败酱科 bai jiang ke
Hong Deyuan（洪德元）； Fred Barrie, Charles D. Bell, Peter F. Stevens
Herbs perennial (shrubs , not in China), with a characteristic fetid odor caused by monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid ethereal oils. Leaves opposite, sometimes all basal, simple, entire to pinnatisect, or pinnate. Flowers perfect or rarely unisexual, in dichasia or monochasia, forming a corymb. Calyx variously reduced or modified, sometimes represented by inconspicuous teeth, often of up to 20 segments enrolled at anthesis forming a ring around corolla base, but unrolled in fruit, becoming setaceous, plumose, and pappus-like. Corolla connate, regular to irregular, sometimes 2-lipped; tube with nectariferous sac or spur near base; limb (3–)5-lobed. Stamens usually 3, but sometimes 4 (Nardostachys and some species of Patrinia), 1 or 2, inserted at corolla tube; anthers versatile, -. Ovary of 3 carpels, inferior; style long, slender; stigma entire or lobed; two carpels reduced and empty, or even obsolete; fertile ovary locule with a solitary pendulous apical ovule. Fruit an achene, sometimes winged, often crowned by an accrescent plumose calyx. Seeds with a large, straight embryo, without endosperm.
Seven genera with about 300 species: nearly cosmopolitan; three genera with about 34 species in China.
1a. Stamens 3, rarely 4; calyx segments up to 20, inrolled at anthesis, but unrolled in fruit, becoming pappus-like 3. Valeriana
1b. Stamens 4, rarely reduced to 1–3; calyx 5-dentate, not pappus-like in fruit.
2a. Bracteoles not enlarged into wings in fruit; caudexes nearly always covered with fibrous remains of old leaves; leaves entire .......................................................................................... 1. Nardostachys
2b. Bracteoles enlarged into wings in fruit; caudexes without fibrous remains of old leaves; leaves segmented or serrate ........................................................................................................... 2. Patrinia
甘松属 gan song shu
Herbs perennial. Caudex robust, densely covered with fibrous or lamellar old sheaths, top crowned with rosulate leaves. Flowering stems coming from below rosettes What do you mean?. Rosulate leaves narrowly spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, base attenuate into petiole, margin entire, apex obtuse, nerves 3–5, parallel. Cauline leaves usually 2- or 3-paired, lanceolate, smaller upward on stem. Cymes aggregated into a terminal capitulum; involucral bracts 2- or 3-paired; each flower subtended by a bract; bracteoles 2. Calyx 5-dentate, enlarged in fruit. Corolla campanulate; tube swollen into a sac (nectariferous) on one side below; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4..Basically in family description already.
Two species: in the Himalayas; one species in Southwest China.
甘松 gan song
Patrinia jatamansi D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal 159. 1825; Nardostachys chinensis Batalin; N. grandiflora de Candolle.
Caudex erect or oblique, robust, lignified, densely covered with fibrous or lamellar remains of old sheaths. Flowering stems 5–50 cm tall. Rosulate leaves narrowly spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, 3–25 × 0.5–2.5 cm, with 3 parallel nerves, glabrous or sparsely puberulous, base attenuate into petiole nearly equal to leaf blade in length, margin entire, apex obtuse. Cauline leaves mostly 2- or 3-paired, occasionally ±, lower ones elliptic to obovate, base attenuate into petiole; upper ones sessile, oblanceolate to lanceolate, sometimes sparsely serrate. Capitula of cymes, terminal, 1.5–2 cm broad; main inflorescence rachises and lateral rachises sometimes elongated; involucral bracts 4–6, lanceolate; bracts narrowly ovate to ovate, nearly equal to flowers in length; bracteoles 2, small. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes semi-orbicular to triangular-lanceolate, enlarged in fruit, usually ciliate. Corolla purple-red, campanulate, 4.5–9 mm, 5-lobed; lobes broadly ovate to oblong, 2–3.8 mm, outside ± hairy, occasionally glabrous, white villous. Stamens 4, nearly equal to corolla in length; filaments villous. Style nearly equal to stamens in length; stigma capitate. Achenes obovoid, 3–4 mm, totally or only above white hispid, to entirely glabrous; persistent calyx with lobes deltoid to ovate, 1.5–2.5 mm, obviously reticulate veined, margin usually white hispid, apex acuminate, rarely acute. Fl. late Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
Alpine thickets and meadows; 2600–5000 m. SE Gansu, S Qinghai (Maqên), W Sichuan (Aba, Barkam, Daocheng, Dawu, Dêgê, Garzê, Hongyuan, Jiulong, Kangding, Litang, Muli, Xiangcheng, Xinlong, Yajiang, Yanyuan, Zhaojue), Xizang (westwards to Burang, northwards to Lhünzhub), N Yunnan (Dêqên, Dongchuan, Lijiang, Shangri-La, Weixi) [Bhutan, India, Nepal].
败酱属 bai jiang shu
Fedia Adanson.
Herbs perennial, less frequently biannual. Rhizomes strongly stinking; stems sometimes lignified ??woody – all will be lignified at base. at base. Basal leaves rosulate, often wilted or caducous at anthesis. Cauline leaves from odd-pinnatifid to odd-bipinnatisect, or serrate or dentate, or rarely entire. Dichasia forming a terminal corymb or panicle, each inflorescence branch with a leafy involucral bract; bracts present below pedicels. Flowers small; calyx limb 5-lobed, sinuous, obtusely dentate, ovate or ovate-deltoid, persistent, rarely enlarged in fruit. Corolla campanulate or infundibular, yellow, pale yellow, or white; tube villous inside, often expanded into a nectariferous sac on one side at basecheck. If at base, also check Nardostachys, and in any case amend family description. , nectary sac with dense glands; limb 5-lobed, lobes slightly unequal, the one above sac larger. Stamens 4, rarely 1–3, inserted at base of corolla tube, usually exserted; filaments unequal in length, two near nectary sac longer, villous below, shorter two glabrous; anthers oblong, versatile. Style sometimes curved above; stigma capitate or peltate. Fruit an achene, ovoid or obovoid-oblong; bracteoles mostly wing-like, 2- or 3-nerved, reticulate veins conspicuous. Seeds compressed-ellipsoid; embryo straight, endosperm absent.
About 20 species: East Asia to Central Asia and NW North America; 11 species throughout China.
1a. Cauline leaves in worls of 3 ........................................................................... 11. P. trifoliata
1b. Cauline leaves always opposite.
2a. Achenes with a bracteole not winged; peduncles densely white hirsute only on above side; corolla yellow 1. P. scabiosifolia
2b. Achenes with a bracteole enlarged and winged; peduncles hairy on entire surface or on two sides; corolla yellow, pale yellow, or white.
3a. Winged bracteoles 2-, occasionally 3-nerved.
4a. Peduncles hispidulous, with hairs less than 0.4 mm; cauline leaves usually pinnatifid, rarely entire.
5a. Leaves rigid, leathery, leaf segments apically obtuse; corolla 6.5–9 × 5–7 mm; bracteoles in fruit 7–9 × 5–7 mm .............................................................................................. 7. P. scabra
5b. Leaves thinly papery, leaf segments apically acute to acuminate; corolla 3–4.5 × 3.5–4 mm; bracteoles in fruit 5.5–6.2 × 4.5–5.5 mm .......................................................... 8. P. heterophylla
4b. Peduncles hirsute, with hairs ca. 1 mm; cauline leaves usually undivided or sometimes with 1–3 pairs of lateral segments.
6a. Corolla white, limb 3.5–5 mm broad; stamens 4 ...................................... 9. P. villosa
6b. Corolla yellow or pale yellow, very rarely white, limb 2–4 mm broad; stamens 1–4 10. P. monandra
3b. Winged bracteoles usually 3-, rarely 2-nerved or multi-nerved.
7a. Peduncles scaberulous.
8a. Basal leaves homomorphic with cauline ones, pinnatisect or bipinnatisect; segments linear 5. P. intermedia
8b. Basal leaves different from cauline ones in shape, usually shallowly lobed or entire; cauline leaves pinnatifid or pinnatisect, segments various in shape .............................. 6. P. rupestris
7b. Peduncles hirsute.
9a. Plants usually more than 30 cm tall; persistent calyx not obviously enlarged in fruit; leaves glabrous ..................................................................................................... 4. P. glabrifolia
9b. Plants dwarf, less than 25 cm tall; persistent calyx obviously enlarged in fruit; leaves usually hairy.
10a. Rhizomes robust; basal leaves oblanceolate, sometimes entire, pinnatifid, or other dentate-lobed 2. P. sibirica
10b. Rhizomes usually slender; basal leaves oblanceolate -oblong, all pinnatifid 3. P. speciosa
败酱 bai jiang
Fedia scabiosifolia Treviranus; Patrinia hispida Bunge; P. serratulifolia (Treviranus) Fischer ex de Candolle.
