151. SAUSSUREA de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 156, 198. 1810, nom. cons. [Draft]

风毛菊属 feng mao ju shu

Aplotaxis de Candolle; Aucklandia Falconer; Bennettia A Gray; Cyathidium Lindley ex Royle; Eristomen Lessing; Haplatalix Lindley; Heterotrichum M. Bieberstein; Lagurostemon Cassini; Poecilotriche Dulac; Theodorea (Cassini) Cassini.

                Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, sometimes subshrub. Stems glabrous, white lanate tomentose, or pubescent, sometimes plant stemless. Leaves alternate; leaf blade soft or rigid, margin entire, toothed, or pinnate. Capitula numerous to few or rarely solitary, corymbose, paniculate, or racemose, sometimes aggregated and terminal on stem, homogamous. Involucre campanulate, globose, ovoid, or cylindric. Phyllaries in many rows, imbricate, appressed, apex acute, acuminate, obtuse, or rounded, apical appendage sometimes present and red membranous or green herbaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, densely covered with scales, rarely without scales. Pappus in (1 or)2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrid or slightly plumose, caducous; inner pappus long, base connate into a ring, plumose, caducous or persistent. Florets hermaphrodite, tubular, fertile. Corolla purplish red to pale purple, rarely white; tube filiform to slender; limb 5-cleft to middle. Filament column glabrous; anthers with entire or lacerate basal sagittate appendages. Style long, apex 2 branched; stigma long, linear, apex obtuse to subobtuse. Achene straw-colored, sometimes with black stains, rarely black, cylindric to ellipsoid, with basifixed invula??, obtusely 4-ribbed, smooth or transversally rugose, apically coronate or not, apex truncate.

                Ca. 400 species: Asia, Australia, Europe, W North America; 264 species (181 endemic) in China.

                By far the greatest diversity is in Asia, particularly in the C Asia, Himalayas, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.

                The taxonomy of the genus Saussurea in this treatment is based on the monograph by Lipschitz (Rod Saussurea, 1979). Saussurea is divided into five subgenera: Ericorynel, Amphileana, Theodora, Frolovia, and Saussurea. Subgenus Saussurea is divided into eight sections: Depressae, Jacea, Acaeles, Lagusanthera, Pycnocephala, Cyathidium, Rosulascentes, and Saussurea. For purposes of this treatment there is no need to divide the four other subgenera into sections.

                The genus Saussurea is very varied. Many of the species are used medicinally, as for example: S. arenaria, S. epilobioides, S. involucrata, S. medusa, and S. stella.

1a. Capitula aggregated and terminal on stem and surrounded or supported by membranous uppermost leaves  II. subgen. Amphileana

1b. Capitula not aggregated and terminal on stem nor surrounded by membranous uppermost leaves, or aggregated and terminal on stem and surrounded or semi-surrounded by densely lanate subtending leaves.

2a. . Capitula aggregated at inflated end of stem or in rosette of leaves, usually surrounded or semi-surrounded by 5 densely lanate subtending leaves, rarely subtending leaves glabrous and not surrounding capitula  I. subgen. Eriocoryne

2b. Capitula corymbose, paniculate, or racemose, rarely solitary at end of stem, not surrounded by densely lanate subtending leaves.

3a. Phyllaries or at least inner phyllaries apically with a red, dilated, and membranous appendage  III. subgen. Theodorea

3b. Phyllaries apically without a red, dilated, and membranous appendage.

4a. Achene apex with toothed coronule ...........................................................................................  IV. subgen. Frolovia

4b. Achene apex without coronule ..................................................................................................  V. subgen. Saussurea

I. Saussurea subgen. Enocoryne (de Candolle) J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 376. 1881.

雪兔子亚属 xue tu zi ya shu

Aplotaxis de Candolle sect. Eriocoryne Wallich ex de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 54. 1838; Saussurea sect. Acaules J. D. Hooker, p. min. p.; Saussurea sect. Congestae C. B. Clarke; Saussurea sect. Ericoryne (de Candolle) O. Hoffmann; Saussurea sect. Ericoryne (de Candolle) Kitamura.

                Herbs, perennial, rarely annual, cauliferous, stemless, or substemless, usually densely lanate, rarely glabrous or subglabrous. Stems apex claviform and inflated or plants rosular. Leaves lanate, margin entire to pinnate. Capitula numerous or rarely solitary, aggregated in rosette of leaves or terminal on stem. Receptacle with or without scales. Pappus white or brown, in 2 rows, rarely in 1 row and plumose; outer pappus scabrous, early caducous; inner pappus caducous. Achene glabrous, rarely pubescent.

                Ca. 26 species: Bhutan, China, NW India, Mongolia, Nepal, Kashmir, Kazakstan, Pakistan, Sikkim; 25 species (14  endemic) in China.

                Mainly on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and contiguous zones.

1a. Plants glabrous.

2a. Plants cauliferous, stems to 55 cm tall; capitula strongly or slightly spreading corymbose at end of stem  1. S. uliginosa

2b. Plants stemless or almost stemless; inflorescence in rosette of leaves, globose or hemispherical.

3b. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or spatulate ...................................................................................................  4. S. thomsonii

3a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, or linear.

4a. Leaf blade stellate, margin entire; pappus white ..........................................................................................  2. S. stella

4b. Leaf blade not stellate, margin pinnately parted; pappus brown ........................................................  3. S. thoroldii

1b. Plants ± lanate, tomentose or puberulous.

5a. Plants tomentose, arachnoid, puberulous or glandular hairy.

6a. Herbs diffuse; outer phyllaries with an apical herbaceous appendage.................................................... 5. S. kingii

6b. Herbs erect or stemless; outer phyllaries without and apical herbaceous appendage.

7a. Herbs monocarpic.

8a. Pappus mouse-gray ...........................................................................................................................................  6. S. aster

8b. Pappus brown or yellowish brown.

9a. Capitula large, solitary in phyllone of rosette ....................................................................................  7. S. grandiceps

9b. Capitula small, terminal on stem and aggregated and into a hemispherical inflorescence.

10a. Pappus in 1 row, plumose ................................................................................................................  8. S. depsangensis

10b. Pappus in 2 rows; outer short, scabrous; inner long, plumose.

11a. Cauliferous herbs, stem 15--35 cm tall ....................................................................................................  9. S. delavayi

11a. Stemless herb .............................................................................................................................................. 10. S. wellbyi

7b. Herbs polycarpic.

12a. Pappus brown.

13a. Pappus in 1 row long, plumose; leaf blade white lanate; phyllaries abaxially subglabrous ....  14. S. gyacaensis

13b. Pappus in 2 rows, outer row short and scabrous, inner row long and plumose; leaf blade abaxially glabrescent, adaxially pubescent; phyllaries abaxially villous ................................................................................  15. S. fistulosa

12b. Pappus black or mouse gray.

14a. Pappus black; leaf blade pinnately lobed ..........................................................................................  11. S. hypsipeta

14b. Pappus mouse gray; leaf blade undivided.

15a. Leaf blade oblong to spatulate, 3--8 mm wide, margin entire or shallowly obtusely toothed, apex obtuse to rounded; florets purplish red ..........................................................................................................................  12. S. gnaphalodes

15b. Leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 1--1.3 cm wide, margin coarsely toothed, apex acute; florets bluish purple ....................................................................................................................................................  13. S. quercifolia

5b. Plants lanate.

16a. Leaf blade pinnately lobed, pinnately cleft, or pinnately parted.

17a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 3--4 X ca. 1.7 cm ......................................................................................  16. S. leucoma

17b. Leaf blade linear 2--6 X 0.3--0.6 cm ................................................................................................  17. S. simpsoniana

16b. Leaf blade margin entire, toothed, or obtusely lobate.

18a. Pappus in 1 row, plumose.

19a. Leaf blade margin shallowly obtusely toothed, shallowly obtusely 2--6-lobate, or apically or near apex toothed, rarely entire .......................................................................................................................................................  18. S. tridactyla

19b. Leaf blade margin sharply toothed ........................................................................................................  19. S. georgei

18b. Pappus in 2 rows; outer short, scabrous; inner long, plumose.

20a. Capitula paniculate-spicate ....................................................................................................................  20. S. laniceps

20b. Capitula aggregated into a hemispherical inflorescence.

21a. Capitula 2--5, inflorescences not surrounded by subtending leaves ..............................................  21. S. paxiana

21b. Capitula numerous, inflorescence surrounded or semi-surrounded by subtending leaves.

22a. Pappus white or dirty white; leaf blade elliptic, obovate, orbicular, flabelliform, or ovate-rhombic.

23a. Leaf blade obovate, orbicular, flabelliform or ovate rhombic; achene 8--9 mm ................................  22. S. medusa

23b. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic; achene 2--3 mm ......................................................................................  23. S. glacialis

22b. Pappus brown.

24a. Plants to 30 cm tall; leaf blade narrowly linear-elliptic, narrowly elliptic or linear-lanceolate  24. S. gossipiphora

24b. Plants 2--12 cm tall; leaf blade linear, lanceolate, elliptic or suborbicular.

