2.5 mm; inner ones linear, ca. 1.2 cm × 1.5 mm. Corolla red to purple, ca. 1.3 cm; tube slender, ca. 5 mm. Achenes brown to pale red, obconical, ca. 4 mm, 4-ribbed. Pappus elements persistent, to 8 mm, of same length, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Aug.

Grassland; 1800--2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Russia, Mongolia; Europe].

2. Jurinea mongolica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 519. 1874.

蒙古苓菊 meng gu ling ju

Herbs, perennial, 8--25 cm tall. Rhizomes lump-shaped to globose, densely and thickly eriophorous, with petiole residues. Stems pale green or grayish white, stout, erect, branched from base, sparsely to densely arachnoid to arachnoid-lanate, or glabrescent to glabrous. Leaves green to gray-green, concolorous to subconcolorous, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole brown, 2--4 cm; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5--6 × 1--4 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatipartite, or pinnately toothed; lobes margin entire, revolute; central one largest; lateral ones 3 or 4 pairs, narrowly elliptic to triangular-lanceolate; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward; terminal lobe longer, narrowly lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate. Stem leaves sessile; similar in form and same in division to basal leaves or entire. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2--2.5 cm in diam.; bracts in 4 or 5 rows, rigid, leathery, straight, adpressed, abaxially glandular-punctate; outer ones lanceolate, 4.5--5.5 × 1.5--2.5 mm; middle ones lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 7--11 × 2 mm; inner ones linear-elliptic to broadly linear, ca. 2.1 cm × 3 mm. Corolla red, ca. 2 cm, outside glandular-punctate; tube slender, ca. 9 mm. Achenes obconical, pale yellow, ca. 6 mm, sparsely yellow-glandular-punctate apically. Pappus elements plumose, to 1 cm, not of same length, with 2--4 of inner ones much longer than others, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. May--Aug.

Slopes, desert steppes; 1000--1500 m. Mei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia].

3. Jurinea pilostemonoides Iljin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 22: 277. 1963.

羽冠苓菊 yu guan ling ju

Herbs, perennial, to 40 cm tall. Stems erect, long branched, glandular-punctate and densely to sparsely arachnoid-tomentose. Leaves sessile, linear, 3--6 cm × ca. 2 mm, abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely glandular-punctate, margin revolute. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre cuneate-obconical, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in 7 or 8 rows, adpressed, sparsely pubescent or glabrous and glandular-punctate; outer ones lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 3 × 1 mm; middle ones elliptic, lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate, 5--9 × ca. 1.5 mm; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 1.4 cm × 1.5 mm. Corolla purple, ca. 1.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 8 mm. Achenes long obconical, ca. 5 mm, glabrous. Pappus elements yellow-white to dirty white, persistent, plumose, to 1.2 cm, unequal, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Aug.

* Sandy places; ca. 1000 m; Xinjiang (Ürümuqi Shi).

4. Jurinea adenocarpa Schrenk in Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Emum. Pl. Nov. 1: 46. 1841.

腺果苓菊 xian guo ling ju

Herbs, perennial, 15--40 cm tall. Stems erect, fascicled, sparsely to densely arachnoid-floccose but basally densely tomentose. Leaves gray-green, concolorous, densely to sparsely arachnoid-floccose. Lower and middle stem leaves short petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, 5--7 × 1--2 cm, pinnatipartite or pinnatisect; lateral lobes or segments narrowly elliptic to linear, margin repand. Upper stem leaves sessile, elliptic to linear, decreasing in size upwards on stem, entire. Capitula many, small at end of a branch. Involucre cylindrical, 1.2--1.5 cm in diam. bracts in ca. 6 rows, straight, apex not reflexed; outer ones ovate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, apex acute; middle ones lanceolate, 5--7 × 1--2 mm, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones lanceolate, 1--1.4 cm × 2--3 mm, apex long acuminate. Corolla purple, 1--1.4 cm, outside glandular-punctate; tube slender, 5.5--7.5 mm. Achenes ellipsoid, ca. 6 mm, apically sparsely spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements persistent, plumose, to 1 cm, unequal, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Aug.