Herbs perennial, 30–100(–200) cm tall. Rhizomes horizontal or oblique. Stems erect, yellow-green to yellow-brown, sometimes pale purplish, abaxially glabrescent or nearly glabrous, adaxially nearly glabrous, or covered with slightly curved and retrorse hispidulous hairs, or sparsely covered with 2 rows of retrorse hispidulous hairs. Basal leaves rosulate, wilted at anthesis; petiole 3–12 cm; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 1.8–10.5 × 1.2–3 cm, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, both surfaces hispidulous on veins or nearly glabrous, ciliate, base cuneate, entire, or pinnatifid or pinnatisect, apex obtuse or acute. Cauline leaves sessile, broadly ovate to lanceolate, 5–15 cm, both surfaces white hispidulous or nearly glabrous, usually pinnatifid or pinnatisect, with 2–5 pairs of lobes/segments, terminal segment ovate, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, margin large serrate, apex acuminate; upper leaves gradually smaller and narrower. Corymbs large, with 5–7 grades of branches; peduncles densely white hirsute only on above side; involucral bracts linear, rather small; bracts small. Flowers small. Calyx lobes inconspicuous. Corolla yellow, campanulate; tube ca. 1.5 × 1.5 mm, nectary sac not obvious; lobes ovate, ca. 1.5 × 1–1.3 mm. Stamens 4, slightly exserted or included; filaments unequal in length, longer two near nectary sac ca. 3.5 mm, shorter two 2–2.7 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1 mm. Ovary ellipsoid-oblong, ca. 1.5 mm; style 2.5 mm; stigma peltate, 0.5–0.6 mm in diam. Achenes oblong, 3–4 mm, 3-angular, two sterile locules swollen in center into clavate; fertile one slightly compressed, extended toward two lateral sides. Seeds ellipsoid, compressed. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n=22
Forests, forest margins, thickets, grasses, roadsides; (50–)400–2600 m. Throughout China except Guangdong, Hainan, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Xizang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, Siberia)].
西伯利亚败酱 xi bai li ya bai jiang
Valeriana sibirica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 34. 1753; V. ruthenica Willdenow.
Herbs perennial, 5–25 cm tall. Tap roots carrot-shaped, to 1.5 cm in diam. Caudex usually robust, with brown or dark brown bark, with several to many robust branches at apex. Stems leafless or sometimes with one pair of leaves at middle. Leaves all or nearly all basal, rosulate, base attenuate, decurrent into petiole 2–5 cm, very base sheathed and ciliate; leaf blade from oblong to linear, 2.5–5 × 0.3–2 cm, glabrous or sparsely villous only on petiole, entire or pinnatifid to pinnatisect, apex obtuse-rounded or acuminate; segments 2- or 3-paired, linear or linear-lanceolate; cauline leaves sessile, pinnatifid, 1.5–6 cm. Corymbs 1.5–4 cm broad; involucral bracts 1–3 cm, pinnatisect; segments linear, sessile; bracts obovate or ovate, ca. 2.4 × 2 mm. Calyx lobes variously shaped, obovate-oblong, oblanceolate, ovate, ovate-deltoid, or oblong, 0.2–1.8 mm. Corolla yellow, infundibular-campanulate; tube 2.5–3.2 mm, 2.5–3.2 mm broad above; lobes ovate or ovate-elliptic, 1.5–2.3 × 1.4–2 mm. Stamens 4, exserted, longer two with filaments ca. 4.5 mm, shorter two with filaments ca. 4 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1.5 mm. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 0.5–1.5 mm; style 3.3–3.7 mm; stigma oblique-capitate, ca. 0.6 mm in diam. Achenes narrowly ovoid, 3–4 (–6) mm, two sterile locules glabrous or hispidulous above, fertile one densely hispidulous on margin and below; bracteoles 3(or 4)-nerved, obovate, obovate-oblong, ovate, or ovate-oblong, 6–9 × 4.5–6.5 mm, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Jul. 2n=22, 44
Forests, forest margins, meadows, alpine meadows and stony slopes, stony river banks; below 1700 m. Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol [Japan, Mongolia, Russia (from the Far East to Europe)].
秀苞败酱 xiu bao bai jiang
Herbs perennial, 8–30 cm tall. Rhizomes slender. Stems solitary, simple or sometimes branched, leafless or with one pair of leaves, sparsely white villous. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole 1–2 cm, base expanded into a sheath; leaf blade oblong-oblanceolate or ovate-elliptic, 3–10 × 2–3 cm, abaxially slightly glaucous, glabrous or adaxially sparsely white villous, base decurrent into a winged petiole, pinnatifid; segments 3–5-paired, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, margin large serrate, apex acute, terminal one larger. Cauline leaves ovate or ovate-oblong to oblong, ca. 6 × 2 cm, pinnatifid. Corymbs with 3 grades of branches, 3–10 cm broad; peduncles sparsely hirsute; involucral bracts elliptic, oblong, or ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 2–6 × ca. 2 cm, entire and serrate, or pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, gradually smaller upward on inflorescence; bracts ovate-oblong to obovate, 2.5–3 × 1.4–1.7 mm, apex usually unequally 2-lobed. Calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, ovate, obovate, or oblanceolate, short, 0.2–1.6 mm, usually one or two obviously enlarged in fruit. Corolla yellow, campanulate, 5.5–6 mm; tube slightly longer than lobes, ca. 3 mm, 2.6–2.8 mm broad above; lobes elliptic or obovate to ovate, ca. 2.5 × 2.5–3 mm. Stamens 4, exserted; longer two with filaments ca. 7.5 mm, shorter two with filaments ca. 6.5 mm; anthers oblong, 1.2–1.4 mm. Achenes ellipsoid or oblong, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm; bracteoles 3-nerved, occasionally 4- or 5-nerved, 10–12 × 8–13 mm, irregularly obliquely ovate or obliquely obovate, apex shallowly 3-lobed, sometimes only one lateral side with 2 lobes. Fl. late Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
● Stony slopes, sandy slopes, stony and grassy slopes, thickets, alpine slopes; 3100–4100 m. SE Xizang (Bomi, Mêdog, Zayü), NW Yunnan (Gongshan).
光叶败酱 guang ye bai jiang
Herbs perennial, 25–60 cm tall. Stems erect, nearly lignified at base, glabrous, or with two lines of puberulous hairs above. Lower cauline leaves petiolate; petiole to 5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade oblanceolate or oblong, to 25 × 6 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base attenuate, margin sparsely serrate, apex acuminate. Upper cauline leaves petiolate; petiole 1–3.5 cm; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 4.5–9 × 0.5–1.5 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate-decurrent, margin entire or large serrate, apex acuminate. Corymbs large; peduncles with 2 lines of dense hirsute hairs; pedicels extremely short. Calyx lobes short. Corolla yellow, ca. 5 mm, regularly 5-lobed; lobes spreading. Stamens 4. Style ca. 2.5 mm; stigma capitate; fertile ovary locule slightly compressed, ellipsoid, densely hispidulous or nearly glabrous below and above margins. Achenes 2.5–3 mm; bracteoles 3-nerved, variously shaped, usually elliptic or obovate-elliptic, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, but also obovate to orbicular, 3–7 × 2.5–6 mm, apex sometimes with 3 rounded lobes. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.
● Calcareous stony slopes and fields; 1000–2200 m. C and E Taiwan (Hualian, Nantou).
中败酱 zhong bai jiang
Fedia intermedia Hornemann, Hort. Hafn. 1: 48. 1813; Fedia rupestris Vahl var. intermedia Vahl.
Herbs perennial, 10–40(–55) cm tall. Rhizomes short, branched and thus stems caespitose. Tap roots to 20 cm long, to 2 cm in diam., thickened, fleshy. Fertile stems 10–55 cm tall, scaberulous. Leaves on sterile stems rosulate, long petiolate with petiole 3–10 cm; basal leaves of fertile stems also rosulate, shortly petiolate; cauline leaves 2–4-paired, sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blades of both rosulate and cauline leaves oblong to elliptic, ca. 10 × 5.5 cm, pinnatisect or bipinnatisect; segments nearly orbicular or linear to linear-lanceolate, both surfaces scaberulous or nearly glabrous, apex obtuse or acute, lower segments crenulate, upper segments entire. Panicles or corymbs large, with 5 or 6 grades of branches, ca. 12 cm broad, inflorescence rachises hispidulous; involucral bracts homomorphic with upper cauline leaves, to 10 cm, nearly sessile, upper involucral bracts smaller, pinnatifid or undivided. Calyx shortly cup-shaped; lobes inconspicuous. Corolla yellow, campanulate; tube ca. 2 mm, ca. 2.2 mm broad above; lobes elliptic, oblong, or ovate, 2–3 × 1.5–2.5 mm. Stamens 4; longer two with filaments 3.3–3.6 mm, shorter two with filaments 2.5–2.7 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1.2 mm. Ovary oblong, 1.5–2.5 mm; style ca. 2.5 mm; stigma peltate or capitate, 0.5–0.7 mm broad. Achenes oblong, 3.5–4.5 mm, achene stalk 1–1.5 mm; bracteoles ovate, ovate-oblong, or elliptic-oblong, 6–8.5 × 4.5–5.5 mm, 3-nerved. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n=22
Forest margins, meadows, steppes, thickets; 1000–3000 m. Xinjiang (the Altai, Tianshan, Pamir: Wuqia) [Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].