25a. Leaf blade linear, densely lanate ....................................................................................................  17. S. simpsoniana

25b. Leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, or suborbicular, abaxially densely addressed tomentose, adaxially arachnoid  25. S. chionophora

1. Saussurea uliginosa Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 16. 1925.

湿地雪兔子 shi di xue tu zi

Saussurea dumetorum J. Anthony; S. uliginosa var. vittifolia (J. Anthony) Handel-Mazzetti; S. vittifolia J. Anthony.

                Herbs, perennial, to 55 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, apex densely covered with blackish brown residue of old petioles. Stems pale yellow, solitary, erect, glabrous, base ca. 6 mm in diam., apex inflated or not and with short corymbose branches. Basal leaves with ca. 6 cm petiole; leaf blade concolorous, linear to lanceolate, 20--40 X 1--2 cm, glabrous, abaxially with numerous golden glandular puncta, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Lower, middle, and upper stem leaves sessile, similar to basal leaves but gradually smaller apically on stem. Subtending leaves linear. Peduncle densely brown tomentose or capitulum sessile. Capitula 9, strongly or slightly spreading corymbose at end of stem. Involucre oblong, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, imbricate, rigid, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries apically brownish gray, ovate or obliquely ovate, 7--8 X 3--3.5 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries apically brownish gray, elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 7--8 X ca. 2 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 9 X 1 mm. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets reddish purple, ca. 6 mm. Achene immature. Fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Grassland on stony, mountain slopes; 2000--4200 m. NW Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

2. Saussurea stella Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 490. 1881.

星状雪兔子 xing zhuang xue tu zi

                Herbs, stemless, glabrous. Roots dark brown, obconic. Leaves purplish red or near base purplish red or green, concolorous, rosular, stellate, sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 3--19 X 0.3--1 cm, glabrous, basally ovately dilated, margin entire, apically long acuminate from middle. Inflorescences hemispherical, 4--6 cm in diam. Capitula sessile, numerous, in rosette of leaves. Involucre cylindric, 8--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows, imbricate, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries oblong, ca. 9 X 3 mm, margin ciliate, apex rounded; middle phyllaries narrowly oblong, ca. 10 X 5 mm, margin ciliate, apex rounded; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 12 X 3 mm, apex obtuse. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.7 cm, tube ca. 1.2 cm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 5 mm, apex with a membranous coronule. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Grassland on alpine areas, thickets and grassland on mountain slopes, by river marshes, flooded areas; 2000--5400 m. Gansu, Qinghai, W Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Sikkim].

3. Saussurea thoroldii Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 30: 115. 1894.

草甸雪兔子 cao dian xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, stemless, glabrous. Roots dark brown, obconic. Rhizomes thick, densely covered with fibrous lacerate residue of old petioles. Leaves numerous, rosular; petiole short and wide; leaf blade green, narrowly lanceolate to linear. 2--4 X 0.3--0.5 cm, glabrous, pinnately parted; lateral lobes 5-paired, recurvate or horizontally patent, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or broadly linear, margin entire or few toothed. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves; peduncle ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Capitula numerous, hemispherical, 3--4 cm in diam. Involucre cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, margin apically ciliate; outer phyllaries elliptic ca. 4 X 1.5 mm, apex obtuse; middle and inner phyllaries subequal, oblong, ca. 6 X 3 mm. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm; inner pappus ca. 6 mm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 7 mm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 2 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, 2--3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Flooded areas, sandy soil by lakes, saline-alkali lands; 3100--5200 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang [Kashmir, Pakistan].

4. Saussurea thomsonii C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 227. 1876.

肉叶雪兔子 rou ye xue tu zi

Saussurea acaulis Klatt; S. amblyophylla C. Winkler.

                Herbs, stemless, glabrous. Roots vertical, slender. Rhizomes short, with brown residue of old petioles. Leaves rosular, shortly petiolate; leaf blade green, elliptic, ovate, or spatulate, 1.5--2.3 X 0.7--1.5 cm, subfleshy, glabrous, purplish red, leathery, and rigid when dry, base cuneate-attenuate, margin subserrate to subentire, apex obtuse, rounded, or rarely acute. Apicalmost leaves suborbicular. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves. Capitula hemispherical, 2--6. Involucre ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm in diam. Phyllaries usually purplish red, in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries elliptic, ca. 8 X 2 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries obovate, ca. 7 X 3 mm, apex obtuse to rounded; inner phyllaries narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, 7--8 X 1.5--2 mm, apex rounded to obtuse. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 6 mm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 7 mm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 4 mm, transversely rugose.  Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                High mountains by rivers: 4000--5200 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang [NW India, Kashmir, Pakistan].

5. Saussurea kingii J. R. Drummond ex C. E. C. Fischer, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 98. 1937.

拉萨雪兔子 la sa xue tu zi

                Herbs, biennial, diffuse. Roots cylindric, woody, Main stem very short or almost absent, many branched; branches to 20 cm, tomentose. Leaves mainly basal, rosular; petiole 2--5 cm, deplanate; leaf blade green, concolorous, linear to broadly linear, 2.5--14 X 0.3--1.5 cm, gradually smaller towards base and apex, pinnately parted, abaxially white tomentose or glabrescent, adaxially sparsely arachnoid and glandular hairy; lateral lobes 5--10 pairs, elliptic to ovate-oblong, divided, margin obtusely toothed or entire. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves; peduncle 0.3--10 mm. Capitula several to numerous, corymbose, 5--6 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 8--9 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2--4 mm, abaxially arachnoid and glandular hairy, apically with a spatulate to rhombic appendage; middle and inner phyllaries purplish red, ovate, broadly ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, to 20 X 4 mm, glandular hairy, apex acute. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red or white, 8--10 mm, tube 4--5 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm, arachnoid, transversely rugose. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                * Sandy soils on flooded areas, dunes, sandy soils on mountain slopes; 2900--4100 m. Xizang.

6. Saussurea aster Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 30: 115. 1894.

云状雪兔子 yun zhuang xue tu zi

               Herbs, perennial, stemless, polycarpic. Roots fleshy. Rhizomes thick, 1--1.4 cm in diam., densely covered with residue of old petioles. Leaves rosular, shortly petiolate; leaf blade grayish white, linear-spatulate, elliptic, or linear, 1.5 –3 X 1.5--4 cm, densely tomentose, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire, apex obtuse. Inflorescences hemispherical, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Capitula numerous, sessile. Involucre cylindric, ca. 5 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, subequal, ovate to linear, 4--6 X 1.5--3 mm, abaxially white tomentose, apex acute. Pappus mouse-gray, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 6.5 mm, tube ca. 3.5 mm, limb ca. 3 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Aug.

                Alpine scree; 3900--5400 m. Qinghai, Xizang [Pakistan].

7. Saussurea grandiceps S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 69. 1984.

硕首雪兔子 shuo shou xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, stemless, monocarpic. Roots conical, fleshy. Rhizomes with brown residue of old leaves. Leaves subconcolorous, rosular, sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 2--8 X 0.5--0.5 cm, abaxially pale green to grayish green and thinly arachnoid, adaxially green and glabrous, base wide, margin center sparsely covered with small and sharp teeth, apically long acuminate. Capitula large, solitary apically on rhizome, in rosette of leaves. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 4.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, adaxially sparsely covered with white long and straight thin hairs, margin dark purple, apex acuminate; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.7 X 0.5--0.6 cm in diam; middle phyllaries lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, 2--2.1 X 0.4--0.5 cm; inner phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 2.1 X ca. 0.3 cm. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 7 mm; inner pappus ca. 1.4 cm. Florets bluish purple, 1.9--2 cm, tube 1.3--1.4 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 5 mm, transversely rugose, with shallow rim. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Alpine scree; 5000--5300 m. Xizang.

8. Saussurea depsangensis Pampanini, Aggiunte Fl. Caracorùm 176. 1934.

昆仑雪兔子 kun lun xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, stemless or with a short stem, monocarpic. Roots slender, vertical, fleshy. Leaves rosular; petiole short; leaf blade oblong, 1--2.4 X 0.3--1 cm, brown rarely white tomentose, base attenuate, margin entire or sparsely small toothed, apex rounded to obtuse. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves. Capitula sessile, numerous, hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate, 7--8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3--5 rows, subequal, lanceolate, 6--8 X 2--4 mm, abaxially densely brown or white tomentose, apex acuminate. Pappus yellowish brown, in 1 row, ca. 2.1 cm. Florets purplish red ca. 8 mm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 1 mm. Immature achene ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Alpine scree; 4800--5400 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang [Kashmir]

9. Saussurea delavayi Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 355. 1888.

大理雪兔子 da li xue tu zi

Saussurea delavayi f. hirsuta J. Anthony.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--35 cm tall, monocarpic. Roots dark brown, vertical. Stems grayish white, erect, densely addressed arachnoid tomentose, base with dense brown sheathlike residue of old petioles. Leaves dark brown, dark green, or brown when dry, abaxially grayish white and densely tomentose, adaxially glabrous or pubescent. Basal leaves with brown ca. 3 cm petiole; leaf blade linear, ca. 11 X 2--3 cm, margin entire, apex acute. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal leaves but gradually smaller apically on stem. Inflorescences terminal on stem, not subtended by uppermost leaves. Capitula numerous, hemispherical, 4--5.5 cm in diam. Involucre campanulate to cuneately campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, imbricate; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, ca. 9 X 3 mm, abaxially sparsely arachnoid, apically abruptly contracted and long acuminate; middle phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 7--8 X 1.8--2.2 mm, abaxially glabrous, apically abruptly contracted and apex acute to long acuminate; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 8.5 X 1 mm, abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3.8 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 7 mm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 7 mm, tube ca. 4 mm, limb ca. 3 mm. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Mountain peaks, mountain slopes, grassy slope; 3300--4400 m. Yunnan (Dali Xian, Fugong Xian, Gongshan Xian, Lijiang Xian).

