li zao ke

Li Zhenyu

Herbs, perennial or annual, insectivorous, terrestrial, epiphytic, or aquatic. Roots present or absent. Stems usually modified into rhizoids, stolons, or rhizomes, rarely developed. Traps (bladders) on rhizoids, stolons, or leaves or absent (Pinguicula). Stipules absent. Leaves alternate or in a basal rosette, simple or variously divided. Inflorescences usually racemes or reduced to a solitary flower; peduncle erect to twining. Flowers perfect, zygomorphic. Calyx 2--5-lobed or -parted; lobes imbricate, persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, tube short, limb 2-lipped; lower lip entire or 2- or 3(--6)-lobed, lobes imbricate; upper lip entire or 2- or 3-lobed; spur subulate, cylindrical, conical, or saccate. Stamens 2, inserted at base of corolla tube, included; filaments short, linear, curved or straight; anthers dorsifixed, ellipsoid, thecae 2, divaricate, confluent or rarely not confluent; staminodes absent. Disc absent. Carpels 2, united; ovary superior, 1-locular; placenta free-central or basal; ovules 2--numerous, anatropous, somewhat sunken into placenta. Style 1 or absent; stigma 2-lipped, upper lip reduced or obsolete. Fruit usually a capsule, loculicidal, circumscissile, or rarely indehiscent. Seeds few to numerous, rarely 1, minute, without endosperm.

Three genera and ca. 240 species: cosmopolitan but mostly in tropical regions; two genera and 25 species in China.

1. PINGUICULA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 17. 1753.

bu chong jin shu

Herbs, perennial, terrestrial, rhizomatous, without rhizoids, stolons, or traps. Roots fibrous. Leaves in a basal rosette, simple, petiolate or sessile, soft and fleshy; leaf blade adaxially with numerous viscid glands, margin entire, usually involute, veins pinnate. Inflorescences with a solitary flower, rarely a 2- or 3-flowered raceme, without scales, bracts, or bracteoles. Calyx 2-lipped; lower lib 2-lobed; upper lip 3-lobed. Corolla open at throat, palate of lower lip not raised; lower lip larger than upper lip, spurred, 3-lobed, middle lobe larger; upper lip 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidal, opening by 2 valves. Seeds many.

About 35 species; N temperate regions, also a few species in alpine temperate regions of C and S America; two species in China.

1. Pinguicula alpina Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 17. 1753.

gao shan bu chong jin

Roots numerous, 0.4--1 mm thick. Leaves short petiolate; leaf blade pale green, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, 1--4.5 X 0.5--1.7 cm, abaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin involute, apex obtuse to rounded; secondary veins 5--7 on each side of midrib. Flowers 1--5, from generative (spring) rosette. Pedicel 2.5--13 cm X 0.4--1.2 mm, glabrous, apical part enlarged in fruit. Calyx parted from base into 2 lips, glabrous; lower lip 1--2.5 mm, 2-lobed, lobes obovate; upper lip 2--4 mm, 3-lobed, lobes triangular-ovate. Corolla mostly white with 1 or more yellow spots on palate, 0.9--2 cm; tube short funnelform-tubular, 3--7 mm, outside glabrous, inside puberulous; spur yellowish, cylindrical, straight, ± as long as corolla tube, apex rounded; lobes of lower lip circular to broadly ovate, apex rounded to obtuse; lobes of upper lip broadly ovate to suborbicular, apex obtuse. Filaments curved, 1.4--1.6 mm; anther thecae confluent. Ovary globose, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Style short but distinct; stigma lower lip circular and ciliate, upper lip deltoid. Capsule ovoid-oblong, 5--7 mm, glabrous. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, 0.6--0.8 mm; seed coat with small prominent elongate reticulations. Fl. May--Jul, fr. Jul--Sep.

Bogs and wet places in mountains; 2300--4500 m. N Guizhou, W Hubei, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, Mongolia, N Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sikkim; Europe].

The report of Pinguicula vulgaris Linnaeus from Shaanxi (Icon. Corm. Sin. 4: 148. 1975) is in fact P. alpina.