岩败酱 yan bai jiang
Valeriana rupestris Pallas, Reise 3: 266. 1776.
Herbs perennial, 20–100 cm tall. Roots carrot-shaped, to 1.5 cm in diam. Caudex branched, and thus stems caespitose. Stems caespitose, scaberulous. Basal leaves usually wilted at anthesis, nearly sessile or petiolate; petiole 2–4 cm; leaf blade obovate-oblong, oblong, ovate, or obovate, 2–7 × 1–2.5 cm, pinnatilobate, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, or undivided but crenulate on margins; segments linear, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate; terminal segment usually crenulate, lobed or segmented. Cauline leaves sessile to shortly petiolate; leaf blade oblong or elliptic, 3–7 cm, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, usually with 3–6 pairs of segments; segments linear or linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sparsely crenulate or entire; terminal segment 3-partite, with 3 linear secondary segments. Corymbs 2.5–20 cm broad, with 3–7 grades of branches; lowest involucral bracts pinnatisect, with 3–5 pairs of linear segments; upper involucral bracts smaller, linear, with 1 or 2 pairs of filiform-linear segments. Calyx shallowly 5-lobed and thus limb nearly truncate, sinuous, or lobes ovate, 0.1–0.2 mm. Corolla yellow, infundibular-campanulate, 2.5–4 mm; tube 1.8–2 mm, 1.5–2 mm broad above; limb 3–5.5 mm broad when blooming; lobes oblong, ovate-elliptic, ovate-oblong, ovate, or ovate-orbicular, 1.2–2 × 1–1.5 mm. Stamens 4; longer two with filaments 3–4 mm, shorter two with filaments 2.6–3.5 mm; anthers 0.7–0.8 mm. Ovary columnar, 0.5–1.3 mm; style 2.2–3.3 mm; stigma peltate, fertile ovary locule hispidulous or almost glabrous on both below and above margins. Achenes obovoid-columnar, 2.4–2.6 × 1.5–1.8 mm, achene stalk 0.5–1 mm; bracteole oblong, ovate, or obovate, 3.5–5.1 × 3.5–3.6 mm, 3-nerved, apex sometimes shallowly 3-lobed. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–late Oct. 2n=22
Stony slopes, meadows, margins of Betula or Populus forests; 200–2500 m. Chongqing (Chengkou, Wanyuan), E Gansu (E of Maxian Shan), Hebei (Weichang, Xiaowutai Shan, Zhangbei), E Heilongjiang, E Jilin (Chunhua, Helong, Jilin), Henan (Huixian), Liaoning (Jianping, Qianshan), NE Nei Mongol, Ningxia (Guyuan), Shaanxi (Wuqi, Zhidan), Shanxi (Luya Shan) [Mongolia, Russia (Far East, Siberia)]
糙叶败酱 cao ye bai jiang
Patrinia rupestris Pallas subsp. scabra (Bunge) H. J. Wang.
Herbs perennial, 30–60 cm tall. Tap roots columnar, 0.5–2 cm in diam., fleshy. Rhizomes slightly lignified. Stems usually several-caespitose, densely scaberulous. Basal leaves oblanceolate, pinnatifid, with 2–4 pairs of segments, wilted at anthesis. Cauline leaves petiolate; petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, 4–10 × 1–2 cm, leathery, both surfaces scaberulous, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, with 1–5 pairs of lateral segments; terminal segment larger, oblanceolate; lateral segments falcate-linear, entire, all segments mostly obtuse, or acute at apex. Corymbs with 3 or 4 grades of branches; involucral bracts linear, entire or 2- or 3-segmented; inflorescence rachises hispidulous. Calyx small. Corolla yellow, 6.5–9 mm; tube tubular; limb 5-lobed, 5–7 mm broad. Stamens 4, exserted. Achenes columnar; bracteoles broadly ovate or oblong-orbicular, 7–9 × 5–7 mm, 2-, rarely 3-nerved, apex rounded, entire or shallowly 3-lobed. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
● Sunny grassy slopes, forest margins; 300–1700 m. Beijing, Hebei, W Henan, W Jilin (Baicheng, Zhenlei), W Liaoning (Jianping), SE Nei Mongol (Bairin Youqi, Chifeng, Ongniud Qi), N Shaanxi (Shenmu), Shanxi (Guoxian, Huoxian, Jiexiu, Lingkong Shan, Linxian, Ruicheng, Taiyuan, Wutai Shan).
墓回头 mu hui tou
Patrinia angustifolia Hemsley; P. graveolens Hance; P. heterophylla subsp. angustifolia (Hemsley) H. J. Wang.
Herbs perennial, 15–100 cm tall. Rhizomes horizontal, longer than 20 cm. Stems erect, densely scaberulous or nearly glabrous. Basal leaves rosulate, petiolate; leaf blade 3–8 cm, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, with 1–5 pairs of segments; segments ovate to linear-lanceolate; terminal segment usually larger, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, undivided but margin serrate or crenulate. Cauline leaves petiolate to nearly sessile; lower leaves pinnatisect, with 2–6 pairs of segments; terminal segment ± larger, broadly ovate to linear-lanceolate, 7–9 × 5–6 cm, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Middle and upper leaves often undivided, or with 1 or 2 pairs of segments; terminal segment larger, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or nearly rhomboid, crenulate. Corymbs densely hispidulous along inflorescence rachises; lower involucral bracts with 1 or 2(–4) pairs of linear segments; upper ones entire, linear, nearly equal to or longer than inflorescence. Calyx lobes conspicuous or inconspicuous, ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-deltoid, 0.1–0.3 mm. Corolla campanulate; tube 1.8–2.4 mm, 1.5–2 mm broad above; lobes ovate or ovate-elliptic, 0.8–1.8 × ca. 1.6 mm. Stamens 4, exserted; longer two with filaments 3–3.6 mm; shorter two 1.9–3 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1.2 mm. Ovary ovoid or oblong, 0.7–1.5 mm; style slightly curved, 2.3–2.7 mm; stigma peltate or capitate. Achenes oblong or obovoid, apex truncate; fertile locule hispidulous or almost glabrous on both below and above margins; bracteole obovate, obovate-oblong, or obovate-elliptic, rarely elliptic, 5.5–6.2 × 4.5–5.5 mm, 2-nerved, less frequently 3-nerved, apex rounded, shallowly 3-lobed, or unequally 2-lobed on one lateral side. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n=22.
Grassy slopes, open woods, roadsides; 100–2600 m. Anhui, Chongqing, E Gansu (E of Yuzhong), Guizhou (Jiangkou), Hebei, Henan, W Hubei, Hunan (Pingjiang, Qianyang), Jiangsu (Tianci Shan), Jiangxi (Lushan, Wuning, Xiushui), Jilin (Tongyu), Liaoning (Jianping, Suizhong), Nei Mongol (Daqing Shan, Xinghe), S Ningxia (Tongxin), E Qinghai (Minhe), Shaanxi, Shandong (Mengshan, Taishan), Shanxi (Lishi, Jiexiu), Sichuan (Emei, Jinchuan, Nanping), Zhejiang (Tianmu Shan).
攀倒甑 pan dao zeng
Herbs perennial or biennual, 50–120 cm tall. Rhizomes horizontal in soil, rarely creeping in the air. Stems usually with 2 lines of dense white hispidulous hairs, rarely evenly covered with such hairs, occasionally almost glabrous. Basal leaves rosulate, long petiolate; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, or oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4–25 × 2–18 cm, base decurrent, margin serrate or pinnatifid, with 1 or 2(–4) pairs of segments, apex acuminate. Cauline leaves petiolate; petiole 1–3 cm, but upper leaves nearly sessile; leaf blades homomorphic with basal ones or rhomboid-ovate, both surfaces hispidulous or nearly glabrous, base decurrent, margin usually undivided but large serrate, apex caudate-acuminate or acuminate. Panicles or corymbs with 5 or 6 grades of branches; peduncles and pedicels densely white hirsute; involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate to linear. Calyx small, hispidulous, sometimes sparsely glandular hairy; limb sinuous; lobes 0.3–0.5 mm. Corolla white, campanulate, deeply 5-lobed; lobes different from each other in shape, ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-elliptic, 0.7–2 × 1.1–1.8 mm; tube 1.5–2.6 × 1.7–2.3 mm. Stamens 4, exserted. Style shorter than stamens. Achenes obovoid; bracteole 2-, occasionally 3-, nerved, obovate, ovate, obovate-oblong or elliptic, sometimes orbicular, 2.8–6.5 × 2.5–8 mm, hispidulous between two main nerves, base cuneate or rounded, apex rounded, entire or slightly 3-lobed. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Sep–Nov. 2n=44
Forests, forest margins, thickets, grassy areas; 50–2000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan (Shangcheng), Hubei (Enshi, Hefeng), Hunan, Jiangsu (Liyang, Nanjing), Jiangxi, SE Liaoning, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
1a.. Leaves without glands; lowest involucral bracts entire ..................................... 9a. subsp. villosa
1b.. Leaves adaxially with minute brown-red glands; lowest involucral bracts usually with 1 or 2 pairs of segments .............................................................................................................. 9b. subsp. punctifolia
攀倒甑（原亚种） pan dao zeng (yuan ya zhong)
Valeriana villosa Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 32. 1784; Patrinia dielsii Graebner; P. ovata Bunge; P. sinensis (H. Léveillé) Koidzumi; P. villosa var. japonica (Thunberg) H. Léveillé; P. villosa var. sinensis H. Léveillé.