10. Saussurea wellbyi Hemsley, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 26: t. 2588. 1899.

羌塘雪兔子 qiang tang xue tu zi

Saussurea hyperiophora Handel-Mazzetti.

                Herbs, perennial, stemless, monocarpic. Roots brown, conical, fleshy. Rhizomes with brown residue of old leaves. Leaves rosular, sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate 2--5 X 0.2--0.8 cm, abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially below middle white tomentose and apically glabrous, base ovately enlarged, margin entire, apex long acuminate. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves; peduncle ca. 2 mm or capitulum sessile. Capitula numerous, hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 rows; outer phyllaries apically purplish red, narrowly elliptic to oblong, ca. 7 X 4 mm, abaxially densely white villous, apex acute; middle phyllaries oblong, ca. 12 X 2.5 mm, apex rounded; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 9 X 2 mm, abaxially glabrous, apex acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube and limb each ca. 5 mm. Achene blackish brown, cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Alpine scree, sandy soils, grassy areas on mountain slopes; 4300--5000 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang.

11. Saussurea hypsipeta Diels ex H. Limpricht, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 512. 1922.

黑毛雪兔子 hei mao xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 5--13 cm tall, cespitose, polycarpic. Rhizomes slender, densely covered with black residue of old petioles, with several rosette leaves. Stems erect, pale brown tomentose. Leaves white or pale brownish yellow tomentose or uppermost stem leaves black tomentose. Rosette leaves and lower stem leaves with petiole as long as leaf blade; leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly spatulate, 3--6 X ca. 1 cm, base attenuate, pinnately lobed, apex acute. Stem leaves linear-lanceolate, margin entire or toothed, apex acuminate. Inflorescences on slightly inflated end of stem. Capitula numerous, sessile, hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam. Involucre cylindric, ca. 6 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially purple; outer phyllaries linear, ca. 7 X 1 mm, abaxially apically lanate, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, ca. 8 X 1.5 mm, abaxially lanate, apex acute; inner phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 7--8 X 1--2 mm, white-membranous, apically white lanate, apex acute. Pappus black, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 1.5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 4 mm, limb ca. 5 mm. Achene brown, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Alpine scree; 3700--5400 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan.

12. Saussurea gnaphalodes (Royle) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 331. 1846.

鼠麯雪免子 shu qu xue tu zi

Aplotaxis gnaphalodes Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 251. 1835; A. sorocephala Schrenk; Haplotaxis sorocephala (Schrenk) Schrenk; S. sorocephala (Schrenk) Schrenk; Theodora gnaphalodes (Royle) Kuntze.

                Herbs, perennial, 1--6 cm tall, cespitose, polycarpic. Rhizomes slender, with several rosette leaves. Stems erect, with brown residue of old petioles. Leaves concolorous, crowded, grayish white densely tomentose, petiolate; leaf blade oblong to spatulate, uppermost ones broadly ovate, 0.6--3 X 0.3--0.8 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire or sparsely shallowly and obtusely toothed, apex obtuse to rounded. Inflorescences terminal on stem. Capitula sessile, numerous, hemispherical, 2--3 cm in diam. Involucre oblong, ca. 8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries oblong-ovate, ca. 7 X 3.5 mm, abaxially white or brown lanate, apex acuminate; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic to lanceolate, ca. 9 X 3 mm, abaxially apically purplish red and white villous, apex acute to acuminate. Pappus mouse-gray, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene brown, obconical, 3--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                Alpine scree; 2700--5700 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, S and W Xinjiang, Xizang [NW India, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan].

13. Saussurea quercifolia W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 115. 1913.

槲叶雪兔子 hu ye xue tu zi

Saussurea quercifolia var. major J. Arthony.

                Herbs, perennial, 4--6(--20) cm tall, cespitose, polycarpic. Roots black, vertical, ca. 1 cm in diam. Rhizomes slender to thick, usually branched, neck with brown residue of old petioles. Stems erect, white tomentose. Basal leaves with 1.5--3 cm petiole; leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 2--4.5 X 1--1.3 cm, abaxially sparsely arachnoid and densely white tomentose, adaxially grayish white to grayish green, base cuneate-attenuate, margin coarsely toothed, apex acute. Upper stem leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, reflexed, abaxially grayish white and densely lanate, adaxially glabrous and blackish green or sometimes purple when dry, margin sparsely toothed or subentire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal on stem. Capitula numerous, sessile, hemispherical, ca. 5 cm in diam. Involucre oblong, ca. 8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, subequal, margin hyaline-membranous; outer phyllaries purplish red, elliptic to lanceolate, ca. 10 X 4 mm, entirely, apical half, or apically villous, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries purplish red, elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 9--10 X 3--4 mm, apically or near apex villous, apex acute to acuminate. Pappus mouse-gray, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 8.5 mm, tube ca. 4.5 mm, limb ca. 4 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 2.8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Alpine thickets, scree, rocky slopes; 3300--5300 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Gongshan Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

14. Saussurea gyacaensis S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 69. 1984.

加查雪兔子 jia cha xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 6--8 cm tall, cespitose, polycarpic, white lanate. Rhizomes slender, branched, with several rosette leaves. Stems erect. Rosette and lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade oblong to linear, 1.9--5 X 1.1 cm including petiole, white lanate, base attenuate, margin entire or obtusely toothed, apex obtuse. Uppers stem leaves linear, apex acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves linear, usually reflexed. Inflorescences terminal on stem. Capitula numerous, sessile, hemispherical. Involucre cylindric, ca. 1.4 cm. Phyllaries purplish red, linear-oblanceolate, abaxially subglabrous, apex acute. Receptacle naked. Pappus pale brown, in 1 row, plumose. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.2 cm. Achene black, 6--6.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Alpine scree; ca. 4800 m. Xizang (Gyaca Xian).

15. Saussurea fistulosa J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 206. 1934.

管茎雪兔子 guan jing xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 10--15 cm tall, cespitose, polycarpic. Rhizomes thick, apically with densely brown residue of petioles, branched. Stems erect, ca. 1 cm in diam., base, arachnoid, apically densely leafy. Leaves green, concolorous, glabrous or subglabrous. Lower stem leaves long petiolate; leaf blade narrowly oblong, 6--10 X 0.5--1 cm, abaxially subglabrous, adaxially pubescent, base abruptly narrowed, margin irregularly serrulate, apex acute. Upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, base shortly decurrent. Uppermost stem leaves numerous, under and around capitula, lanceolate, densely stellate. Capitula numerous, sessile, hemispherical. Involucre small. Phyllaries in 4 rows, lanceolate to oblanceolate, abaxially densely villous. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 6 mm. Florets reddish purple, ca. 8 mm, tube as long as limb. Achene cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Aug--Sep.

                * Mountain slopes; 3400--4100 m. Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

16. Saussurea leucoma Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 197. 1912.

羽裂雪兔子 yu lie xue tu zi

Saussurea franchetiana H. Léveillé.

                Herbs, perennial, 14--18 cm tall, polycarpic. Roots dark brown, vertical, thick. Stems erect, pale brown or dirty white densely lanate, base with blackish brown residue of old leaves, apically inflated. Leaves abaxially pale grayish white and thinly arachnoid-lanate, adaxially inconspicuously brown green when dry, sparsely arachnoid or glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves with 0.5--2 cm deplanate petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 3--4 X ca. 1.7 cm, pinnately cleft or pinnately parted; lobes margin entire, apex acute to obtuse; lowermost lateral lobes narrowly triangular to small toothed; lateral lobes 5--7-paired, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, gradually smaller towards both ends of leaf; terminal lobe elliptic. Upper stem leaves sessile, linear, ca. 3 cm X 1.8 mm, reflexed, margin entire, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal on stem, paniculate or globose, covered by white or pale brown cottony hairs. Capitula numerous. Involucre oblong, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 10 X 5 mm, abaxially densely brown lanate, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic, 9--10 X ca. 3 mm, abaxially lanate, margin hyaline-membranous, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows, brown; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets blackish purple, ca. 1 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene blackish purple, obconic, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Alpine rocky mountainous regions, scree; 3200--5300 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

17. Saussurea simpsoniana (Fielding & Gardner) Lipschitz, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1964: 319. 1964.

小果雪兔子 xiao guo xue tu zi

Aplotaxis simpsoniana Fielder & Gardner, Sert. Pl.: t. 26. Cum descril. 1844; A. gossypina de Candolle var. minor de Candolle; Saussurea sacra Edgeworth.