Slopes; ca. 1500 m. Xinjiang (Burqin Xian) [Kazakstan].

5. Jurinea flaccida Shih, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2):61. 1984.

软叶苓菊 ruan ye ling ju

Herbs, perennial, ca. 50 cm tall. Stems gray-green to grayish white, simple or fascicled, erect, branched from base, densely to sparsely arachnoid and yellow-glandular-punctate. Leaves abaxially grayish white, thickly to sparsely tomentose, adaxially green to pale green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 4--6 cm, base brown, dilated, semiamplexicaul; leaf blade elliptic, 7--10 × ca. 2 cm, pinnatipartite; lobes narrowly elliptic, margin shallowly toothed or 1-lobed on only one side, apex obtuse; central lobe largest; lateral ones in 5--10 pairs; dorsum and epitropic decreasing in size upward. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile or short petiolate; similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Inflorescence branches leafless or with a very few and small linear-subulate leaves. Capitula few at end of a branch. Involucre bowl shaped, 2.5--3 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows, straight, adpressed, sparsely arachnoid or abaxially glabrous, apex short to long acuminate and not reflexed; outer ones triangular to triangular-lanceolate, 7--10 × 1--2 mm; middle ones lanceolate, 1.1--1.3 cm × ca. 2 mm; inner ones ca. 1.8 cm × 1.5 mm. Corolla purple, ca. 1.6 cm; tube slender, ca. 1.1 cm, yellow-glandular-punctate outside. Achenes brown, apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, short plumose, with 1 of inner ones much longer than others, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

* Wastelands, roadsides; 1200--1800 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian).

6. Jurinea lanipes Ruprecht ex Osten-Sacken, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 14(4): 58. 1869.

绒毛苓菊 rong mao ling ju

Herbs, perennial, ca. 30 cm tall. Rootstock thick, densely lanate and with petiole remains. Stems solitary, erect, unbranched, arachnoid-tomentose and glandular-punctate. Leaves , abaxially grayish white, thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous, sparsely glandular-punctate. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole brown, to 4 m; leaf blade oblanceolate, narrowly oblanceolate, or elliptic, 5--10 × 2--3 cm, pinnatilobed, pinnatipartite, or lyrate-pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 3--6 pairs, ovate to elliptic, margin entire, apex rounded to obtuse, rarely acute; terminal lobe largest, elliptic to ovate, margin entire, apex obtuse. Stem leaves few, sessile, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Uppermost stem leaves usually linear, entire. Capitulum 1 at end of stem. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 6 rows; outer ones triangular, ca. 6 × 1.5 mm, abaxially sparsely arachnoid and glandular-punctate, apex short spinulate and not reflexed; middle and inner ones narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, ca. 1.7 cm × 2 mm, abaxially strigose, margin ciliate, apex spiniform acuminate and not reflexed. Corolla red, ca. 1.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes oblong obconical, 4-ribbed, ca. 5 mm, apically sparsely spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements persistent, white, plumose, to 1.2 cm, unequal, with 2 of inner ones much longer than others, not connate into ring. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

Steppes; 1900--2900 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian) [Kazakstan].

7. Jurinea suidunensis (C. Winkler) Korshinsky, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 36: 128. 1894.

绥定苓菊 sui ding ling ju

Jurinea pollichii Ledebour var. suidunensis C. Winkler in herb. & in Korshinsky, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 36: 128. 1894.

Herbs, perennial, 14 or more cm tall. Rootstock thick. Stems branched. Leaves gray-green to grayish white, concolorous, sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1.5--4 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 5--7 × 1--1.5 cm, pinnatilobed or entire; lateral lobes ovate to broadly triangular, margin entire or toothed, apex obtuse to acute. Stem leaves similar in form and same in division to basal leaves but smaller. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows; outer ones lanceolate, 3--5 × 1--2 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed; middle ones lanceolate, ca. 1 cm × 3 mm, apex spiniform acuminate; inner ones lanceolate, ca. 1.4 cm × 2 mm, apex long acuminate and not reflexed. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 4 mm, yellow-glandular-punctate outside. Achenes obconical, ca. 5 mm, apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements persistent, white, plumose, 8--10 mm, not connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. May--Jun.