Leaves without glands; lowest involucral bracts entire.
Forests, edges of forests, thickets, and grasslands; 50–2000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong （Liannan, Ruyuan, Yingde）, Guangxi (Guilin, Lingchuan, Lingui, Xing’an), Guizhou (Kaili, Fanjing Shan, Weng’an, Xiahui), Henan (Shangcheng), Hubei (Enshi, Hefeng), Hunan, Jiangsu (Liyang, Nanjing), Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
斑叶败酱 ban ye bai jiang
Leaves adaxially with minute brown-red glands; lowest involucral bracts usually with 1 or 2 pairs of segments.
●Grassy slopes, thickets, edges of forests, or roadsides; below 800 m. SE Liaoning (Benxi, Huanren, Kuanding).
少蕊败酱 shao rui bai jiang
Patrinia formosana Kitamura; P. monandra var. formosana (Kitamura) H. J. Wang; P. monandra var. sinensis Batalin; P. punctiflora P. S. Hsu & H. J. Wang; P. punctiflora var. robusta P. S. Hsu & H. J. Wang.
Herbs biannual or perennial, 1.5–2.2 m tall. Rhizomes often absent. Tap roots horizontal, oblique or vertical. Stems slightly lignified at base, robust, with retrorse-hispidulous hairs throughout or 2 lines of such hairs. Basal leaves wilted at anthesis; cauline leaves petiolate; petiole ca. 1 cm, but upper cauline leaves with shorter petioles or sessile; leaf blade oblong, 4–14.5 × 2–9.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely adpressed-hispidulous, margin entire, or lyrate with 1 or 2(or 3) pairs of lateral segments, margin of segments large crenulate or dentate. Corymbs terminal and axillary, 20–25 cm broad; peduncles and pedicels densely hirsute; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, ca. 8.5 cm, margin entire with acuminate apex, or pinnately 3–5-segmented; terminal segment ovate-lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate. Calyx small, 5-dentate. Corolla yellow or pale yellow, rarely white, infundibular, small; tube 1.2–1.8 mm, 1.4–1.8 mm broad above; limb 2–4 mm broad; lobes ovate to ovate-oblong, 0.6–1.8 × 1–1.2 mm. Stamens 1–4, often one longer and exserted; filaments 1.5–3.3 mm; anthers oblong or ellipsoid, 0.5–0.8 mm. Ovary obovoid, 0.8–1.8 mm; style 1.7–2.8 mm; stigma capitate or peltate. Achenes ovoid-globose, sterile ovary locules thickened, obovoid-oblong, glabrous or sparsely hispidulous; fertile locule compressed-ellipsoid, margin hispidulous; bracteole broadly ovate to nearly orbicular, 5–7 × 5–8 mm, 2-, rarely 3-, nerved, apex usually shallowly 3-lobed. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n=88 (under P. formosana)
● Grassy slopes, thickets, forests, forest margins, roadsides; 100–3100 m. Anhui, Chongqing, SE Gansu (Tianshui, Wenxian), Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu (Ganyu, Liyang, Yuntai Shan), Jiangxi, Liaoning (Dalian, Huanren), S Shaanxi, Shandong (Zoucheng), Sichuan, Taiwan (Nantou, Taizhong, Taoyuan), Yunnan, Zhejiang (Kaihua, Tiantai Shan, Yinxian).
11. Patrinia trifoliata L. Jin & R. N. Zhao, Acta Bot. Boreal.-occident. Sin. 22(3): 667. 2002.
三叶败酱 san ye bai jiang
Herbs perennial, 30–90 cm tall. Rhizomes horizontal, slightly ascending. Stems erect, scaberulose. Basal leaves rosulate, 3–8 cm, long-petioled, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, segments 1–4-paired, ovate-orbicular, terminal segment usually larger than lateral ones, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; cauline leaves in whorls of 3, pinnatisect, segments 1–4-paired, terminal segment larger, ovate or lanceolate, 3–7 × 1–5 cm, sparsely scaberulose, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin crenulate; upper cauline leaves nearly sessile. Corymbs with 3–7 grades of branches, scaberulose; involucrate bracts with 1–2 pairs of linear segments. Calyx small, 5-lobed, lobes non-conspicuous, 0.1–0.3 mm. Corolla campanulate, 3–5 mm, glabrous inside, scaberulose outside; tube 1.8–3 mm; lobes 5, 0.8–1.5 × 1 mm. Stamens 4, longer two ca. 3 mm, white-villose below, rest two slightly shorter, glabrous or scaberulose. Ovary obvoid, 1 mm; style 2.3–2.7 mm; stigma truncate-capitate. Achenes oblong; bracteoles ovate, 2-nerved, rarely 3-nerved, shallowly 3-lobed. Fl. & fr. Jul–Aug.
● Grassy slopes, roadsides; 1100–2300 m. SE Gansu (Tianshui, Wenxian, Wudu, Yuzhong).
缬草属 xie cao shu
Herbs perennial. Rhizomes with or without obvious internodes. Tap roots wanting; roots fibrous or ± carrot-shaped, mostly fascicled. Basal leaves rosulate, often long petiolate and undivided. Cauline leaves pinnatifid, pinnatisect, less frequently undivided. Cymes aggregated into a terminal corymb or panicle; involucral bracts and bracts small, entire, rarely segmented; bracteoles only present on latest developed flowers, similar to bracts; flowers bisexual, sometimes polygamous. Calyx small; tube short; limb inrolling and thus obscure at anthesis, but unrolling into 5–15 plumose lobes in fruit. Corolla small; tube protruding into a sac (nectariferous) at one side near base; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 4, inserted at mouth of? Cf. Patrinia.corolla tube. Achene compressed, 3-nerved on anteriorad/abaxial side, 1-nerved on posterior side, crowned by plumose persistent calyx.
About 200 species: Eurasia, South America, and North America; about 22 species throughout China.
1a. Leaves undivided, or at least lower 2–3 pairs of cauline leaves undivided.
2a. Rhizomes thick, 0.5–1.5 cm in diam.; leaves cordate at base, 2–14 × 3–10 cm 1. V. jatamansi
2b. Rhizomes thinner, less than 0.5 cm in diam.; leaves not cordate at base.
3a. Leaves all undivided.
4a. Leaves entire or sparsely crenulate; plants less than 12 cm tall; achenes hairy 2. V. trichostoma
4b. Leaves serrate; plants more than 12 cm tall; achenes glabrous.
5a. Inflorescences lax even at anthesis, branched from middle of stems and thus corymbs several in number 3. V. lancifolia
5b. Inflorescences compact at least at anthesis, and thus corymbs seemingly single 4. V. hiemalis
3b. Upper cauline leaves divided.
6a. Undivided leaves serrate.
7a. Corolla less than 3 mm long; upper cauline leaves usually pinnatisect, with 5–7 segments 9. V. minutiflora
7b.... Corolla 3.5–4 mm long; upper cauline leaves 3-, rarely 5-segmented, lateral segments much smaller than terminal one ............................................. 10. V. barbulata
6b. Undivided leaves entire.
8a. Rhizomes 1–2 cm long, covered with fibrous remains of old leaves; roots not fascicled.
9a. Plants 10–35 cm tall; leaf segments sparsely serrate ............... 5. V. fedtschenkoi
9b..... Plants 5–15 cm tall; leaf segments entire ............................ 6. V. tangutica
8b. Rhizomes extremely short, without marked internodes, with no fibrous remains of old leaves; roots fascicled.
10a. Leaf segments serrate; corolla thinly tubular, tube 4–6 times longer than lobes 7. V. daphniflora
10b. Leaf segments entire; corolla infundibular, tube nearly as long as lobes 8. V. ficariifolia
1b. Leaves all divided, or rarely lowest 1–2 pairs of cauline leaves undivided.
11a. Rhizomes 2–8 cm long, with marked internodes; roots fibrous, not fascicled; inflorescences lax, with several separate corymbs even at anthesis ......................................................... 11. V. flaccidissima
11b. Rhizomes extremely short, without marked internodes; roots fascicled; inflorescences compact or lax at anthesis.
12a. Leaf segments entire, rarely incised; plants 5–20, rarely up to 50 cm tall; leaves all pinnatisect or at least middle and upper cauline leaves pinnatisect, with 4–11 pairs of segments; inflorescences compact at least at anthesis.
13a. Plants 10–50 cm tall; leaf segments acute to acuminate at apex; terminal segment similar to lateral ones in shape and size .......................................................................... 14. V. stenoptera
13b. Plants 5–20, rarely up to 30 cm tall; leaf segments rounded or obtuse at apex; terminal segment ± larger than lateral ones.