                Herbs, perennial, 2--12 cm tall. Stems densely white lanate, base with residue of old leaves. Basal and lower stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade linear, 2--6 X 0.3--0.6 cm, densely white lanate, base cuneate-attenuate, margin toothed or pinnately lobed. Uppermost stem leaves small, usually reflexed, margin entire or sparsely toothed, apex acute. Inflorescences on inflated end of stem. Capitula numerous, hemispherical. Involucre narrowly cylindric. Phyllaries oblong to oblanceolate, apically purplish red, apex acuminate. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.5 cm. Achene brown, 2--3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Alpine scree; 4700--5800 m. S Xinjiang, W Xizang [Bhutan, NW Indian, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].

18. Saussurea tridactyla Schultz-Bipontinus ex J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 3: 377. 1991.

三指雪兔子 san zhi xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 8--15 cm tall, cauliferous, polycarpic. Roots blackish brown, slender. Stem densely white or brown lanate, base with brown residue of petioles. Leaves white or grayish white, concolorous, densely lanate, crowded. Lower stem leaves with brown 1.5--2 cm petiole; leaf blade linear, ca. 15 X 2--4 mm, margin shallowly obtusely toothed. Middle and upper stem leaves with ca. 1 cm petiole; leaf blade spatulate, obovate-spatulate, or oblong, 1--2 X 0.5--1 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin shallowly obtusely 2--6-lobate, apically toothed, or rarely entire. Inflorescences hemispherical, 4--5.5 cm in diam., covered by cottony hairs. Involucre oblong or hemispherical, ca. 8 mm in diam. Capitula numerous or solitary, sessile, hemispherical, 4--5.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 3 or 4 rows, oblong, 9--12 X ca. 3 mm, subequal, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries abaxially lanate; middle and inner phyllaries abaxially glabrous. Pappus in 1 row, brown to dirty brown, ca. 8 mm, plumose. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 5.5 mm, limb ca. 4.5 mm. Achene brown, obconic, ca. 7 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Sep.

                Alpine scree, among broken stones on mountain peaks, grassland on mountain slopes; 4300--5300 m. Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

1a. Capitula numerous; involucre oblong ..............................................................................................  18. var. tridactyla

1b. Capitulum solitary; involucre hemispherical ..........................................................................  18b. var. maiduoganla

18a. Saussurea tridactyla var. tridactyla

三指雪兔子 san zhi xue tu zi

                Capitula numerous. Involucre oblong.

                Alpine scree, among broken stones on mountain peaks, grassland on mountain slopes; 4300--5300 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

18b. Saussurea tridactyla var. maiduoganla S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 71. 1984.

丛株雪兔子 cong zhu xue tu zi

                Flowering stems 3, cespitose. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre hemispherical.

                * Alpine scree; 4600--4700 m. Xizang (Gyirong Xian).

19. Saussurea georgei J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 207. 1934.

川滇雪兔子 chuan dian xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, rosular, polycarpic. Rhizomes long, with black residue of petioles. Leaves reflexed; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade blackish brown when dry, elliptic, ca. 2.5 X 0.8 cm, abaxially densely pale brown lanate, adaxially sparsely lanate, base cuneate-attenuate, margin sharply toothed, apex acuminate. Inflorescences in rosette of leaves. Capitula numerous, hemispherical. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 7--8 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, apically blackish purple; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate-elliptic, ca. 8 X 3 mm, abaxially sparsely lanate, apex acuminate; middle and inner phyllaries elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 13--15 X 3--4 mm, margin white hyaline-membranous, apex acute. Pappus in 1 row, ca. 1.2 cm, plumose. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube and limb each ca. 5 mm. Achene brown, narrowly cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Alpine scree; 3400--5300 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

20. Saussurea laniceps Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gard. Beelin 13: 657. 1937.

绵头雪兔子 mian tou xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 14--36 cm tall, cauliferous, monocarpic. Roots blackish brown, vertical, to 2 cm in diam. Stems base with brown residue of petioles, apically densely white or pale brown lanate. Leaves very dense; petiole  to 8 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate, narrowly spatulate, or narrowly elliptic, 8--15 X 1.5--2 cm, abaxially densely brown tomentose, adaxially arachnoid lanate and glabrescent, base cuneate-attenuate, margin entire or sinuolate, apex acute to acuminate. Subtending leaves linear lanceolate, densely white lanate. Capitula numerous, sessile, paniculate-spicate. Involucre broadly campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows; outer phyllaries lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, ca. 6 X 1 mm, abaxially white or brown lanate, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 9 X 4 mm, abaxially densely blackish brown lanate, apex linear acuminate. Pappus mouse-gray, in 2 rows; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 2 cm. Florets white, 1--1.2 cm, limb 3 X longer than tube. Achene cylindric, 2.5--3 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug--Oct.

                * Alpine scree; 3200--5500 m; Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

21. Saussurea paxiana Diels ex H. Limpricht, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 512. 1922.

红叶雪兔子 hong ye xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, 5--14 cm tall, cauliferous. Stems purplish red, brownish yellow lanate. Rhizomes short, with brown residue of petioles. Basal and lower stem leaves densely lanate; petiole 3--4 cm; leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, spatulate, or elliptic-lanceolate, 5--9 X 1--2 cm, glabrous, abaxially purplish red, adaxially green, base cuneate-attenuate, margin toothed, apex acute to acuminate. Middle stem leaves small. Uppermost stem leaves oblong to lanceolate, basal half brown lanate. Inflorescences hemispherical, ca. 5 cm in diam. Capitula 2--5. Involucre oblong, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows; outer phyllaries narrowly triangular, ca. 12 X 4 mm, abaxially brown lanate, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 12 X 3 mm, abaxially brown lanate, apex herbaceous and acuminate; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-linear, ca. 14 X 2 mm, abaxially brown lanate, apex acute. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 1.5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.3 cm. Florets dark red, ca. 1.7 cm, tube 9.5 mm, limb 7.5 mm. Achene brown, cylindric, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                * Alpine scree; 4000--5000 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang.

22. Saussurea medusa Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 488. 1881.

水母雪兔子 shui mu xue tu zi

Saussurea dainellii Pampanini; S. namikawae Kitamura; S. trullifolia W. W. Smith; S. trullifolia W. W. Smith var. pinnatibracteata J. Anthony.

                Herbs, perennial, cauliferous, polycarpic. Rhizomes slender, with blackish brown residue of petioles, branched, apically with several rosette leaves. Leaves grayish green, concolorous or subconcolorous, white lanate, crowded. Lower stem leaves with ca. 2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade obovate, flabelliform, orbicular, oblong, or rhombic, to 7.5 X 3 cm, base cuneate-attenuate and purple, margin apical half coarsely 6--12-toothed, apex obtuse to rounded. Upper stem leaves reflexed, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, apex acute to acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, reflexed, margin serrulate. Subtending leaves linear-lanceolate, white lanate. Inflorescences terminal on stem, hemispherical. Capitula numerous, sessile. Involucre narrowly cylindric, 5--7 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows; outer phyllaries purple, narrowly elliptic, ca. 11 X 2 mm, abaxially white or brown lanate, apex long acuminate; middle Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. phyllaries oblanceolate, ca. 10 X 4 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 11 X 2 mm, apex obtuse. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene pale brown, fusiform, 8--9 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Rocky mountain slopes, alpine scree; 3000--5600 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian) [Kashmir, Nepal].

                The whole herb is used medicinally.

23. Saussurea glacialis Herder, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(3): 144. 1867.

冰川雪兔子 bing chuan xue tu zi

Saussurea pamirica C. Winkler; S. violacea Pampanini.

                Herbs, grayish green, perennial, to 15 cm tall, polycarpic, cauliferous, densely lanate. Rhizomes slender, with brown residue of petioles. Stems erect, densely leafy, crowned with a rosette of leaves. Leaves abaxially sparsely lanate, adaxially densely and thickly lanate. Basal and lower stem leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 1.5--4 X 0.4--1 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin apically crenate or entire, apex obtuse. Middle and upper stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves, small, supporting inflorescence. Inflorescences terminal on stem, capitate. Capitula 10--20 or more. Involucre campanulate, 7--10 mm in diam. Phyllaries in 3--5 rows, subequal; outer phyllaries narrowly elliptic-ovate to narrowly elliptic, abaxially reddish brown and lanate, apex acute; inner phyllaries fleshy, lanceolate, apex acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows, white or dirty white; outer pappus 2--3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.2 cm. Achene ellipsoid-terete, 2--3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                Alpine scree; 3800--4800 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia), Tajikistan].

24. Saussurea gossipiphora D. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 414. 1821.

雪兔子 xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial, to 30 cm tall, monocarpic, cauliferous, apically densely white or brownish yellow lanate. Roots blackish brown, vertical, fusiformly branched. Stems erect, with brown residue of petioles. Lower stem leaves petiolate; leaf blade linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic, ca. 14 cm X 4--14 mm including petiole, abaxially glabrous or lanate when young, base cuneate-attenuate, margin sharply or shallowly toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Upper stem leaves gradually smaller apically on stem. Uppermost stem leaves linear-lanceolate, to 6 cm, usually reflexed, densely white or pale yellow lanate, apex long acuminate. Inflorescences hemispherical, 7--10 cm in diam. Capitula numerous or solitary, sessile. Involucre broadly cylindric or hemispherical. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, ovate-lanceolate to linear-oblong, abaxially lanate, apex acute. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.1 cm, tube ca. 4.5 mm, limb ca. 6.5 mm. Achene black, 3--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Alpine scree, rock crevices on mountain slopes; 4000--5000 m. S Xizang, Yunnan (Lijiang Xian) [Bhutan, NW India, Nepal, Sikkim].