2. Pinguicula villosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 17. 1753.

bei bu chong jin

Roots numerous, 0.1--0.2 mm thick. Leaves short petiolate; leaf blade pale green, elliptic to broadly elliptic, 5--10(--15) X 4--8 mm, abaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin strongly involute, apex rounded; secondary veins 4 or 5 on each side of midrib. Flowers 1 or 2, from generative rosette. Pedicel 2.5--8 X 0.4--1 mm, glandular pilose. Calyx parted from base into 2 lips, outside glandular pilose, inside glabrous; lower lip 2-lobed, 0.5--1 mm, lobes ovate-lanceolate; upper lip 3-lobed, 1--2 mm, lobes ovate-lanceolate. Corolla 6--9 mm, pale violet, with yellow stripes in throat; tube short funnelform-tubular, 2.5--3 mm, outside glabrous, inside sparsely puberulous; spur cylindric-conical, straight, longer than corolla tube, apex rounded; lobes of lower lip oblong, apex obtuse to truncate; lobes of upper lip oblong, apex obtuse. Filaments curved, 1--1.2 mm; anther thecae confluent. Ovary globose, 1.2--1.5 mm in diam. Style short; stigma lower lip semicircular and ciliate, upper lip obtuse. Capsule obovoid, 5--6 mm, glabrous. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid; seed coat with small prominent elongate reticulations. Fl. Jun--Aug, fr. Aug--Oct.

Sphagnum bogs. NE Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea; N Europe, North America].

2. UTRICULARIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 18. 1753.

li zao shu

Herbs, perennial or annual, terrestrial, epiphytic, or aquatic, without true roots. Stems modified into rhizoids and stolons, rarely developed. Traps on rhizoids, stolons, and/or leaves, small, bladderlike. Leaves alternate or in a basal rosette, simple to many X divided; veins 1--3, unbranched, dichotomously branched, or pinnately branched. Inflorescences racemose or flowers solitary, pedunculate, usually simple, seldom branched, erect to twining, bracteate; bracts and bracteole often present, scalelike. Calyx parted from base into 2 equal or unequal lobes, lobes sometimes apically 2-parted. Corolla lower lip larger than upper lip; lower lip entire or 2- or 3(--6)-lobed, spurred, palate variously raised; upper lip entire or 2- or 3-lobed. Capsule adaxially loculicidal, both abaxially and adaxially loculicidal, or circumscissile, rarely indehiscent. Seeds few to many, rarely 1, various appendaged.

About 200 species: cosmopolitan but mostly in tropical regions, a few in N temperate regions; 23 species in China.

1. Utricularia bifida Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 18. 1753.

wa er cao

Philydrum cavaleriei H. Léveillé; Utricularia biflora Hayata (1911), not Lamarck (1791).

Annuals, terrestrial. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, branched. Traps on stolons and leaves, globose, 0.5--1 mm, short stalked, mouth basal; appendages 2, dorsal, subulate, curved. Leaves arising from stolon nodes, few to numerous, petiolate; leaf blade narrowly linear to linear-oblanceolate, 0.7--2(--3) cm X 1--4 mm, membranous, glabrous, base attenuate, margin entire, apex rounded to subacute; vein 1. Inflorescences erect, 2--40 cm, 1--16-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.3--1.2 mm thick; scales few, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, ovate, 1--2 mm, apex obtuse to acute. Pedicel capillary, spreading at anthesis, decurved in fruit, broadly winged, 2--5 mm; bracteoles subulate, much shorter than bracts, apex acute. Calyx lobes slightly unequal, 3--4 mm at anthesis, 5--6 mm in fruit, glabrous; lower lobe ovate, slightly smaller than upper lobes, apex rounded to emarginate; upper lobe broadly ovate, apex obtuse. Corolla yellow, 6--10 mm; lower lip suborbicular, base with a prominent rounded swelling, apex rounded; spur subulate, widely divergent, curved, ± as long as lower lip, apex acute; palate margin ciliate; upper lip oblong to oblong-obovate, apex rounded. Filaments straight, ca. 1 mm; anther thecae distinct. Ovary ovoid, dorsiventrally compressed. Style distinct; stigma lower lip semicircular, upper lip obtuse. Capsule broadly ellipsoid, dorsiventrally compressed, 2.5--3 mm, dehiscing by longitudinal dorsal and ventral slits. Seeds obliquely obovoid, 0.4--0.6 mm; seed coat with prominent elongate reticulations. Fl. Jun--Dec, fr. Jul--Jan.

Wet soil and rocks, rice fields; Below 100--1400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia].

2. Utricularia graminifolia Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 195. 1804.

he ye wa er cao

Utricularia caerulea Linnaeus var. graminifolia (Vahl) Bhattacharyya.