* Slopes; 1800--2100 m. Xinjiang (Tian Shan and Altay Shan).

8. Jurinea dshungarica (Rubtzov) Iljin, Fl. URSS 27: 683. 1962.

天山苓菊 tian shan ling ju

Jurinea chaetocharpa Ledebour subsp. dschungarica Rubtzov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 8: 65. 1940.

Herbs, perennial, ca. 10 cm tall. Rootstock thick, densely cottony and with petiole remains. Stems grayish white, erect, unbranched, densely tomentose and glandular-punctate. Leaves abaxially grayish white, densely tomentose, adaxially green, asperous, strigose, glandular-punctate. Basal leaves many, petiolate; petiole brown, 2--2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, ca. 5 × 1.5--2 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in ca. 4--7 pairs, elliptic, margin entire, apex rounded. Stem leaves few, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Capitulum 1. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts yellow-green, in ca. 5 rows; outer and middle ones triangular to lanceolate, 5--10 × 2--3 mm, abaxially arachnoid, apex spiniform and reflexed; inner ones elliptic to linear-elliptic, to 1 ca. 8 × 1--2 mm, apex acuminate and straight. Corolla red-purple, ca. 1.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes immature, ca. 2 mm, densely to sparsely apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements persistent, white, plumose, to 1.1 cm, unequal, with 2 of inner ones much longer than others, not connate into a ring. Fl. Jul.

* Sunny slopes; ca. 2700 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian)

9. Jurinea lipskyi Iljin, Trudy Turkestansk. Nauchn. Obshcha. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 2: 25. 1925.

苓菊 ling ju

Herbs, perennial, ca. 35 cm tall. Stems erect, unbranched or long branched, floccose. Leaves abaxially grayish white, sparsely tomentose, adaxially green to gray-green, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 1--2 cm; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 2--4 × 1.5--2 cm, pinnatipartite; central lobe largest; lateral ones in 3 on 4 pairs, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or narrowly triangular, margin undulate or few-serrulate, apex obtuse; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward. Stem leaves few; lower ones similar in form and same in division to basal leaves but smaller; upper ones linear to subulate, smaller than others. Capitula 1 to few at end of a branch. Involucre bowl shaped, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 4 rows, straight, adpressed, glabrous or abaxially sparsely arachnoid, apex acute to acuminate; outer ones lanceolate, 4--6 × 2--3 mm; middle and inner ones linear-lanceolate, 1--1.5 cm × 3--4 mm. Corolla purple, ca. 1.5 mm; tube slender, ca. 5 mm. Achenes obconical, ca. 6 mm, apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, plumose or scabrid, to 9 mm, with 2 of inner ones much longer than others, deciduous, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jul.

* Steppes in hilly areas; ca. 1900 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian).

10. Jurinea scapiformis Shih, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2): 62. 1984.

长葶苓菊 chang ting ling ju

Herbs, perennial, ca. 45 cm tall. Stems grayish white, solitary, erect, unbranched, under capitulum thickly tomentose. Leaves green, rigidly papery, abaxially grayish white, sparsely arachnid, adaxially glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 5--9 cm, base thickened; leaf blade elliptic, 8--11 × 2--3 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in ca. 4--6 pairs, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Stem leaves few, mostly basally on stem, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves but sessile and lateral lobes linear. Flowering stem long scapose, leafless or with a few linear-subulate leaves. Capitulum 1. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows; outer and middle ones triangular to lanceolate, 6--10 × 2--2.5 mm, apex short acuminate and reflexed; inner ones lanceolate, 1.5--2 cm × 3--4 mm, apex long acuminate. Corolla red, ca. 1.5 cm; tube slender, ca. 4 mm. Achenes obconical, ca. 6 mm, brown, apically spinose tuberculate, spines 2- or 3-furcate. Pappus elements white, short plumose, with 1 or 2 of inner ones much longer than others, deciduous, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jul.