1a. Capitula numerous; involucre broadly cylindric, 0.5--0.6 cm in diam.  ................................  24a. var. gossipiphora

1b. Capitulum solitary; involucre hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam.  .................................................  24b. var. conaensis

24a. Saussurea gossipiphora var. gossipiphora

雪兔子 xue tu zi

Aplotaxis gossypina de Candolle; Saussurea gossypina Wallich.

                Capitula numerous, 7--10 cm in diam; involucre broadly cylindric, 5--6 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Alpine scree, rock crevices on mountain slopes; 4500--5000 m. S Xizang, Yunnan (Lijiang Xian) [Bhutan, India, Nepal. Sikkim].

                The whole herb is used medicinally.

24b. Saussurea gossipiphora var. conaensis S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 71. 1984.

错那雪兔子 cuo na xue tu zi

                Capitula solitary; involucre hemispherical, ca. 4 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. Aug.

                * Alpine scree; 4000--4700 m. Xizang (Cona Xian).

25. Saussurea chionophora Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 60: 117. 1923.

显脉雪兔子 xian mai xue tu zi

                Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes vertical, long, slender, branched, densely covered with membranous brown petiole. Stems branched; some branches crowned by sterile rosette leaves, others 4--7 cm tall, densely white lanate, apically clavate. Leaves with 1--2 cm winged petiole; leaf blade elliptic, orbicular, or sometimes lanceolate, abaxially white addressed tomentose, adaxially blackish green and arachnoid, margin sinuolate, sparsely crenate, or toothed. Subtending leaves linear, 1.5--4 cm, base lanate, margin entire, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal on stem, hemispherical. Capitula numerous, sessile. Involucre cylindric, 1--1.2 cm. Phyllaries straw-colored, spatulate-lanceolate, 3--4 mm wide, apically black and lanate, apex shortly acute. Pappus brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus few, short; inner pappus long. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene striate, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.

                * Rocky mountain slopes; 4300--4700 m. Qinghai, Sichuan (Muli Xian).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

II. Saussurea subgen. Amphilaena (Stscheglejew) Lipschitz, Trans. Musc. Soc. Nat. Bid. Ser. 3: 180. 1960.

雪莲亚属 xue lian ya shu

Saussurea sect. Amphilaena Stscheglejew, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 21(3): 244. 1848; Saussurea sect. obvallatae Maximowicz.

                Herbs, cauliferous, rarely substemless or very rarely stemless. Stem leaves margin entire or toothed. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding or semisurrounding inflorescences or capitula, white or red, boatlike, membranous. Receptacle with short scales. Pappus white or brown, in (1 or)2 rows; outer pappus few, short, scabrous; inner pappus many, persistent, long, plumose. Achene glabrous.

                About 23 species: Bhutan, China, NW India, Kashmir, Kazakstan, Nepal, Sikkim; 20 species (15 endemic) in China.

1a. Leaf blade or leaf blade margin glandular hairy.

2b. Subtending leaves small, not surrounding capitula ................................................................................  32. S. conica

2a. Subtending leaves large, surrounding capitula.

3a. Subtending leaves yellow, narrowly elliptic to ovate-oblong.

4a. Subtending leaves to 11 cm; capitula 6--15, sessile, straight; phyllaries abaxially glandular hairy  30. S. obvallata

4b. Subtending leaves no more than 7 cm; capitula 1--3, with short peduncles, pendent; phyllaries abaxially villous      31. S. wettsteiniana

3b. Subtending leaves purplish red, ovate, broadly ovate, orbicular, or boatlike.

5a. Plants short or stemless; capitula solitary.

6a. Plants cauliferous; capitula at end of stem; phyllaries unequal; leaves lanceolate, apex acuminate densely glandular hairy .........................................................................................................................................................  26. S. bracteata

6b. Plants stemless; capitula in rosette of leaves; phyllaries subequal; leaves elliptic, apex obtuse pubescent, with glandular hairs margin ...........................................................................................................................  27. S. nidularis

5b. Plants tall; capitula (1 or)2--12.

7a. Involucre campanulate, 2--3 cm in diam. ..............................................................................................  28. S. tangutica

7b. Involucre obconic, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. ...............................................................................................  29. S. erubescens

1a. Leaf blade lanate, tomentose, arachnoid, strigose, or glabrous.

8a. Capitula numerous or few.

9a. Leaf blade strigose .....................................................................................................................................  40. S. globose

9b. Leaf blade glabrous or villous, abaxially lanate, and/or adaxially villous.

10a. Leaf blade glabrous ...........................................................................................................................  41. S. involucrata

10b. Leaf blade villous, or abaxially lanate, or abaxially glabrous and adaxially villous.

11a. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous and adaxially villous ........................................................................  42. S. iodostegia

11b. Leaf blade villous or abaxially lanate and adaxially villous.

12a. Leaf blade margin retrorsely toothed ................................................................................................  43. S. nigrescens

12b. Leaf blade margin toothed.

13a. Leaf blade lanceolate, 5--10 cm, abaxially lanate, adaxially villous ..............................................  44. S. phaeantha

13b. Leaf blade lanceolate, 17--20 cm, villous ..........................................................................................  45. S. veitchiana

8b. Capitulum solitary.

14a. Involucre 1--1.3 cm in diam. .................................................................................................................  39. S. polycolea

14b. Involucre (1.5--)2--5 cm in diam.

15a. Leaf blade glabrous ..................................................................................................................................  33. S. uniflora

15b. Leaf blade white lanate, tomentose, or villous.

16a. Leaf blade abaxially densely white lanate ...........................................................................................  38. S. pubifolia

16b. Leaf blade villous or tomentose.

17a. Upper stem leaves not foliaceous ........................................................................................................  34. S. pratensis

17b. Upper stem leaves foliaceous.

18a. Leaf blade straplike, 0.5--0.8 cm wide ..................................................................................................  35. S. muliensis

18b. Leaf blade not straplike, 0.7--3.2 cm wide.

19a. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 2.5 cm in diam.; florets ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 7 mm; subtending leaves semisurrounding capitula .......................................................................................................................  36. S. velutina

19b. Involucre campanulate, 1.2--2 cm in diam.; florets ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 9 mm; subtending leaves not surrounding capitula ............................................................................................................................  37. S. longifolia

26. Saussurea bracteata Decaisne in Jacquemont, Voy. Inde 4: 94. 1844.

膜苞雪莲 mo bao xue lian

Saussurea schultzii J. D. Hooker.

                Herbs, perennial, 3--8 cm tall. Stems with brown residue of petioles. Stem leaves usually purplish red; petiole 1--3 cm; leaf blade oblong, 7--15 X 0.5--1.3 cm, densely glandular hairy or abaxially subglabrous, base attenuate, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, purplish red, ovate, to ca. 3.5 X 1.6 cm, membranous, glandular hairy, margin toothed, apex acuminate. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 1.5--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially and margin purplish red; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 4 mm, abaxially white villous; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm, abaxially white villous, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 1.9 cm X 1 mm, abaxially white lanate, apex long acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.2 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene dark brown, oblong, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Alpine meadows, alpine scree; 4000--5400 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang [NW India, Kashmir, Pakistan].

27. Saussurea nidularis Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 655. 1937.

鸟巢状雪莲 niao chao zhuang xue lian

                Herbs, stemless. Leaves rosular, shortly petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, 8--24 X 2--6 cm, coarsely hairy, base obtuse to attenuate, margin small toothed and glandular hairy, apex obtuse. Subtending leaves surrounding capitula, purplish red, ovate. Capitula solitary in rosette of leaves, sessile or subsessile. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm. Phyllaries subequal; outer phyllaries basally ovate; inner phyllaries narrow, abaxially villous and coarsely hairy, margin brown, apex long acuminate. Pappus sometimes white. Florets numerous. Fl. Aug.

                * Rocky pastures; ca. 3600--4800 m. SE Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian).

                No specimens of this species was seen by the author and the above description was taken from the original publication.