Perennials or perhaps sometimes annuals, terrestrial. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, branched. Traps on rhizoids, stolons, and leaves, globose, 0.5--1.3 mm, stalked, mouth basal; appendages 2, dorsal, simple, subulate. Leaves numerous, from stolon nodes, glabrous; leaf blades linear to narrowly obovate, 0.4--2 cm X 0.8--3 mm, membranous, base attenuate to petiole, margin entire, apex rounded to subacute; veins 3. Inflorescences erect, 2.5--30 cm, 1--6-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.4--1 mm thick; scales few to many, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, ovate, 2--2.5 mm, apex acuminate. Pedicel ascending, filiform, narrowly winged, 3--13 mm; bracteoles basifixed, subulate, slightly shorter than bracts. Calyx lobes slightly unequal, ovate, 3.5--6 mm; lower lobe slightly smaller, apex short 2-dentate; upper lobe apex acute to acuminate. Corolla mauve to violet, 0.7--1.3 cm; lower lip suborbicular, base with a conspicuous swelling, apex rounded; spur subulate, straight or slightly curved, ± as long as lower lip and widely diverging from it; palate with a raised ciliate margin; upper lip oblong, apex rounded. Filaments straight, ca. 1.5 mm; anther thecae distinct. Ovary ovoid. Style distinct; stigma lower and upper lips semicircular. Capsule ellipsoid, 2--3 mm, slightly dorsiventrally compressed, dehiscing by a longitudinal ventral slit. Seed ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.3--0.4 mm; seed coat with prominent elongate prominent reticulations. Fl. May--Dec, fr. Jun--Jan.

Marshes, swamps, streamsides, wet soil among rocks; 100--2100 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand].

The report of Utricularia uliginosa Vahl from Yunnan (Z. Y. Wu, ed., Index Fl. Yun. 2: 1636. 1984) is in fact U. graminifolia.

3. Utricularia uliginosa Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 203. 1804.

chi e wa er cao

Utricularia affinis Wight; U. caerulea var. affinis (Wight) Thwaites; U. macrophylla Masamune & Syozi; U. reticulata var. uliginosa (Vahl) C. B. Clarke.

Annuals, terrestrial. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, branched. Traps on rhizoids, stolons, and leaves, globose, 1--1.5 mm, stalked, glandular, mouth basal; appendages 2, dorsal, subulate, stipitate. Leaves few to numerous, at stolon nodes, glabrous; leaf blade linear to narrowly obovate, 2.5--4.5 cm X 1.5--6 mm, membranous, base attenuate to petiole, margin entire, apex rounded to acute; veins 3. Inflorescences erect, 3--12 cm, 1--10-flowered, glabrous; peduncle slightly angular, 0.2--0.5 mm thick; scales few, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, narrowly ovate, 0.8--1 mm, apex acute. Pedicel suberect, filiform, narrowly winged, 1--1.5 mm at anthesis, to 5 mm in fruit; bracteoles narrowly linear to subulate, slightly shorter than bract, apex acute. Calyx lobes subequal, broadly ovate to suborbicular, 2.5--5 mm, margin minutely denticulate; lower lobe slightly smaller than upper lobe, apex emarginate; upper lobe apex obtuse to subacute. Corolla lilac, violet, or white, 3--7 mm; lower lip suborbicular, base much swollen, apex rounded to emarginate; spur subulate, widely divergent, ± as long as lower lip, apex acute; palate with a ciliate marginal rim; upper lip oblong, scarcely longer than upper calyx lobe, apex rounded to emarginate. Filaments straight, ca. 1 mm; anther thecae distinct. Ovary ovoid, dorsiventrally compressed. Style short but distinct; stigma lower lip semicircular, upper lip obsolete. Capsule ovoid, dorsiventrally compressed, 2--4 mm, dehiscing by dorsal and ventral longitudinal slits. Seeds subglobose, 0.3--0.4 mm in diam.; seed coat with prominent isodiametric reticulations. Fl. Jun--Oct, fr. Jul--Nov.

Swamps, streamsides, rice fields; low elevations. S Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan [Indonesia, S Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; N Australia, Pacific Islands (New Caledonia)].

4. Utricularia scandens Benjamin, Linnaea 20: 309. 1847.

chan rao wa er cao

Annuals, terrestrial. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, branched. Traps on rhizoids, stolons, and leaves, globose, 0.5--1 mm, stalked, mouth basal; appendages 2, dorsal, simple, subulate, glandular. Leaves few to many, glabrous; leaf blade narrowly linear, 5--10 X 0.4--1 mm, membranous, base attenuate to petiole, margin entire, apex rounded to subacute; vein 1. Inflorescences erect to twining, 1.5--35 cm, (1--)3--8-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, somewhat angular, 0.2--0.6 mm thick; scales few to numerous, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, broadly ovate-deltoid, 0.5--1.5 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Pedicel suberect, filiform, winged, 2.5--3 mm; bracteoles basifixed, narrowly linear to subulate, as long or slightly shorter than bracts, apex acute. Calyx lobes subequal, ovate to elliptic, 2--3 mm at anthesis, to 5 mm in fruit; lower lobe slightly smaller, apex short 2-cleft; upper lobe apex acute to acuminate. Corolla yellow, 5--11 mm; lower lip suborbicular, base distinctly swollen, apex rounded to obscurely crenate; spur subulate, widely divergent, curved or straight, longer than lower lip, apex acute; palate papillose; upper lip oblong, apex rounded to emarginate. Filaments straight, ca. 1 mm; anther thecae distinct. Ovary ovoid, dorsiventrally compressed. Style short; stigma lower and upper lips semicircular. Capsule ovoid, dorsiventrally compressed, 2--2.5 mm, dehiscing by a longitudinal ventral slit. Seeds obliquely obovoid, 0.2--0.3 mm; seed coat with prominent elongate reticulations. Fl. Jun--Sep, fr. Jul--Oct.