* Slopes; ca. 2000 m. Xinjiang (Zhaosu Xian).

11. Jurinea algida Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 25(11--12): 170. 1924.

矮小苓菊 ai xiao ling ju

Herbs, perennial, ± stemless. Rootstock erect, long, with petiole remains. Leaves rosulate, petiolate; petiole brown, 1.5--2.5 cm, base brown and dilated; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 2.5--4 × 0.5--1 cm, pinnatipartite, subpinnatisect, sublimate-pinnatipartite, or sublimate-pinnatisect, rarely entire; lobes or segments abaxially thickly tomentose, adaxially green, soft, sparsely arachnoid and yellow glandular-punctate, margin entire, rarely toothed, apex obtuse to rounded; terminal lobe largest, ovate to elliptic; lateral ones in 2 or 3 pairs, ovate, narrowly elliptic, or broadly linear. Capitula 1 or 2 at end of a scape. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in 3 or 4 rows; outer ones lanceolate, ca. 1 cm × 2 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed; middle ones elliptic, 1--1.5 cm × 2--2.5 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed; inner ones broadly linear, ca. 1.4 cm × 1.5 mm, straight, apex acute and not reflexed. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.7 cm; tube slender, ca. 7 mm. Achenes narrowly ellipsoid, brown, ca. 4 mm, apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, plumose, to 1.4 cm, unequal, with 3 of inner ones much longer than others, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

* Slopes; 3000--3100 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian).

12. Jurinea pamirica Shih, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(2): 63. 1984.

帕米尔苓菊 pa mi er ling ju

Herbs, perennial, scapose; scapes several, short. Rootstock developed, very short branched, with petiole remains. Leaves soft, abaxially grayish white, thickly tomentose, adaxially green, glabrous. Basal leaves fascicled, petiolate; petiole brown, 2--3 cm, inside lanate, base dilated and sheathlike; leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 2--3 × 0.5--1 cm, pinnatipartite; lateral lobes in 2--4 pairs, elliptic to obliquely triangular, apex obtuse, margin repand or obtusely minutely denticulate; terminal lobe narrowly elliptic to elliptic. Leaves on scapose stems few, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Capitula several, solitary at end of a scape; scapes short to very short. Involucre bowl shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam.; bracts in ca. 5 rows; outer ones broadly linear-lanceolate, ca. 6 × 1.5 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed to patent; middle ones triangular to elliptic-lanceolate, 5.5--8 × ca. 2 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed to patent; inner ones lanceolate, 1--1.3 cm × 2.5--3 mm, apex acuminate and not reflexed. Corolla purple, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 6 mm. Achenes dark-brown, ca. 4 mm, apically sparsely spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, plumose, to 1.2 cm, unequal, with 4 of inner ones much longer than others, deciduous, connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

* Gravely deserts; ca. 2200 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian).

13. Jurinea kaschgarica Iljin, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 81. 1928.

南疆苓菊 nan jiang ling ju

Herbs, perennial, 15--18 cm tall. Rootstock developed, densely covered with petiole remains. Stems unbranched, scapiform, sparsely arachnoid and yellow glandular-punctate. Leaves abaxially grayish white, thickly tomentose rosulate, adaxially green, sparsely arachnoid. Phyllome short petiolate; petiole brown, 0.5--1 cm; leaf blade linear-elliptic, 1.5--3 × 0.3--0.5 cm, incised- to toothed-pinnatilobed, lobes triangular. Stem leaves few, similar to phyllome or linear, pinnatilobed or entire; upper and uppermost stem leaves subulate, smaller than others, entire. Flowering stems several. Capitula several, solitary. Involucre bowl shaped, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in 4 or 5 rows; outer ones lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, 2--5 × 1--2 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed to patent; middle ones lanceolate, 1--1.2 cm × 2--2.5 mm, apex acuminate; inner ones linear, ca. 1.5 cm × 3 mm, apex acuminate. Corolla red-purple, ca. 1.2 cm; tube slender, ca. 7.5 mm. Achenes obconical, ca. 5.5 mm, apically spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, short plumose, unequal, with 2--5 of inner ones much longer than others, deciduous, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jun.