28. Saussurea tangutica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 489. 1881.

唐古特雪莲 tang gu te xue lian

Saussurea obvallata (de Candolle) Edgeworth var. orientalis Diels

                Herbs, perennial, 16--17 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, apically with brown residue of petioles. Stem purple to pale purple, solitary, erect, sparsely white villous. Basal leaves with 2--6 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong to broadly lanceolate, 3--9 X 1--2.3 cm, glandular hairy, base attenuate, margin serrulate, apex acute. Stem leaves narrowly elliptic to oblong, glandular hairy, apex acute. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula or inflorescence, purplish red, broadly ovate, membranous, coarsely and glandular hairy, margin serrulate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences or solitary capitulum terminal on stem, 3--7 cm in diam. Capitula 1--5, sessile. Involucre broadly campanulate 2--3 cm in diam. Phyllaries blackish purple, in 4 rows, abaxially yellowish white villous; outer phyllaries elliptic, ca. 5 X 2 mm, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 10 X 2.5 mm, apex acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 15 X 2 mm, apex long acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows, pale brown; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene brownish purple, oblong, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Alpine scree, alpine meadows; 3800--5000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

29. Saussurea erubescens Lipschitz, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 20: 342. 1960.

红柄雪莲 hong bing xue lian

Saussurea obvallata (de Candolle) Edgeworth var. gymnocephala Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--30 cm tall. Roots thick, cylindric. Stem solitary, erect, densely yellowish white villous, base with brown fibrous lacerate residue of petioles. Basal and lower stem leaves with to 6 cm petiole; leaf blade broadly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 1.5--5.5 X 1--3.5 cm, densely shortly glandular hairy, base attenuate, margin small toothed or rarely entire, apex acute to acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves semisurrounding capitula, purplish red, boatlike, membranous, densely white villous. Peduncle densely white villous. Capitula (1 or)2--12, terminal, corymbose. Involucre obconic, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, abaxially purplish red and white villous, margin purplish red, apex acuminate; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 6 X 2.5 mm; middle phyllaries linear, ca. 14 X 1.1 mm; inner phyllaries linear, ca. 16 X 1 mm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 6 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets blackish purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on marshes, by rivers, mountain valleys, Mountain peaks, meadows; 3100--4800 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang.

30. Saussurea obvallata (de Candolle) Edgeworth, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 76. 1846.

苞叶雪莲 bao ye xue lian

Aplotaxis obvallata de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 541. 1838.

                Herbs, perennial, 16--60 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, neck densely covered with brown fibrous lacerate residue of petioles. Stems erect, pubescent or glabrous. Basal leaves with to 8 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblong, or ovate, 7--20 X 3--6 cm, glandular hairy, base cuneate, margin serrulate, apex obtuse. Stem leaves sessile, similar to basal leaves but gradually smaller towards stem apex. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding inflorescence, yellow, narrowly elliptic to ovate-oblong, to 16 X 7 cm, membranous, pubescent or glandular hairy, margin serrulate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal on stem, hemispherical. Capitula 6--15, pedunculate or not. Involucre hemispherical, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially pubescent and glandular hairy, margin blackish purple, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate; middle phyllaries elliptic; inner phyllaries linear. Pappus dark brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 mm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 1 cm. Achene oblong, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Grassland, rocky places on mountain slopes, by streams, scree; 3200--4700 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NW Indian, Kashmir, N Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].

                The whole herb is used medicinally.

31. Saussurea wettsteiniana Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 57: 144. 1920.

垂头雪莲 chui tou xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 35--58 cm tall. Stem bases densely covered with brown residue of petioles, apically white villous. Basal leaves with 5--19 cm petiole; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, ca. 25 X 4 cm, glandular hairy, base attenuate, margin evenly small toothed, apex acuminate. Stem leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, small, base semiamplexicaul. Uppermost stem leaves yellow, ovate to elliptic, 5--7 X 3.5--5 cm, membranous, glandular hairy, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Peduncle pendent. Capitula 1--3. Involucre hemispherical, 1.5--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 rows, abaxially blackish purple and yellowish white villous; outer phyllaries lanceolate, 2.5--0.5 cm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.2 X 0.4 cm, apex narrowly acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 X 0.2 cm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 1.1 cm. Achene oblong, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Forest edges, grassland, meadows; 3300--4500 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Lijiang Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

32. Saussurea conica C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 224. 1876.

肿柄雪莲 zhong bing xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 20--45 cm tall. Stem bases with brown residue of petioles, apically white pubescent. Lower stem leaves oblong, 9--18 X 1.2--3 cm including petiole, glandular hairy, base attenuate, margin toothed, apex acute. Uppermost stem leaves purplish red, ovate, to 5 cm, apex acuminate. Capitula 1--6, corymbose. Involucre campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm. Phyllaries lanceolate, abaxially villous, apex acuminate. Pappus pale yellow. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1 cm. Achene ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Grassland on mountain slopes; 4600--5300 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, Sikkim].

33. Saussurea uniflora (Wallich ex de Candolle) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 330. 1846.

单花雪莲 dan hua xue lian

Aplotaxis uniflora Wallich ex de Candolle, Prodr. 6: 539. 1838; S. uniflora var. sinensis J. Anthony.

                Herbs, perennial, 14--60 cm tall. Stems densely villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal leaves with 1--3 cm petiole; leaf blade oblong, linear-oblanceolate, or linear-oblong, 3--15 X 1--2.2 cm, glabrous, margin toothed, apex obtuse. Stem leaves sessile, linear-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, small, apex acuminate to obtuse. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, purplish red, elliptic, to 3 X 1 cm, membranous, densely villous, margin entire, apex caudate-acuminate. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre hemispherical, 2--4 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 4 rows, abaxially apically densely white villous; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 3 mm, apex long acuminate; middle and inner phyllaries linear-oblong, to 15 X 1.8 mm, apex long acuminate. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.8 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 1.3 cm. Achene cylindric, 3--4 cm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Forests, thickets; 3400--4000 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Nepal, Sikkim].

34. Saussurea pratensis J. Anthony, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 210. 1934.

草原雪莲 cao yuan xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, to 30 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Stems erect, densely yellowish white villous, with brown residue of petioles. Lower stem leaves with 3--6 cm petiole; leaf blade straplike to lanceolate, 15.5--18 X 1--1.2 cm, sparsely yellowish white villous, base attenuate, margin sparsely small toothed, apex obtuse. Middle stem leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, to 11 X 0.5 cm, margin entire. Upper stem leaves sessile, linear to ovate-lanceolate, 1.3--6 X ca. 0.2 cm, base amplexicaul, apex acuminate. Capitula solitary. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 1.3 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 4 rows, abaxially densely yellowish white villous, apex narrowly acuminate; outer phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 4 mm; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 17 X 3 mm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 18 X 1--1.8 mm, margin purplish red, apex long acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1.7 cm, tube ca. 1 cm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene pale brown, oblong, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland, open grassland; 2000--3100 m. Yunnan (Dali Xian, Lijiang Xian).

35. Saussurea muliensis Hand-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 656. 1937.

木里雪莲 mu li xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 21--29 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Stems purplish red, erect, densely white villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal and lower stem leaf sessile, straplike, 7.5--20 X 0.5--0.8 cm, densely villous, base attenuate, margin entire, apex acute. Middle stem leaves similar to basal and lower stem leaves. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, purplish red, ovate elliptic, yellowish white villous, margin sharply small toothed or entire. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, 2--2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 5 or 6 rows, abaxially villous; outer phyllaries ovate, ca. 5 X 5 mm, apex obtuse; middle phyllaries narrowly elliptic, ca. 9 X 2 mm, apex obtuse; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 2.2 mm, apex long acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Immature achene dark brown. Fl. Aug.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 4300--4400 m. Sichuan (Muli Xian).

36. Saussurea velutina W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 12: 221. 1920.

毡毛雪莲 zhan mao xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 17--35 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stems erect, brownish yellow villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal leaves early deciduous. Lower stem leaves with 2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 9--12 X 0.7--1.5 cm, densely brownish yellow tomentose, base attenuate, margin sparsely small toothed, apex acuminate. Middle stem leaves similar to lower stem leaves or oblong-lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, purplish red, obovate, 3--4 X 1.5--2.2 cm, membranous, brownish yellow tomentose, margin serrulate to subentire. Peduncle ca. 5 mm. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially and/or margin blackish purple, abaxially brownish yellow villous, apex long acuminate; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 11 X 4 mm; middle phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.2 mm; inner phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 1 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 4 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.9 cm. Florets purplish red, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 3 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Thickets, alpine scree; 3300--5000 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Lijiang Xian).

37. Saussurea longifolia Franchet, J. Bot. 2: 354. 1888.

长叶雪莲 chang ye xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 15--30 cm tall. Rhizomes thick. Stems erect, white villous, with brown residue of petioles. Basal leaves with 2.5--6 cm winged petiole; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, 7--15 X 2--3.2 cm, villous, base attenuate, margin toothed, apex obtuse. Middle stem leaves sessile, small. Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding capitula, purplish red, elliptic, small, membranous. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre campanulate, 1.2--2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially purplish red and villous; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 2.5 mm, apex long acuminate; middle phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 2 mm, apex long acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.5 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.2 cm. Florets reddish purple, ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 9 mm. Achene oblong, 3--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland, thickets; 3200--4600 m. Qinghai, SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.

38. Saussurea pubifolia S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 70. 1984.

毛背雪莲 mao bei xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 15--30 cm tall. Stems bases densely covered with brown residue of petioles, apically white lanate. Basal leaves adaxially green, linear-oblong, 8--25 X 0.8--1.1 cm, abaxially densely white lanate, base attenuate, margin incised-toothed, apex acuminate. Middle stem leaves subsessile, small, semiamplexicaul, decurrent on stem wing. Upper stem leaves ovate, to 6 cm, white lanate, apex long acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding or not surrounding capitulum, purplish red, broadly ovate to suborbicular, membranous or herbaceous. Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem. Involucre hemispherical, to 2 cm. Phyllaries ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, apex acuminate. Pappus brown. Florets brownish purple, 1.2--1.4 cm. Achene black. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Alpine scree, grassland; 4200--5200 m. SC Xizang.