Bogs, marshes, meadows, swamps, ponds, along streams among grass; 700--2900 m. SW Guizhou, S and W Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Laos, Malaysia, N Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; Africa, N Australia].

4a. Utricularia scandens subsp. scandens

chan rao wa er cao (yuan ya zhong)

Utricularia bifida Linnaeus var. wallichiana (Wight) Thwaites; U. wallichiana Wight; U. wallichii Wight.

Inflorescences twining to erect. Calyx lobes subequal, ovate at anthesis and in fruit. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Sep--Oct.

Bogs, meadows, ponds; 700--800 m. S Yunnan [India, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; Africa, N Australia].

4b. Utricularia scandens subsp. firmula (Oliver) Z. Y. Li, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(2): 29. 1988.

jian e wa er cao

Utricularia wallichiana Wight var. firmula Oliver, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3: 182. 1859; U. recta P. Taylor; U. scandens var. firmula (Oliver) Subramanyam & Banerjee.

Inflorescences erect. Calyx lobes unequal; lower lobe ovate-elliptic at anthesis, becoming ovate-oblong in fruit; upper lobe broadly ovate at anthesis, becoming rhombic-elliptic in fruit. Fl. Jun--Aug, fr. Jul--Sep.

Bogs, marshes, swamps, along streams among grass; 1300--2900 m. SW Guizhou, W Yunnan [Bhutan, N and NE India, N Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].

5. Utricularia foveolata Edgeworth, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1: 351. 1847.

hai nan wa er cao

Utricularia baouleensis A. Chevalier; U. scandens Oliver (1859), not Benjamin (1847); U. tenerrima Merrill.

Annuals, terrestrial. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, branched. Traps on stolons and leaves, globose, 0.8--1.2 mm, short stalked to subsessile, mouth basal; appendages 2, dorsal, filiform-subulate, sparsely branched, stipitate, glandular. Leaves few, from stolon nodes, petiolate, glabrous; leaf blade linear, 1--3 cm X 0.4--1 mm, membranous, base attenuate to petiole, margin entire, apex acute to rounded; vein 1. Inflorescences twining, 15--20 cm, 2--5-flowered, glabrous; peduncle capillary, terete, 0.2--0.5 mm thick; scales few, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, ovate to ovate-oblong, ca. 1.2 mm, apex obtuse to short acuminate. Pedicel erect to spreading at anthesis, sharply deflexed in fruit, filiform, 2--4 mm, dorsiventrally flattened and narrowly winged; bracteoles linear-subulate, ca. 1/2 as long as bracts, apex acute. Calyx lobes subequal, ovate, 2--4 mm, lower lobe slightly longer and narrower than upper lobe, apex obtuse to subacute. Corolla pale mauve, 3--4 mm; lower lip suborbicular, galeate, basal swelling obscurely 2-lobed, apex entire or obscurely 3-crenate; spur narrowly conical, slightly longer than lower lip, apex obtuse; palate with a scarcely raised minutely ciliate rim; upper lip oblong, slightly longer than calyx, apex truncate. Filaments straight, ca. 1 mm; anther thecae ± distinct. Ovary ovoid. Style short but distinct; stigma lower lip semicircular, upper lip truncate. Capsule broadly ovoid, slightly dorsiventrally compressed, ca. 4 mm, dehiscing by a single longitudinal ventral slit. Seeds obliquely ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 0.3 mm; seed coat with prominent elongate reticulations. Fl. Oct--Nov, fr. Nov--Dec.

Wet grasslands, rice fields; low elevations. Hainan [India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand; NE Australia, tropical Africa].

6. Utricularia minutissima Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 204. 1804.

xie guo wa er cao

Utricularia nipponica Makino.