14a. Achenes hirsute on both sides .................................................... 12. V. hirticalyx
14b. Achenes glabrous ................................................................... 13. V. flagellifera
12b. Leaf segments always serrate (except V. stenoptera) ; plants more than (20–) 30 cm tall; leaves pinnatisect or not, with 1–11 pairs of segments; inflorescences lax or compact.
15a. Inflorescences lax with several separate corymbs even at anthesis.
16a. Leaves sessile or with short petioles less than 1 cm; leaf blades pinnatifid 15. V. subsessilifolia
16b. Leaves markedly petioled, with petioles longer than 1 cm; leaf blades pinnatisect.
17a. Leaves lyrate, terminal segment markedly larger, over 2 times wider than lateral ones; corolla rose or red, 3–4 mm .......................................................................... 16. V. hengduanensis
17b. Leaves pinnatisect, terminal segments slightly wider than lateral ones; corolla white,1.5–3 mm long, or rose, 4–4.5 mm long.
18a. Corolla rose, 4–4.5 mm long; achenes ca. 4 mm long ........... 18. V. sichuanica
18b. Corolla white, 1.5–3 mm long; achenes 2–2.5 (–3) mm long
19a. Plants over 50 cm tall; leaf segments large, terminal ones over 3 cm long 17. V. hardwichii
19b. Plants less usually less than 20 cm, rarely up to 30 cm tall; leaf segments smaller, terminal ones less than 2 cm long ............................................................ 19. V. briquetiana
15b. Inflorescences compact, forming a single corymb at least at anthesis.
20a. Leaves usually lyrate, with 1–4 pairs of segments; terminal segment markedly larger than lateral ones.
21a. Corolla thinly tubular, corolla-tube 4–6 times longer than corolla-lobes; achenes 1.5–2 mm long .......................................................................................... 7. V. daphniflora
21b. Corolla infundibular, corolla-tube nearly as long as corolla-lobes; achenes 2.5–3 mm long.
22a. Roots fibrous, less than 1 mm in diam.; lateral leaf segments 1–2-paired 10. V. barbulata
22b. Roots ± carrot-shaped, 1.5–2 mm in diam.; lateral leaf segments 1–4-paired 9. V. minutiflora
20b. Leaves pinnatisect, with 4–11 pairs of segments; terminal segment not or slightly larger than lateral ones.
23a. Leaf segments usually entire, rarely incised, acute to acuminate at apex 14. V. stenoptera
23b............................ Leaf segments always serrate, obtuse or acute at apex.
24a. Plants 10–20 cm tall; corolla white, tubular, ca. 2.7 mm ... .20. V. kawakamii
24b. Plants over 50 cm tall; corolla rose or white, infundibular, 3–6 cm.
25a. Plants glandular-hairy at upper part of stems and inflorescence rachises 21. V. amurensis
25b. Plants without glandular hairs ....................................... 22. V. officinalis
蜘蛛香 zhi zhu xiang
Valeriana harmsii Graebner; V. jatamansi var. frondosa Handel-Mazzetti; V. jatamansi var. glabra Merrill; V. jatamansi var. hygrobia (Briquet) Handel-Mazzetti; V. hygrobia Briquet; V. mairei Briquet; V. wallichii de Candolle; V. wallichii var. violifolia Franchet.
Herbs perennial, 20–70 cm tall. Rhizomes short, robust, usually 0.5–2 cm in diam., nodes dense. Roots 1.5–2.5 mm in diam. Stems coming from below rosettes, usually solitary, less frequently caespitose. Basal leaves rosulate, long petiolate, petioles often 2–3 × as long as leaf blades; leaf blade cordate to cordate-ovate, 2–14 × 3–10 cm, hispidulous, sometimes glabrous, undivided, margin sparsely sinuous, apex acute. Cauline leaves 2- or 3-paired, much smaller than basal ones, lower ones cordate, nearly sessile, upper ones sessile, often pinnatifid. Cymes in a corymb; involucral bracts and bracts subulate, midvein remarkable, uppermost bracts ca. as long as achenes. Flowers white or pinkish, polygamous; female flowers small, ca. 1.5 mm; sterile anthers on a very short filament at corolla throat. Gynoecium exserted; stigma 3-fid; bisexual flowers larger, 3–4 mm; stamens and gynoecium ca. as long as corolla. Achenes narrowly ovoid, villous on both sides. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Sep.2n=16, 32
Grassy slopes, forests, by streams; below 2500 m. Chongqing (Kaixian, Nanchuan), Guizhou (Leishan, Zunyi), Henan (Xixia), W Hubei (Hefeng, Jianshi, Lichuan, Zigui), Hunan (Longshan), Sichuan (Emei Shan), Xizang (Zayü), Yunnan (Chuxiong, Dali, Dongchuan, Funing, Jingdong, Kunming, Shuangjiang, Songming, Wenshan, Yimen) [E India, N Thailand].
毛口缬草 mao kou xie cao
Valeriana muliensis S. K. Wu.
Herbs perennial, less than 12 cm tall. Rhizomes extremely short, without marked internodes. Roots fascicled. Stolons developed. Stems erect, solitary, simple, glabrous. Leaves all cauline at least at anthesis and in fruit, all undivided; lower pairs of leaves long petiolate, with petiole 2–5 cm; upper ones shortly petiolate to nearly sessile; leaf blade orbicular to orbicular-elliptic, 8–13(–30) mm, 3–5-nerved, both surfaces white hispidulous, margin entire or those of upper leaves sparsely crenulate. Cymes in a capital corymb 1.3–2.5 cm broad; inflorescence main rachises ca. 1 cm; bracts linear-spatulate, ca. 6 mm, sparsely ciliate. Corolla rose, infundibular, ca. 7 mm (bisexual); tube ca. 4 mm, inside hirsute; lobes obovate-oblong. Stamens ca. as long as corolla. Ovary densely hirsute; style exserted by 2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep.
● Grassy slopes; 3600–4400 m. SW Sichuan (Muli), NW Yunnan (Lijiang).
披针叶缬草 pi zhen ye xie cao
Herbs perennial, 15–50 cm tall. Rhizomes very short. Roots fascicled, 0.5–1 mm in diam. Stems solitary, glabrous or nearly glabrous except at nodes, with 3 or 4 pairs of leaves only at lower part. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade oblong or lanceolate, 2–10 × 0.5–3 cm, base truncate, rounded, or broadly cuneate, margin undivided, sparsely serrate, apex rounded, less frequently acute. Cymes in a lax head at anthesis, but becoming a lax panicle ca. 30 cm in fruit; involucral bracts spatulate, margin incised-dentate. Corolla rose, infundibular, 3–4 mm; lobes ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as tube. Stamens slightly exserted. Style evidently exserted. Achenes sublanceolate, 2.5–3 × ca. 1 mm, glabrous; white pappuses ca. 5.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
● Grassy slopes; 3200–4300 m. W Sichuan (Kangding, Lixian, Muli, Xiaojin).
全缘叶缬草 quan yuan ye xie cao
Herbs perennial, 20–50 cm tall. Rhizomes extremely short, without clear nodes and internodes. Roots fascicled, 0.5–1.5 mm in diam. Stems solitary, simple, white hirsute. Leaves 3–5-paired, all undivided; lower 1 or 2 pairs of leaves petiolate; petiole 0.5–3 cm; middle and upper ones sessile or nearly sessile; leaf blade ovate or oblong, 1–5 × 0.7–3 cm, both surfaces white hirsute, margin serrate, but lowest pair of leaves sometimes entire, apex obtuse to acute. Corymbs in a head, 1–2 cm broad at anthesis, still corymbose, but to 5 cm broad, or sometimes separated into 3 small ones in fruit; involucral bracts linear, 0.7–1.1 cm. Corolla white or light pink, infundibular, 2.5–3.5 mm; lobes ca. 1 mm. Achenes narrowly ovoid, 3–3.5 mm, both sides glabrous. Fl. late Jun–Aug, fr. Sep.
● Forests; 2000–3000 m. Shaanxi (Taibai Shan), NW Sichuan (Barkam, Hongyuan, Kangding, Lixian, Songpan, Xiaojin).
新疆缬草 xin jiang xie cao
Valeriana turczaninovii auct. non[AB1] Grubov; L. C. Chiu.
Herbs perennial, 10–35 cm tall, nearly glabrous throughout. Rhizomes horizontal or ascending, 1–2 cm, apex covered with fibrous remains of old leaves. Roots fibrous. Stems erect. Basal leaves 1–3-paired; petiole 3–6 cm; leaf blade ovate-orbicular, 1–2.5 × 1–2 cm, undivided, sometimes crenulate. Cauline leaves 2- or 3-paired; petiole 0.5–2.5 cm; leaf blade obovate-oblong, ca. 4 × 2–4 cm, lyrate; segments 3–5; terminal segment ovate or nearly orbicular, 2–3.5 cm; lateral ones smaller, lanceolate to linear. Cymes in a terminal and compact corymb ca. 1.5 cm broad, but becoming lax and broader in fruit; involucral bracts and bracts linear-lanceolate. Corolla rose, 5–6 mm; lobes oblong, 2–2.5 mm. Stamens and gynoecium equal to corolla in length, exserted. Achenes ovoid-ellipsoid, glabrous. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n=16
Forests, alpine meadows; 2300–3900 m. Xinjiang (Hoxud, Kashi, Mori, Shawan, Taxkorgan, Mt. Tuomuer, Ürümqi, Yecheng), Xizang (?) [Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan].