1a. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, large, membranous .............................................  38a. var. pubifolia

1b. Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding capitula, small, herbaceous ....................................  38b. var. lhasaensis

38a. Saussurea pubifolia var. pubifolia

毛背雪莲 mao bei xue lian

                Uppermost stem leaves surrounding capitula, large, membranous.

                * Alpine scree; 4500--5100 m. SC Xizang.

38b. Saussurea pubifolia var. lhasaensis S. W. Liu, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 3: 71. 1984.

小苞雪莲 xiao bao xue lian

                Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding capitula, small, herbaceous.

                * Grassland; 4200--5200 m. Xizang (Lhasa Shi).

39. Saussurea polycolea Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 654. 1937.

多鞘雪莲 duo qiao xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 10--26 cm tall. Rhizomes slender. Stem solitary or cespitose, erect, densely white villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal and lower stem leaves with 1.2--4 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate, 3.5--6 X 0.8--2.5 cm, white villous, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margin sparsely mucronate, apex obtuse mucronate to acute. Middle stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, base semiamplexicaul. Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding capitula, purplish red, 2--3 X 0.7--1 cm, white villous. Capitulum sessile or pedunculate, terminal on stem, solitary or inflorescences composed of 2 or 3 capitula. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 1--1.3 cm in diam. Phyllaries purplish red, in 4 or 5 rows or absent, abaxially and/or margin grayish white villous, apex acuminate to long acuminate; outer phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2 cm X 1.5 mm; middle phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2.1 cm X 1.2 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to linear, ca. 2 cm X 0.7--0.8 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 5 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets bluish purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 8 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, flooded areas, meadows; 3200--4900 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

1a. Capitulum solitary ..............................................................................................................................  39a. var. polycolea

1b. Inflorescences composed of 2 or 3 capitula ...........................................................................  39b. var. acustisquama

39a. Saussurea polycolea var. polycolea

多鞘雪莲 duo qiao xue lian

                Capitulum solitary, terminal on stem.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 3200--4500 m. Sichuan, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).

39b. Saussurea polycolea var. acutisquama (Y. Ling) Lipschitz, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 52: 664. 1967.

尖苞雪莲 jian bao xue lian

Saussurea nigrescens Maximowicz var. acutisquama Y. Ling, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 6: 95. 1949.

                Inflorescences compossed of 2 or 3 capitula. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Flooded areas, meadows, grassland on mountain slopes; 3400--4900 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Xizang.

40. Saussurea globosa F. H. Chen, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 96. 1935.

球花雪莲 qiu hua xue lian

Saussurea taipaiensis Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 10--60 cm tall. Rhizomes neck with brown residue of petioles. Stems green or purple, erect, apically white villous and capitate-glandular hairy. Basal leaves with petiole to 14 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 13--20 X 1.5--3 cm, sparsely brown strigose, base cuneate-attenuate, margin sharply small toothed, apex obtuse, acute, or long acuminate. Stems leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate to linear, gradually smaller apically on stem, base decurrent on stem. Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding inflorescence, purple, boatlike, 4--6 X 1--2 cm, membranous, margin entire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences corymbose; peduncle long. Capitula several to numerous. Involucre campanulate to globose, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially purplish red, white villous, and glandular hairy, margin purplish red, apex acute; outer phyllaries ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 3.5 mm; middle phyllaries oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ca. 13 X 3 mm; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 25 X 1 mm. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, limb ca. 1.1 cm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassy slopes on alpine, mountain peaks, meadows; 2100--4800 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian).

41. Saussurea involucrata (Karelin & Kirilow) Schultz-Bipontinus, Linnaea 19: 331. 1846.

雪莲花 xue lian hua

Aplotaxis involucrata Karelin & Kirilow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 389. 1842; S. karelinii Stscheglejew; S. lioui Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, 15--35 cm tall. Rhizomes thick, neck with brown residue of petioles. Stems stout, 2--3 cm in diam., glabrous, leafy. Basal and stem leaves sessile, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, ca. 1.4 X 2--3.5 cm, glabrous, base decurrent, margin sharply toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding inflorescence, pale yellow, broadly ovate, 5.5--7 X 2--7 cm, membranous, margin sharply toothed. Capitula 10--20, sessile or pedunculate. Involucre hemispherical, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 3 or 4 rows, abaxially and margin purplish brown, apex acute; outer phyllaries oblong, ca. 11 X 5 mm, abaxially sparsely villous; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate, 15--18 X ca. 2 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.5 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.6 cm, tube ca. 7 mm, limb ca. 9 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                Mountain slopes, mountain valleys, by Waters, meadows, in rock fissures; 2400--4100 m. Xinjiang [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].

42. Saussurea iodostegia Hance, J. Bot. 16: 109. 1878.

紫苞雪莲 zi bao xue lian

               Herbs, perennial, 30--70 cm tall. Rhizomes procumbent, neck with fibrous, lacerate, or scalelike residue of petioles. Stem purple, erect, white villous. Basal leaves petiolate; petiole 7--9 cm, base sheathing stem; leaf blade linear-oblong, 20--35 X 1--5 cm, abaxially glabrous and adaxially sparsely villous or both surfaces strigose, base attenuate, margin sharply toothed, apex acuminate to narrowly acuminate. Stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, base semiamplexicaul, margin sparsely serrate, apex acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding inflorescence, purple, elliptic to broadly elliptic, ca. 5.5 X 1.3 cm, membranous. Inflorescences terminal on stem, corymbose; peduncle densely white villous or densely brown glandular hairy. Capitula 4--7. Involucre 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially or margin apically purple, abaxially white villous, apex obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate to triangular-ovate, ca. 8 X 3 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 3 m; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to narrowly linear-elliptic, ca. 13 X 2.5 mm. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.9 cm. Florets purple, ca. 1.3 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 7 mm. Achene pale brown, oblong, ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, meadows on mountainous regions, forests, salt-marshes; 1500--3400 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi.

1a. Peduncle densely white villous; leaf blade abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely villous ...  42a. var. iodostegia

1b. Peduncle densely brown glandular hairy; leaf blade strigose ...............................................  42b. var. ferruginipes

42a. Saussurea iodostegia var. iodostegia

紫苞雪莲 zi bao xue lian

                Leaf blade abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely villous. Peduncle densely white villous.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes, meadows on mountainous regions, forests, salt-marshes; 1700--3300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi.

42b. Saussurea iodostegia var. ferruginipes J. R. Drummond ex Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 657. 1937.

锈色雪莲 xiu se xue lian

                Leaf blade strigose. Peduncle with brown glandular hairs.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; 3000--3400 m. Shaanxi.

43. Saussurea nigrescens Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 491. 1881.

钝苞雪莲 dun bao xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 15--45 cm tall. Rhizomes slender. Stems fascicled or solitary, sparsely villous or glabrous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 8--15 X ca. 1 cm, sparsely villous or glabrescent, base cuneate-attenuate, margin retrorsely sharply toothed, apex acute to acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, base semiamplexicaul, apex acute to acuminate. Uppermost stem leaves not surrounding inflorescence, purple, small. Peduncle straight, 1.5--7 cm, sparsely villous. Capitula 1--6, corymbose. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries blackish brown to dark brown when dry, in 4 or 5 rows, abaxially white villous, apex obtuse to subobtuse; outer phyllaries ovate, lanceolate, to linear-lanceolate, gradually longer apically on involucre; inner phyllaries purple, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.4 cm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purple, ca. 1.4 cm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                * Grassland; 2200--4000 m. Gansu, Henan, Qinghai, Shaanxi.

44. Saussurea phaeantha Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 489. 1991.

褐花雪莲 he hua xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 15--30(--40) cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Stem erect, villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal leaves with ca. 1 cm petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, 5--10 X 0.8--1.5 cm, abaxially lanate or arachnoid, adaxially white villous, base attenuate, margin serrulate, apex acuminate. Stem leaves sessile, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, small, base semiamplexicaul. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding inflorescence, purple, elliptic to lanceolate, membranous, margin entire. Inflorescences corymbose. Capitula 5--15, small, sessile or pedunculate. Involucre ovoid-campanulate, 1--1.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially purplish red and white villous, apex acute to obtuse; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 12 X 4 mm; middle phyllaries lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 14 X 3.5 mm; inner phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 X 1.1 mm. Pappus dirty white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 2 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 9 mm. Florets brownish purple, ca. 1.2 cm, tube as long as limb. Achene brownish purple, oblong, 3--4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun--Sep.

                * Meadows, grassland, marshes; 3300--4900 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Gongshan Xian).