Annuals, terrestrial. Rhizoids capillary, simple. Stolons capillary, sparsely branched. Traps on rhizoids, stolons, and leaves, ovoid, ca. 0.2 mm, stalked, mouth lateral; appendage 1, dorsal, subulate, with 1 or 2 ventral pairs of trichome rows. Leaves few, from peduncle base and stolons, glabrous; leaf blade narrowly obovate to linear, 0.3--2 cm X 0.4--0.8 mm, membranous, base attenuate to petiole, margin entire, apex slightly obtuse; vein 1. Inflorescences erect, 3--12 cm, 1--10-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.2--0.4 mm thick; scales few, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, narrowly ovate, 0.5--1 mm, apex acute. Pedicel erect, filiform, ± as long as bracts; bracteoles similar to bracts but sometimes narrower or less acute. Calyx lobes subequal, convex, 1.5--2 mm, glabrous; lower lobe emarginate; upper lobe ovate, apex obtuse. Corolla violet or white, 3--7 mm; lower lip suborbicular, base with a rounded 4-lobed swelling, margin distinctly 3-lobed; spur subulate, much longer than lower lip, apex acute; upper lip oblong to obovate, apex emarginate to rounded. Filaments ca. 0.8 mm, slightly curved; anther thecae distinct. Ovary ovoid. Style short; stigma lower lip transversely elliptic, upper lip deltoid. Capsule obliquely ellipsoid, 1.5--2 mm, dehiscing by a single longitudinal ventral slit. Seeds globose to broadly ellipsoid, 2--3 mm; seed coat with prominent reticulations. Fl. Sep--Nov, fr. Nov--Dec.

Sandy soil in open areas, grassy places, on wet rocks; low elevations. S Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi [India, Indonesia, S Japan, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; N Australia].

7. Utricularia caerulea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 18. 1753.

duan geng wa er cao

Utricularia cavalerii Stapf; U. caerulea var. filicaulis (Wallich ex A. de Candolle) Haines; U. filicaulis Wallich ex A. de Candolle; U. obtusiloba Benjamin; U. racemosa Wallich ex Walpers; U. racemosa var. filicaulis (Wallich ex A. de Candolle) C. B. Clarke.

Annuals, terrestrial. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, branched. Traps on stolons and leaves, ovoid, 0.2--1 mm, stalked, with stipitate glands on appendage and mouth margin, mouth lateral; appendage 1, dorsal, subulate, beaklike. Leaves numerous, from peduncle base and stolon nodes, glabrous; leaf blade linear to linear-obovate, 0.3--2 cm X 0.5--2 mm, membranous, base attenuate to petiole, margin entire, apex rounded; veins 3. Inflorescences erect, 5--44 cm, 1--15-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.3--1.2 mm thick; scales 1--12, similar to bracts; bracts basisolute, oblanceolate, 1.5--3 mm, both ends acute. Pedicel erect at anthesis, spreading to deflexed in fruit, 0.2--1 mm, minutely papillose; bracteoles basisolute, ovate-lanceolate, 1--2 mm. Calyx lobes unequal, minutely papillose, glabrous; lower lobe smaller, suborbicular, apex retuse; upper lobe ovate-oblong, 2--3 mm, apex rounded. Corolla violet, pink, or white, marked with yellow at throat, 4--10 mm; lower lip broadly ovate, with a basal 4-ridged swelling, apex rounded to emarginate; spur narrowly conical, usually longer than lower lip, apex subacute; upper lip oblong to ovate-oblong, apex retuse. Filaments straight, 1--2 mm; anther thecae ± distinct. Ovary globose. Style short; stigma lower lip semicircular, upper lip deltoid. Capsule globose to ellipsoid, 1.5--2 mm, dehiscing by a short longitudinal ventral slit. Seeds obovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, 0.2--0.3 mm; seed coat with prominent elongate reticulations and conical to clavate papillae. Fl. Jun--Jan, fr. Jul--Feb.

Wet rocks, beside streams, wet grassland, swamps, damp places; below 100--2000 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Australia].

8. Utricularia warburgii K. I. Goebel, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg. 9: 66. 1890.

gou ju wa er cao

Annuals, terrestrial. Rhizoids capillary, simple. Stolons capillary, branched. Traps on stolons and leaves, ovoid, ca. 0.5--1 mm, stalked, with numerous stipitate glands on appendage and mouth margin, mouth lateral; appendage 1, dorsal, narrowly oblong-obovate, beaklike, apex obtuse. Leaves numerous, from peduncle base and stolon nodes, glabrous; leaf blade narrowly obovate-cuneate, 1--1.5 cm X 1.2--1.5 mm, membranous, base attenuate to petiole, margin entire, apex rounded; vein 1. Inflorescences erect, 5--17 cm, (1- or)2--6-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.3--0.4 mm thick; scales few, similar to bracts; bracts basisolute, ovate, ca. 1.3 mm, base truncate, margin denticulate, apex obtuse. Pedicel erect at anthesis and in fruit, 0.7--1 mm, minutely papillose; bracteoles slightly shorter than bracts, basisolute, oblong, base rounded to obliquely truncate, apex acute. Calyx lobes subequal, slightly convex, 2--3 mm, minutely papillose, glabrous; lower lobe oblong, apex emarginate; upper lobe broadly ovate, apex rounded. Corolla pale bluish purple, 6--8 mm; lower lip transversely elliptic, base with a conspicuous swelling, apex rounded; spur subulate, somewhat longer than lower lip; palate with 2 curved hornlike process; upper lip obovate-cuneate, apex emarginate. Filaments straight, ca. 1 mm; anther thecae ± distinct. Ovary ovoid. Style short; stigma lower lip semicircular, upper lip deltoid. Capsule globose to ellipsoid, 1.8--2.2 mm, dehiscing by a short longitudinal ventral slit. Seeds obovoid, 2--3 mm; seed coat with prominent elongate reticulations and clavate papillae. Fl. May--Sep; Jul--Oct.