小缬草 xiao xie cao
Herbs perennial, small, 10–20 cm tall, glabrous throughout. Rhizomes ascending, 0.5–2 cm, usually covered with fibrous remains of old leaves. Roots, ca. 0.5 mm in diam. Stems erect, simple. Basal leaves and lower cauline leaves long petiolate; petiole to 5 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, 1–4 × 1–1.5 cm, margin entire. Middle cauline leaves lyrate; segments entire; terminal segment orbicular or oblong, ca. 1 × 1 cm; lateral ones 1- or 2-paired, much smaller, elliptic to linear-elliptic, both ends obtuse. Upper cauline leaves pinnatifid; segments 5–7, linear-lanceolate, entire; terminal one larger. Cymes in a semiglobose corymb 1–2 cm broad; involucral bracts and bracts lanceolate, membranous. Corolla white, rose, or sometimes purplish, infundibular, 5–6 mm; lobes obovate, nearly as long as tube. Stamens equal to gynoecium in length, both exserted. Achenes ovoid-ellipsoid, glabrous, ca. 3 × 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
● Meadows forests; 2000–3900 m. Gansu (Jiayuguan, Sunan, Taozhou), SW Nei Mongol (Alxa Zuoqi), NW Ningxia (Helan Shan), N & NE Qinghai (Delingha, Gonghe, Guide, Henan, Huzhu, Maqên, Qilian, Tianjun, Ulan, Xinghai).
瑞香缬草 rui xiang xie cao
Valeriana stenoptera var. cardaminea Handel-Mazzetti, p.p.; V. delavayi Franchet, ined.; V. infundibulum Franchet, ined.
Herbs perennial, 15–40 cm tall. Rhizomes extremely short, without marked nodes and internodes. Roots 3–6, fascicled, 1.5–2 mm in diam. Stolons rarely seen. Stem erect, solitary, simple, sparsely puberulous. Lowest cauline leaves long petiolate; leaf blade orbicular to broadly elliptic, 1–2 × 1–1.5 cm, undivided, entire or sparsely and irregularly serrate above. Middle and upper cauline leaves from long petiolate to nearly sessile upward on stems; leaf blade ovate, 1.5–2 × 0.8–1 cm, abaxially glabrous or hispidulous on veins, pinnatifid; segments 3–7, irregularly serrate; terminal segment larger, rhomboid or elliptic, 1–1.2 × 0.4–0.6 cm; lateral ones linear-elliptic to linear. Corymb of dense cymes, 1.5–2.5 cm broad at anthesis, becoming lax, to 5 cm broad in fruit; involucral bracts and bracts linear; bracts nearly equal to achenes in length. Corolla rose; tube tubular, nearly not dilated above, 4.5–6 × ca. 1 mm; lobes short, only 1/6–1/4 as long as tube. Stamens and gynoecium exserted. Achenes ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.5–2 × ca. 1 mm, glabrous but sometimes sparsely villous. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep.
● Grassy slopes; 2600–3000 m. SW Sichuan (Daocheng, Dechang, Huili, Muli, Yanyuan), NW Yunnan (Binchuan, Lijiang).
芥叶缬草 jie ye xie cao
Valeriana sisymbriifolia auct. non[AB2] Vahl: L. C. Chiu.
Herbs perennial, 30–40 cm tall. Rhizomes short, without marked internodes. Roots fascicled, more than 1 mm in diam. Stems solitary, erect or ascending, glabrous. Basal leaves long petiolate; petiole ca. 5.5 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 × 1.5–1.7 cm, nearly entire. Cauline leaves 2- or 3-paired; petioles of lower ones ca. 3 cm, semi-amplexicaul, forming a sheath; leaf blade lyrate; terminal segment orbicular to broadly elliptic, 2–3 × 1.5–2 cm, margin entire or irregularly sinuous; lateral segments 2- or 3-paired, distant from each other, broadly ovate, 1.2–1.4 × ca. 0.8 cm, gradually smaller downward on leaf axis. Upper cauline leaves with shorter petioles and smaller leaf blades; all leaves glabrous, or sometimes hispidulous-ciliate. Corymb of cymes, terminal, compact, 1–2 cm broad at anthesis, but later becoming lax; inflorescence axis glabrous or puberulous; involucral bracts and bracts linear-lanceolate, margin ciliate below middle. Corolla reddish, ca. 6 mm. Stamens and gynoecium equal to corolla in length. Achenes narrowly ovoid, 5–6 mm, glabrous. Fl. Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n=16, 18
● Mountain slopes; 2800–3000 m. Xinjiang (Yecheng) [Kazakhstan; SW Asia (Iran)].
小花缬草 xiao hua xie cao
Herbs perennial, 10–45 cm tall. Rhizomes extremely short, without obvious internodes. Roots fascicled, carrot-shaped, 1.5–2 mm in diam., ± fleshy. Stems erect, solitary, simple. Cauline leaves 3–5-paired; lower 1 or 2 pairs with petioles 1.5–3 cm; leaf blade obovate to elliptic, 1–2 × 0.7–1.5 cm, sparsely hairy, base rounded, undivided, margin sparsely serrate or crenulate, apex obtuse. Middle and upper leaves with shorter petioles; leaf blade lyrate; segments 3–5(–7) in number; terminal segment much larger than lateral ones, ovate to elliptic, 1–2 cm, margin sparsely serrate or crenulate, apex obtuse or acute. Corymb of cymes, compact at anthesis; involucral bracts and bracts linear, uppermost ones often serrate, nearly equal to achenes in length. Corolla whitish rose, infundibular, ca. 1.5 mm (female) or 2.5–3 mm (bisexual), glabrous or pilose at throat; lobes ovate, equal to tube in length. Achenes ovoid-oblong, ca. 2.5 mm long, glabrous or partially pilose. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
● Forests, grassy slopes; 3000–3700 m. W Sichuan (Kangding, Qianning).
髯毛缬草 ran mao xie cao
Valeriana barbulata var. gymnostoma Handel-Mazzetti.
Herbs perennial, 5–25 cm tall. Rhizomes extremely short, without marked internodes. Roots fibrous, fascicled, less than 1 mm in diam. Stems erect, solitary, simple. Cauline leaves 5–8-paired; lower 2 or 3 pairs often undivided, with petioles 1–3.5 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to elliptic, 0.5–1.6 × 0.5–1 cm, sparsely serrate; other 3–5 pairs with petioles 1–1.2 cm, usually 3-segmented, or rarely lyrate with 5 segments; lateral segments very small; terminal one ovate-orbicular or broadly elliptic, 0.8–2 × 0.5–1.2 cm, abaxially and along petiole sparsely hairy, margin ciliate. Cymes in a compact head 1–1.5 cm broad; involucral bracts and bracts linear-lanceolate to lanceolate. Corolla rose, 2.5–4 mm; lobes broadly elliptic, 0.7–1.5 mm, glabrous or villous at throat. Androecium and gynoecium almost as long as corolla. Achenes narrowly ovoid or ellipsoid, 2.5–3 mm, hairy or glabrous. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Sep.
● Alpine meadows or stony sites; 3000–4200 m. SW Sichuan (Daocheng, Kangding, Muli, Tianquan), SE Xizang (Bomi, Gonjo, Yadong, Zayü), NW Yunnan (Dali, Dêqên, Gongshan, Lijiang, Shangri-La, Weixi).
柔垂缬草 rou chui xie cao
Valeriana faberi Graebner; V. nokozanensis Yamamoto; V. tripteroides Handel-Mazzetti.
Herbs perennial 20–80 cm tall. Rhizomes 2–8 cm. Roots fibrous, less than 0.5 mm in diam. Stolons always present, often several, with petiolate and cordate leaves. Stems erect, simple, glabrous. Basal leaves similar to those on stolons, sometimes 3-lobed, margin crenulate or entire, apex obtuse. Cauline leaves ovate, both surfaces glabrous, or abaxially puberulous on veins, pinnatisect; segments 3–7, distant from each other; terminal segment ovate or lanceolate, 2–4 × 1–2 cm, margin sparsely serrate, apex obtuse or acuminate; lateral ones similar to terminal one, but gradually smaller downward on leaf axis. Cymes in a large and lax panicle or in lax panicles terminal on both main stems and branches; involucral bracts and bracts linear to linear-lanceolate; bracteoles equal to or slightly shorter than achenes. Corolla reddish or sometimes white, 2.5–3.5 mm; lobes oblong to ovate-oblong, shorter than corolla tube. Stamens and gynoecium usually exserted. Achenes narrowly ovoid, ca. 3 mm, glabrous, sometimes white hispidulous. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. May–Aug.
Edges of forests, grasslands, by streams; 400–3600 m. Anhui (Shucheng), Chongqing (Chengkou, Fengjie, Nanchuan, Wuxi), SE Gansu, Guizhou (Kaili, Leishan, Pu’an, Suiyang), SE Henan (Shangcheng), W Hubei (Badong, Lichuan, Xingshan, Zigui), Hunan (Xinning), Sichuan (Baoxing, Emei, Leibo, Luding, Pingwu, Qingcheng Shan, Tianquan), Taiwan (Gaoxiong, Nantou, Xinzhu) [Japan].