45. Saussurea veitchiana J. R. Drummond & Hutchinson, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 190. 1911.

华中雪莲 hua zhong xue lian

                Herbs, perennial, 46--61 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Stems purple above middle, erect, sparsely white villous, base with brown residue of petioles. Basal and lower stem leaves with 4.5--8.5 cm petiole; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 17--30 X 1--1.5 cm, sparsely yellowish white villous, base attenuate, margin sparsely small toothed, apex long acuminate. Middle stem leaves sessile, gradually smaller apically on stem, base semiamplexicaul. Uppermost stem leaves surrounding inflorescence, purple, oblong-elliptic to boatlike, membranous, margin entire or sinuolate. Inflorescences corymbose. Capitula numerous, pedunculate. Involucre narrowly campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially purplish red and sparsely white villous, margin purplish red; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, ca. 8 X 2.8 mm, apex acuminate; middle phyllaries elliptic, ca. 9 X 4 mm, apex narrowly acuminate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ca. 12 X 2 mm, apex acuminate. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 8 mm. Florets purplish red, ca. 9 mm, tube ca. 5.5 mm, limb ca. 3.5 mm. Achene reddish brown, oblong, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Marshes, grassland on mountain slopes, Mountain peaks; 1600--2900 m. Hubei, Sichuan.

III. Saussurea subgen. Theodorea (Cassini) Lipschitz, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Kamarova Acad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 379. 1961.

附片亚属 fu pian ya shu

Theodorea (Cassini) Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat. 47: 500, 513. 1827 (What is the basionym??); Saussurea sect. Elatae J. D. Hooker; Saussurea sect. Theodora (Cassini) de Candolle

                Herbs, biennial or perennial. Stems tall, branched, leafy. Capitula numerous to very numerous, corymbose or paniculate. Phyllaries purplish red, imbricate, margin sometimes toothed, all or only middle and inner phyllaries with membranous or rarely herbaceous appendage but sometimes appendage rudimentary and inconspicuous. Pappus in 2 rows; outer pappus short, early caducous; inner pappus long, plumose. Achene subcylindric, striate, apex without coronule.

                About 20 species: China, Europe, Japan, Kazakstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan; 16 species (7 endemic) in China.

1a. Phyllaries or at least inner phyllaries with an herbaceous apical appendage or appendage inconspicuous.

2b. Leaf blade undivided, margin entire .........................................................................................  57. S. chinnampoensis

2b. Leaf blade pinnatisect or sinuate-lobate.

3a. Leaf blade lateral segments or lobes linear ..........................................................................................  58. S. malitiosa

3b. Leaf blade lateral segments or lobes triangular.

4a. Leaf blade green, concolorous, sparsely strigose ...............................................................................  59. S. ladyginii

4b. Leaf blade blackish brown when dry, abaxially pale grayish white and sparsely pubescent, thin arachnoid  60. S. nematolepis

1b. Phyllaries or at least inner phyllaries with a purplish red, membranous, and enlarged apical appendage or appendage inconspicuous.

5a. Outer phyllaries with apical cartilaginous mucro.

6a. Herbs, biennial .............................................................................................................................  56. S. pseudomalitiosa

6b. Herbs, perennial.

7a. Stems wingless or wing inconspicuous ..............................................................................................  53. S. runcinata

7b. Stems conspicuously winged.

8a. Basal leaves bipinnately parted; apex of outer phyllaries reflexed ...................................................  54. S. laciniata

8b. Basal leaves pinnately lobed; apex of outer phyllaries not or barely reflexed .......................................  55. S. alata

5b. Outer phyllaries without an apical cartilaginous mucro.

9a. Outer phyllaries apex apicular ...................................................................................................................  52. S. robusta

9b. Outer phyllaries apex not apicular.

10a. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or ovoid-campanulate; outer phyllaries with an apical appendage.

11a. Stems wingless ............................................................................................................................................  46. S. amara

11b. Stem winged.

12a. Leaf blade undivided, oblong-lanceolate ...........................................................................................  47. S. chowana

12b. Leaf blade pinnately cleft, pinnately lobed or pinnately parted ...................................................  48. S. chingiana

10b. Involucre globose, globose-campanulate, cylindric, campanulate, or ovoid-campanulate; phyllaries with an apical appendage.

13a. Involucre 10--15 mm in diam. ................................................................................................................  51. S. pulchella

13b. Involucre 5--8 mm in diam.

14a. Stems usually not winged; involucre cylindric ..................................................................................  49. S. japonica

14b. Stems narrowly winged; involucre campanulate to ovoid-campanulate ............................. 50. S. pinnatidentata

46. Saussurea amara (Linnaeus) de Candolle, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 200. 1810.

草地风毛菊 cao di feng mao ju

Serratula amara Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 819. 1753; Saussurea amara var. glomerata (Poiret) Trautvetter; S. amara var. glomerata Trautvetter; S. amara f. microcephala Franchet; Saussurea glomerata Poiret; S. glomerata var. chinensis F. H. Chen; S. glomerata var. chinensis f. alata F. H. Chen; S. japonica (Thunberg) de Candolle var. alata (Chen) Nakai & Kitagawa; S. japonica f. leucophylla (Nakai & Kitagawa) Nakai & Kitagawa; S. microcephala Franchet ex Hemsley; S. microcephala var. aptera Nakai & Kitagawa; S. microcephala var. aptera f. leucocephala Nakai & Kitagawa; S. microcephala var. pteroclade Nakai & Kitagawa; S. tenuicaulis Y. Ling.

                Herbs, perennial, (9--)15--60 cm tall. Stems erect, base ca. 7 mm in diam., sparsely white pubescent to most often glabrous, wingless, sometimes narrowly corymbose from middle, apically or apex shortly corymbose. Leaves green, sparsely pubescent and golden glandular punctate. Basal and lower stem leaves with 2--4 cm petiole; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or narrowly lanceolate, 4--18 X 0.7--6 cm, base cuneate-attenuate, margin usually entire, rarely obtusely few toothed or sinuate and toothed, apex acute to obtuse. Middle and upper stem leaves shortly petiolate or sessile; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, gradually smaller apically on stem, base sometimes auriculate. Capitula numerous, corymbose or corymbosely paniculate. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, 0.8--1.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries green to pale green, in 4 rows, abaxially with few golden glandular puncts; outer phyllaries lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3--5 X ca. 1 mm, margin sometimes blackish green and sometimes trilobate, apex acute; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic to linear, ca. 9 X 1.5 mm, abaxially sparsely white pubescent, margin serrulate, apical appendage pale purplish red, orbicular, and expanded. Pappus white, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 1 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.7 cm. Florets pale purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube ca. 9 mm, limb ca. 6 mm. Achene oblong, ca. 3 mm. 4--ribbed. Fl. and fr. Jul--Oct.

                Wasteland, by trails, forest-steppes, steppes, alkali lands, dykes of streams, dunes, by lakes, beside water; 500--3200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan [Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan; Europe].

47. Saussurea chowana F. H. Chen, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 8: 119. 1938.

雾灵风毛菊 wu ling feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, to 4.2 cm tall. Stems erect, ribbed, winged. Leaves base decurrent. Lower stem leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 9--10 X ca. 2 cm, abaxially arachnoid, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, margin toothed with cartilaginous mucro at ends of teeth, apex acuminate. Middle and upper stem leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, 4--6 X 2--3 cm. Capitula numerous, pedunculate, paniculately corymbose. Involucre ovoid-campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4 rows, abaxially glabrous, apical appendage black, membranous, and unreflexed; outer phyllaries ovate, 2--3 mm; inner phyllaries lanceolate, ca. 5 mm. Pappus yellow, in 2 rows; outer pappus short, scabrous; inner pappus long. Florets purplish red. Achene ca. 2 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Sep.

                * Grassland on mountain slopes; elevation unknown. Hebei.

48. Saussurea chingiana Handel-Mazzetti, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 647. 1937.

抱茎风毛菊 bao jing feng mao ju

                Herbs, perennial, 55--100 cm tall. Stems erect, sparsely white pubescent, ca. 9 mm in diam., ribbed, winged; wing margin entire or triangular-toothed, with spiniform mucro at ends of teeth. Leaves green, concolorous, abaxially sparsely hispidulous or glabrescent and sparsely golden glandular punctate, base decurrent on stem wing. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Middle and lower stem leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 5--9 X 1--3 cm, usually pinnately lobed, pinnately parted or pinnatisect, rarely undivided; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, linear to narrowly triangular, margin entire; middle lobes large, gradually smaller towards both ends of rachis; terminal lobe linear, margin entire. Upper stem leaves similar to lower and middle stem leaves or undivided, linear. Capitula numerous to few, terminally 4--20 m in diam., corymbose. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, 1--1.2 cm in diam. Phyllaries in 4--6 rows; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate-triangular to narrowly triangular, ca. 2.3 X 1 mm, abaxially reddish purple, apex acute; middle phyllaries narrowly ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, 4--6 X 1--1.5 mm, apically with a reddish purple and orbicular appendage; inner phyllaries narrowly linear-elliptic, ca. 8 X 1.5 mm, apically with a an orbicular and membranous appendage. Pappus pale brown, in 2 rows; outer pappus ca. 3 mm, scabrous; inner pappus ca. 1.4 cm. Florets reddish purple, ca. 1.4 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, limb ca. 8 mm. Achene obovate, ca. 2.8 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul--Aug.