* Wet grassland, wet rocks; 800--2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.

Reports of Utricularia caerulea Linnaeus from Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, and Zhejiang (Z. Y. Li, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 594. 1990) are in fact U. warburgii.

9. Utricularia peranomala P. Taylor, Kew Bull. 41: 12. 1986.

he bao wa er cao

Annuals, lithophytic. Stolons and rhizoids capillary, simple. Traps on stolons or leaf blades near margin, ca. 1 mm, short stalked, mouth lateral; appendages 2, dorsal, subulate, simple, with sessile glands. Leaves few, from peduncle base, glabrous; leaf blade narrowly obovate to linear, 8--10 X 1--1.5 mm, membranous, base attenuate to petiole, margin entire, apex rounded; veins pinnate. Inflorescences erect, 1.5--2.5 cm, 1- or 2-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, ca. 0.3 mm thick; scales absent; bracts basifixed, broadly ovate, ca. 0.5 mm, base short connate, apex rounded. Pedicel erect at anthesis, apically decurved in fruit, filiform, slightly dorsiventrally compressed, 2--7 mm; bracteoles basifixed, oblong, ± as long as bracts, apex rounded. Calyx lobes unequal; lower lobe smaller, ovate to oblong, apex rounded; upper lobe broadly ovate, 1.5--2 mm, apex obtuse. Corolla yellowish, 4--6 mm; lower lip broadly flabellate to transversely elliptic, base with a 4-lobed swelling, apex rounded to retuse; spur subulate, almost straight, slightly longer than lower lip, apex obtuse; palate with a slightly raised ring, fringed with short hairs; upper lip oblong, slightly longer than upper calyx lobe, apex truncate. Filaments slightly curved, ca. 0.6 mm; anther thecae distinct. Ovary globose. Style short but distinct; stigma lower lip circular, upper lip oblong. Capsule globose, ca. 2.5 mm, dehiscing by a single longitudinal ventral slit. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid-fusiform, curved or straight, ca. 1 mm; seed coat with prominent very elongate reticulations. Fl. Jul--Aug, fr. Aug.

* Wet rocks among moss. NE Guangxi.

10. Utricularia brachiata Oliver, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 187. 1859.

kuai jiang wa er cao

Perennials, lithophytic. Tuber 1 at peduncle base, globose to ellipsoid, 1--2 mm. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, simple. Traps on rhizoids and stolons, ovoid, ca. 1 mm, stalked, mouth lateral; appendage 1, dorsal, transversely elliptic to flabellate, fringed with multicellular stipitate glands. Leaves few, from tuber, glabrous; leaf blade reniform, 1--3 cm X 2.5--6 mm, membranous, base cordate and attenuate to long petiole, margin entire, apex rounded to emarginate; veins dichotomously branched. Inflorescences erect, 3--8 cm, 1- or 2-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.2--0.4 mm thick; scales absent; bracts basisolute, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm, base truncate to emarginate, margin erose-denticulate, apex rounded. Pedicel spreading, filiform, dorsiventrally compressed, 2--8 mm; bracteoles basisolute, similar to bracts. Calyx lobes unequal, 3--4 mm, glabrous; lower lobe much smaller, oblong, apex emarginate; upper lobe orbicular, apex emarginate. Corolla white, with a yellow spot at base of lower lip and violet streaks on upper lip; lower lip suborbicular, distinctly 5-lobed; spur narrowly cylindrical, 2 or more X as long as upper calyx lobe, apex obtuse; palate with a slightly raised rim, fringed with moniliform hairs; upper lip much shorter than upper calyx lobe, apex 2-lobed. Filaments curved, ca. 0.5 mm; anther thecae ± distinct. Ovary globose. Style very short; stigma lower lip circular, upper lip obsolete. Capsule globose with a ventral keel, ca. 2.5 mm, dehiscing by a longitudinal ventral slit. Seeds ovoid, ca. 0.5 mm, with a tuft of hairs of variable length at each end usually ± as long as body of seed and a few shorter hair on distal surface. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Aug--Oct.