毛果缬草 mao guo xie cao
Herbs perennial, 5–18 cm tall. Rhizomes very short, without obvious internodes. Roots fascicled, fibrous, ca. 1 mm in diam. Stolons present, apex rooted, with long petiolate and entire leaves. Stems erect, solitary, simple, glabrous or sparsely hirsute except at nodes. Basal leaves absent at anthesis; cauline leaves 2- or 3-paired, from long petiolate to nearly sessile upward on stems; petioles of lowermost pair of leaves ca. 2 × as long as leaf blades; leaf blade obovate, 1.5–3 × 1–1.5 cm, pinnatisect; segments 3–9, oblong to obovate, margin entire and ciliate; terminal segment 1–1.5 × 0.6–0.8 cm; lateral ones smaller, with lowermost pair of lateral segments smallest. Head of cymes terminal, ca. 1 cm broad at anthesis, but lax, 3–4 × 2–3 cm in fruit; involucral bracts and bracts spatulate to lanceolate. Corolla red, tubular, ca. 5 mm; tube villous inside; lobes elliptic-oblong, ca. 2 mm. Stamens and gynoecium both exserted. Achenes ellipsoid-ovoid, 3.5–4 × ca. 2 mm, both sides hirsute, slightly longer than bracteoles. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
● Grassy slopes with shrubs, stony places; 4000–5000 m. Qinghai (Henan, Nangqên, Qilian, Zadoi), NE Xizang (Amdo, Biru, Sogxian).
13. Valeriana flagellifera Batalin, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada, 13: 374. 1894.
秀丽缬草 xiu li xie cao
Valeriana pseudodioica Pax & K. Hoffmann; V. venusta L. C. Chiu; V. xiaheensis L. C. Chiu.
Herbs perennial, 5–20 (–30) cm tall. Rhizomes extremely short, without marked internodes. Roots fascicled, fibrous, 0.5–1 mm thick. Stolons often present. Stems erect, single, sparsely puberulous. Leaves all cauline at anthesis, 6–9-paired; lower 1–2 pairs of leaves petioled, petioles 0.5–2 cm, longer than those of upper ones; leaf blades undivided, obovate, ca. 1.5 × 1–1.2 cm, margin entire, apex rounded; lower-middle leaves 3-segmented, lateral segments very small; middle-upper leaves all pinnatisect, 1–3 × 0.5–1.5 cm; segments 4–11-paired, entire or rarely sparsely serrate, apex rounded or obtuse, terminal segment slightly larger than lateral ones; all leaves adaxially glabrous, abaxially hispidulous along veins, margin sparsely ciliate. Corymbs compact at anthesis; involucrate bracts and bracts linear-lanceolate; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, shorter than achenes. Flowers polygamous; corolla rose, pink or white, infundibular, 2.5–3 mm (female) or 3.5 mm (bisexual); corolla lobes oblong, 1– 1.5 mm. Stamens exserted. Ovary glabrous; style included (bisexual) or exserted (female). Fl. Jun–Jul; fr. Aug.
● Moist slopes; 3300–4300 m. S Gansu (Xiahe), W Sichuan (Sêrtar), NW Yunnan (Dêqên).
窄叶缬草 zhai ye xie cao
Valeriana stenoptera var. cardaminea Handel-Mazzetti, p.p.
Herbs perennial, 10–50 cm tall. Rhizomes very short, without obvious internodes. Roots 3–6, fascicled, 1.5–2 mm in diam. Stolons not frequently seen. Stem solitary, simple, erect, below sparsely retrorse-puberulous, above glabrous except at nodes. Lower cauline leaves long petiolate; petiole 3–4 cm; leaf blade obovate to ovate, 1–2 cm, undivided or with 1 or 2 pairs of small segments at base, margin shallowly serrate. Middle and upper cauline leaves from long petiolate to shortly petiolate or even sessile; leaf blade oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2–5 × 1–2 cm, pinnatisect; segments 5–15, all similar in shape and size, linear to linear-lanceolate, 12–20 × 1–2 mm, margin entire or incised, sparsely puberulous. Cymes in a compact head; heads often lax, 6–12 × 2–8 cm in fruit; involucral bracts and bracts linear-lanceolate, sparsely dentate; bracteoles ca. as long as or slightly shorter than achenes. Corolla rose, infundibular; tube 2–3 × 0.8–1.2 mm, inside villous; lobes elliptic, 1.5–2 × ca. 1 mm. Androecium and gynoecium both exserted. Achenes ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm, often hairy. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
● Grassy slopes, edges of forests, by water; 3000–4000 m. SW Sichuan (Batang, Dawu, Muli, Qianning, Xinlong, Yajiang), Xizang (Baxoi, Gyirong, Markam, Nyalam), NW Yunnan (Dêqên, Lijiang, Shangri-La, Weixi).
无柄缬草 wu bing xie cao
Herbs perennial, 20–45 cm tall. Rhizomes short, 0.5–1 cm. Roots nearly fascicled, fibrous, 0.5–1 mm in diam. Stems solitary, simple, with inflorescence branches from middle or even lower part, covered with white retrorse-hispidulous hairs. Leaves 2–4-paired at anthesis, only 2-paired in fruit, 5–9 × 2–6 cm, sessile or nearly so, with petioles, if present, not exceeding 1 cm; leaf blade pinnatisect, but often not reaching midvein, abaxially white hispidulous on veins, adaxially glabrous, segments 3- or 4-paired; terminal segment much larger, ovate or obovate, 4–5 × 2.5–4 cm, often 3-lobed; lateral ones lanceolate to elliptic, 0.5–3.5 × 0.3–1 cm, entire or serrate on margin. Corymbs 5–7 or more in number, markedly separate even at anthesis, inflorescences usually more than half as long as total length of plants; lower involucral bracts leafy, segmented, upper ones linear, glabrous. Corolla rose, infundibular, 2.5–3 mm with tube ca. 2 mm and lobes ca. 0.7 mm for bisexual flowers; stamens and style markedly exserted. Achenes narrowly ovoid, ca. 3.5 mm, both sides glabrous.
● Thickets on slopes; 3200–4100 m. W Sichuan (Kangding, Sêrtar), SE Xizang (Jamda, Markam, Qamdo).
横断山缬草 heng duan shan xie cao
Herbs perennial, 40–100 cm tall. Rhizomes extremely short, without marked internodes. Roots fascicled, 1–1.5 mm in diam. Stolons sometimes present. Stems erect, solitary, simple, glabrous or sparsely puberulous. Leaves all cauline at anthesis; lower 1 or 2 pairs with petioles 2–9 cm; leaf blade broadly elliptic or obovate, usually nearly entire or serrate, undivided, 3–8 × 2–4.5 cm; other cauline leaves from petiolate to nearly sessile; petiole to 7 cm; leaf blade 5–10 × 3–5 cm, glabrous or sparsely villous, lyrate; segments 3–7, crenulate or serrate; terminal one broadly elliptic to orbicular, much larger than others, 4–8 × 2–5 cm. Cymes in a lax corymb; even at anthesis involucral bracts linear. Corolla rose or red, infundibular, 3–4.5 mm. Achenes lanceolate, glabrous, 3–3.5 mm.
● Forests, ravines; 3100–3700 m. SW Sichuan (Muli), NW Yunnan (Dêqên, Shangri-La, Weixi).
长序缬草 chang xu xie cao
Valeriana hardwickii var. hoffmeisteri Klotzsch; V. hardwickii var. leiocarpa Miquel; V. helictes Graebner; V. rhodoleuca H. B. Chen & C. Y. Cheng; V. rosthornii Graebner; V. udicola Briquet.
Herbs perennial, to 150 cm tall. Rhizomes short. Roots slender, about 1 mm in diam., often fibrous. Stolons nearly always present, often several. Stems erect, often hispidulous below, glabrous above except at nodes. Basal leaves long petiolate; petioles to 9 cm; leaf blades mostly pinnatisect or pinnatifid, rarely cordate, undivided; terminal segment larger than lateral ones, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–7 × 1.5–3 cm, base nearly rounded, margin entire or serrate, apex acuminate; lateral segments 2–3-paired, becoming smaller downward on leaf axis, distant from each other. Cauline leaves similar to basal ones, gradually smaller upward on stems; all leaves ± hispidulous. Cymes in a large terminal panicle or in large panicles terminal on both main stems and branches and thus inflorescences becoming extremely lax in fruit, to 70 cm long; involucral bracts and bracts linear-subulate; bracteoles deltoid-ovate, often 1/2 as long as achenes or even shorter, entire or crenulate. Flowers white, small; corolla infundibular, 1.5–2.5 (–3.5) mm; lobes ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as total length of corolla. Stamens and gynoecium nearly equal to corolla in length or slightly exserted. Achenes broadly ovoid to ovoid, 2–3 × 1–1.2 mm, white hispidulous, less frequently glabrous. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Oct. 2n=14, 16, 28, 32
Grassy slopes, edges of forests, or by streams; 1000–3800 m. Chongqing (Nanchuan), Fujian (Chong’an), Guangxi (Damiao Shan), Guizhou, SW Hubei, W Hunan (Qianyang, Xinning, Xuefeng Shan), Jiangxi (Wugong Shan), SW Sichuan (northwards to Kangding, Wenchuan), S & SE Xizang (Bomi, Cona, Gyirong, Nyalam, Mainling, Markam, Mêdog, Sogxian, Yadong, Zayü), N Yunnan (southwards to Zhengkang, Kunming) [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].