* By water, in gullies; ca. 2300 m. Xinjiang (Wuqia Xian).

14. Jurinea chaetocarpa Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 2: 765. 1845--1846.

刺果苓菊 ci guo ling ju

Jurinea chaetocarpa Ledebour var. typica Herder; Serratula chaetocarpa Ledebour.

Herbs, perennial, 20--30 cm tall. Rootstock weakly developed, densely covered with petiole remains and lanate indumentum. Leaves concolorous, green to grayish green and densely arachnoid or glabrous or grayish white and densely tomentose. Basal leaves in rosulate phyllome, petiolate; petiole to 5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 5--8 × 1--2 cm, pinnatipartite; lobe margin entire or repand; lateral lobes in 4 or 5 pairs, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or obliquely triangular, central ?? margin; dorsum and epitropic ones decreasing in size upward; terminal lobe longest, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate. Stem leaves few or absent, similar in form and same in division to rosulate leaves but sometime entire and linear to subulate. Flowering stems unbranched or few-branched, sparsely arachnoid and yellow-glandular-punctate. Capitula several at end of a branch. Involucre bowl-shaped, 1.5--2 cm in diam.; bracts in 4 or 5 rows; outer ones lanceolate, ca. 6.5 × 2.5 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed to patent; middle ones lanceolate, 1--1.1 cm × ca. 2.5 mm, apex spiniform acuminate and reflexed to patent; inner ones linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.4 cm × 3--4 mm, apex spiniform acuminate. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.4 cm; tube slender, ca. 4 mm. Achenes ellipsoid-obconical, 4--5 mm, densely spinose tuberculate. Pappus elements white, plumose, to 8 mm, unequal, with 2 of inner ones much longer than others, deciduous, basally connate into a ring. Fl. and fr. Jun.

Gravely Gobi; ca. 800 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Mongolia].

6. BOLOCEPHALUS Handel-Mazzetti, J. Bot. 76: 291. 1938.

球菊属 qiu ju shu

Herbs, perennial. Capitula homogamous, solitary. Involucre spherical, densely and fluffily lanate; bracts imbricate, thin, herbaceous. Receptacle flat, densely scaly. Florets bisexual. Corolla limb 3 × as long as tube; anther laciniate, filaments free, glabrous. Style arms slender and long, basally with a ring of hairs, apex truncate to obtuse. Pappus elements in several rows, fragile, basally connate into a ring.

* One species: endemic to China.

1. Bolocephalus saussuroides Handel-Mazzetti, J. Bot. 76: 292. 1938.

球菊 qiu ju

Dolomiaea saussuroides (Handel-Mazzetti) Y. L. Chen & Shih.

Herbs 20--30 cm tall. Stems brown to dark brown, solitary, erect, many-striate, basally and middle area sparsely arachnoid, apically thickly lanate, basally densely covered with petiole remains. Leaves abaxially grayish white, sparsely tomentose adaxially green, densely strigose. Basal leaves many, petiolate; petiole brown, 3--6 cm; leaf blade elliptic to broadly linear, 10--12 × 1--1.5 cm, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid; lobes entire; lateral lobes in 2 or 3 pairs, opposite to obliquely opposite, broadly triangular to obliquely triangular; terminal lobe elliptic to narrowly elliptic. Stem leaves few, similar in form and same in division to basal leaves. Uppermost stem leaves entire, linear. Capitulum 1. Involucre whitish to grayish white, spherical, 5--6 cm in diam, densely and fluffily lanate; bracts in 5 or 6 rows; outer and middle ones subulate-triangular, 1.5--2.5 × 1.5--2.8 cm; inner ones subulate-lanceolate, ca. 3.5 cm × 3 mm. Corolla purple-red, ca. 1.6 cm; tube ca. 4 mm. Achenes bro