Forests among bryophytes on rocks; 2600--4200 m. W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NE Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

11. Utricularia forrestii P. Taylor, Kew Bull. 41: 13. 1986.

chang ju wa er cao

Perennials, lithophytic. Tuber 1 at peduncle base, globose, 1--2 mm. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, simple. Traps on rhizoids and stolons, ovoid, ca. 1 mm, stalked, mouth lateral; appendage 1, dorsal, broadly flabellate, fringed with multicellular stipitate glands. Leaves few, from a short vertical stem between tuber and peduncle base, glabrous; leaf blade broadly obovate, orbicular, or reniform, 4--8 X 1--3 mm, membranous, base broadly cuneate to subcordate, margin entire, apex rounded; veins dichotomously branched. Inflorescences erect, 2--4 cm, 1- or 2-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.2--0.3 mm thick; scales absent; bracts basisolute, narrowly ovate, ca. 1 mm, base truncate, apex subacute. Pedicel spreading, filiform, dorsiventrally compressed, 2--8 mm; bracteoles basiolute, similar to bracts. Calyx lobes unequal, glabrous; lower lobe much smaller, oblong to obovate, apex emarginate; upper lobe orbicular to broadly transversely elliptic, 2--3 mm, apex emarginate. Corolla mauve to violet, 1.2--1.5 cm; lower lip suborbicular, apex 3-lobed ± to middle, lobes retuse to short 2-cleft; spur filiform, curved, 0.9--1.5 cm, much longer than lower lip; palate with a slightly raised rim fringed with hairs; upper lip suborbicular, apex short 2-lobed, shorter than upper calyx lobe. Filaments curved, ca. 0.5 mm; anther thecae ± distinct. Ovary ovoid. Style very short; stigma lower lip suborbicular, upper lip obsolete. Capsule globose with a ventral keel, ca. 2 mm, dehiscing by a single longitudinal ventral slit. Seed narrowly elliptic, ca. 0.5 mm, with a hollow obscurely apically dentate multicellular appendage at each end. Fl. Jul--Aug, fr. Aug--Sep.

Rocks among moss; 2100--3000 m. W Yunnan [N Myanmar].

12. Utricularia kumaonensis Oliver, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 189. 1859.

mao zi wa er cao

Diurospermum album Edgeworth (1847), not Utricularia alba Hoffmannsegg ex Link (1820).

Annuals, epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, simple. Traps on rhizoids and stolons, ovoid, ca. 1 mm, stalked, mouth lateral; appendage 1, dorsal, flabellate, fringed with multicellular stipitate glands. Leaves few, rosulate at peduncle base, petiolate, glabrous; leaf blade broadly obovate, orbicular, or reniform, 2--6 X 1.5--3 mm, membranous, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded; veins dichotomously branched. Inflorescences erect, 2--7 cm, 1--3-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.2--0.3 mm thick; scales absent; bracts basisolute, base truncate, ovate-oblong, ca. 0.5 mm, apex obtuse. Pedicel filiform, terete, erect at anthesis, decurved in fruit, 2--6 mm; bracteoles basisolute, similar to bracts. Calyx lobes unequal; lower lobe much smaller, oblong, apex truncate and emarginate to erose; upper lobe obcordate, ca. 2 mm, base rounded, apex deeply 2-parted. Corolla white, with a basal yellow spot and mauve lobes of lower lip, 3--5(--7) mm; lower lip suborbicular, 5-lobed, middle lobe much larger than lateral lobes; spur short cylindrical, slightly curved, ± as long as upper calyx lobe, apex obtuse; palate with a slightly raised rim, fringed with short hairs; upper lip ca. 1/2 as long as upper calyx lobe, subquadrate, apex truncate to obscurely 2-lobed. Filaments curved, ca. 0.5 mm; anther thecae distinct. Ovary globose. Style very short; stigma lower lip circular, upper lip nearly obsolete. Capsule obliquely ovoid, 2--2.5 mm, dehiscing by a single longitudinal ventral slit. Seeds few, ellipsoid, ca. 0.5 mm, with a tuft of hairs at each end, hairs usually longer than body of seed. Fl. Jul--Aug, fr. Aug--Sep.

Rocks among moss, cliffs, fallen trees; 2600--2700 m. NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, N Myanmar, Nepal].