川缬草 chuan xie cao
Herbs perennial, 25–55 cm tall. Rhizomes extremely short, without marked internodes. Roots fibrous, fascicled, ca. 1 mm in diam. Stolons sometimes present. Stems erect, solitary, simple, densely retrorse-hispid below, gradually sparsely upward. Leaves all cauline; lower 1 or 2 pairs with petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 2–5 × 1.2–2 cm, margin nearly entire or serrate; remaining leaves pinnatisect, segments 4- or 5-paired, linear to elliptic, 1.5–3 × 0.2–0.7 cm; terminal segment slightly broader than or similar to lateral ones; all leaves adaxially sparsely hispidulous. Cymes in a lax corymb; even at anthesis peduncles 8–14 cm; involucral bracts linear, bracteoles ca. as long as achenes. Corolla rose, infundibular, 4–4.5 mm; tube ca. 2.5 mm, inside villous; lobes 1.5–2 × ca. 1 mm. Stamens and style exserted. Achenes narrowly ovoid, ca. 4 mm, sparsely hispid. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.
● Mountain slopes; ca. 3600 m. SW Sichuan (Muli).
19. Valeriana briquetiana H. Léveillé, Cat. Pl. Yunnan, 277. 1916.
滇北缬草 dian bei xie cao
Herbs perennial, up to 30 cm tall. Rhizomes extremely short, without obvious nodes and internodes. Roots several and fascicled, ± thickened, carrot-shaped, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Stem erect or ascending, usually simple, rarely branched, white-villose rather densely below but sparsely or even glabrous above. Basal leaves and lower cauline leaves usually wilted at anthesis; occasionally lower 1–2 pairs of cauline leaves persistent at anthesis, long-petioled, petioles up to 2.5 cm; leaf blades obovate-orbicular, ca. 2 × 1.5 cm; middle cauline leaves petioled, petioles 1–3 cm, sparsely villose; leaf blades pinnatisect, adaxially sparsely hispidulous, abaxially hirsute; segments 1–2-paired, terminal segment slightly larger than lateral ones, elliptic to linear-elliptic, 10–20 × 3–11 mm, lateral ones linear to linear-elliptic, all segments usually serrate; uppermost 1–2 pairs of cauline leaves similar but smaller and usually sessile. Panicles terminal on both main stems and branches, and thus inflorescences becoming extremely lax in fruit, longer than half an individual, but some small individuals without branches and thus with only terminal panicle; involucrate bracts from leafy to linear-subulate; bracts and bracteoles linear, entire. Flowers small; corolla infundibular, 2.5–3.5 mm, tube ca. 2 mm; lobes oblong-ovate. Stamens and style obviously exserted. Achenes ovoid-lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, puberulous on anterior side, glabrous on posterior side, crowned by plumose persistent calyx. Fl. & fr. Jul.
● 2600–2800 m. NE Yunnan.
高山缬草 gao shan xie cao
Herbs perennial, dwarf, 10–20 cm tall. Stems glabrous, simple. Lower cauline leaves long petiolate; petioles ca. as long as leaf blades, semi-amplexicaul; leaf blade obovate-spatulate, 2–3 × 0.8–1 cm, pinnatisect; terminal segment ovate, ca. 10 × 7–10 mm, base cuneate, apex obtuse to acute, 3-lobed into hastate; lateral segments obovate-oblong, ca. 4 × 2 mm, gradually smaller downward on leaf axis, base cuneate, apex acute; upper leaves distant from each other by 3–4 cm; all leaves puberulous on both surfaces, but later nearly glabrescent, all leaf segments ciliate. Cymes in a terminal corymb 1–2 cm broad; involucral bracts and bracts linear, ca. 4 × 0.5 mm, base dilated and amplexicaul, auriculate, ciliate, margin entire, apex obtuse; flowers sessile. Corolla tubular-campanulate, ca. 2.7 × 1.5 mm; lobes oblong-deltoid, ca. 0.7 × 0.7 mm, glabrous, apex obtuse. Filaments inserted at middle part of corolla tube, ca. 1 mm, included, glabrous. Style 1–1.5 mm, exserted; stigma clavate. Achenes oblong-ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Jul.
* Forests; high elevations. Taiwan (Jiayi, Nantou, Taizhong).
黑水缬草 hei shui xie cao
Valeriana amurensis f. leiocarpa Hara; V. officinalis Linnaeus var. incisa Nakai ex Mori.
Herbs perennial, 80–150 cm tall. Rhizomes extremely short, without marked internodes. Roots fascicled, 1–2 mm in diam. Stems erect, solitary, simple, hispidulous but glandular hairy at upper part and inflorescence rachises. Cauline leaves 5–11-paired; lower ones with petioles to 4 cm; leaf blade 9–12 × 4–10 cm, pinnatisect, segments 7–10, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, both surfaces puberulous, margin large serrate; upper leaves smaller in size, with shorter petioles. Cymes in a corymb compact at least at anthesis; inflorescence rachises and pedicels glandular hairy; involucral bracts and bracts lanceolate or linear, glandular hairy, apex acute or acuminate. Corolla rose, infundibular, 3–5 mm. Achenes triangular-ovoid, ca. 3 mm, hispid. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Meadows or in forests of Larix or Betula. Heilongjiang, Jilin [Korea, Russia (Far East)].
Valeriana amurensis differs from V. officinalis only in having glandular hairs at the upper part of stems, inflorescence rachises and bracts. A population study is needed to clarify if V. amurensis is just a mutant of the latter or a distinct species.
缬草 xie cao
Valeriana alternifolia Bunge; V. alternifolia var. angustifolia (Komarov) S. H. Li; V. alternifolia f. angustifolia (Komarov) Kitagawa; V. alternifolia f. verticillata (Komarov) S. X. Li; V. chinensis Kreyer ex Komarov; V. coreana Briquet; V. coreana subsp. leiocarpa (Kitagawa) Vorosch; V. dubia Bunge; V. fauriei Briquet; V. fauriei var. leiocarpa (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; V. leiocarpa Kitagawa; V. nipponica Nakai ex Kitagawa; V. officinalis var. alternifolia (Bunge) Ledebour; V. officinalis var. latifolia Briquet; V. pseudofficinalis C. Y. Cheng & H. B. Chen; V. stubendorfii Kreyer ex Komarov; V. subbipinnatifolia A. I. Baranov; V. tianschanica Kreyer ex Handel-Mazzetti.
Herbs perennial, to 150 cm tall. Rhizomes very short, without obvious internodes. Roots fascicled, thick, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam. Stolons not frequently seen; internodes 3.5–4.5 cm. Stems hirsute or hispidulous, particularly at nodes, rarely glabrous. Basal leaves and lower cauline leaves usually wilted at anthesis; cauline leaves from petiolate to sessile; petiole to 8 cm; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, 5–15 × 3–8 cm, pinnatisect; segments 7–15, lanceolate or linear, both surfaces glabrous or ± hispidulous, base decurrent, margin entire or sparsely serrate; terminal segment similar to lateral ones in shape and size. Cymes in a large and compact corymb even in fruit, but sometimes lowermost pair of inflorescence branches forming two separate corymbs in fruit; involucral bracts and bracts from leafy for lowermost ones to small and linear-lanceolate for other ones; bracteoles papery at center, membranous on two lateral sides, elliptic-oblong, oblanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex awn-pointed. Corolla purplish-red or white, 4–6 mm; lobes elliptic. Stamens 3, nearly equal to corolla in length. Gynoecium nearly equal to corolla in length. Achenes narrowly ovoid, 4–5 mm, both sides glabrous or pubescent, base almost truncate. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Oct. 2n=14, 28, 42, 56.
Grassy slopes, forests, by streams; below 2500 m, but up to 4000 m in Xizang and Qinghai. Anhui (Huangshan, Jinzhai, Yuexi), Chongqing (Chengkou, Fengjie, Kaixian, Wuxi), E Gansu (westwards to Tianzhu), Guizhou (Fanjing Shan, Huangping, Kaili), Hebei, Henan, W Hubei, W Hunan (Sangzhi, Xinning), Jiangxi (Lushan), N & SE Nei Mongol (Daqing Shan, Ergun Qi, Ju Ud Meng), Qinghai (Huangzhong, Huzhu, Menyuan, Minhe, Nangqên, Qilian, Yushu), Shaanxi, Shandong (Changqing, Kunyu Shan, Taishan), Shanxi, NW Sichuan (southwards to Kangding, Litang), Taiwan, Xizang (Jamda, Riwoqê), Zheijiang (Tianmu Shan) [Europe to Japan].