13. Utricularia multicaulis Oliver, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 188. 1859.

duo xu wa er cao

Annuals, terrestrial or lithophytic. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, simple. Traps on rhizoids and stolons, ovoid, ca. 1 mm, short stalked, mouth lateral; appendage 1, dorsal, flabellate, fringed with multicellular stipitate glands. Leaves few, rosulate at peduncle base, long petiolate, glabrous; leaf blade obovate, 2--8 X 1--1.5 mm, rather fleshy, base attenuate, margin entire, apex rounded; veins dichotomously branched. Inflorescences erect, 1--5 cm, 1--3-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.3--0.4 mm thick; scales absent; bracts basisolute, oblong, 0.6--1.2 mm, base truncate, apex obtuse to acute. Pedicel spreading at anthesis, decurved and distally thickened in fruit, filiform, terete, 1--5 mm; bracteoles basisolute, similar to bracts. Calyx lobes unequal; lower lobe much smaller, oblong, apex entire, emarginate, or erose; upper lobe orbicular to broadly transversely elliptic, 1--1.5 mm, apex deeply emarginate. Corolla white or pale mauve, with a yellow spot at base of lower lip, 2--5 mm; lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe much longer than upper calyx lobe; lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe much longer than lateral lobes, apex rounded to emarginate; spur cylindrical, straight or almost so, slightly longer than upper calyx lobe, apex obtuse; palate with a slightly raised rim fringed with short hairs; upper lip subquadrate, much shorter than upper calyx lobe, apex short 2-lobed. Filaments slightly curved, ca. 0.5 mm; anther thecae distinct. Ovary globose. Style very short; stigma lower lip circular, upper lip obsolete. Capsule globose to obliquely ovoid, 1.5--2 mm, dehiscing by a single longitudinal ventral slit. Seeds ovoid 0.7--0.9 mm, distal end with a tuft of shot hairs ca. 1/2 as long as body of seed; seed coat with regular rows of longitudinal acute papillae. Fl. Jul--Sep, fr. Aug--Oct.

Moist rocks, open swampy meadows among bryophytes and species of Cyperaceae; ca. 3900 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, N Myanmar, Sikkim].

14. Utricularia salwinensis Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 873. 1936.

nu jiang wa er cao

Probably perennials, terrestrial or lithophytic. Rhizoids capillary, simple. Stolons capillary, branched. Traps on rhizoids and stolons, ovoid, ca. 1 mm, stalked, mouth lateral; appendage 1, dorsal, flabellate, fringed with multicellular stipitate glands. Leaves few, from peduncle base and stolons, long petiolate, glabrous; leaf blade obovate to orbicular, 2--12 X 1--2 mm, membranous, base attenuate, margin entire, apex rounded; veins dichotomously branched. Inflorescences erect, 3--7 mm, 1-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.2--0.4 mm thick; scales absent; bracts basisolute, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm, base truncate, margin 2-cleft or erose, apex acute to truncate. Pedicel erect, spreading, or ± recurved, 2--10 mm; bracteoles basisolute, similar to bracts. Calyx lobes unequal; lower lobe much smaller, oblong, apex emarginate; upper lobe suborbicular, ca. 2 mm, apex emarginate. Corolla white or pale pink, with a yellow spot at base of lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe much larger than lateral lobes, apex rounded; spur narrowly cylindrical, ca. 2 X as long as upper calyx lobe, apex obtuse; palate with a slightly raised rim, fringed with moniliform hairs; upper lip much shorter than upper calyx lobe, subquadrate, apex emarginate. Filaments curved, 0.5--0.7 mm; anther thecae ± distinct. Ovary globose. Style very short; stigma lower lip circular, upper lip obsolete. Capsule and seeds not known. Fl. Jul--Aug.

* Among moss on wet cliffs and in bogs; 3200--4000 m. NW Yunnan.

Utricularia salwinensis has been reported from the mountains of northern Sumatra in Indonesia (P. Taylor, Fl. Malesiana, ser. 1, 8(2): 292. 1977). However, the author feels that identification is incorrect.

15. Utricularia striatula Smith in Rees, Cycl. 37: No. 17. 1819.

yan ye wa er cao

Meloneura striatula (Smith) Barnhart; Utricularia harlandii Oliver ex Bentham; U. orbiculata Wallich ex A. de Candolle; U. taikankoensis Yamamoto.

Perennials, epiphytic or lithophytic. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, simple. Traps on rhizoids and stolons, ovate, 0.6--0.8 mm, stalked, mouth lateral; appendage 1, dorsal, deeply 2-cleft, fringed with multicellular stipitate glands. Leaves numerous, from peduncle base and stolons, subsessile to petiolate; leaf blade obovate, orbicular, or transversely elliptic, 3--10 X 2--6 mm, thinly fleshy, base cuneate, attenuate, or rounded, margin entire, apex rounded; veins dichotomously branched. Inflorescences erect, 1--15 cm, 1--10-flowered; peduncle terete, 0.2--0.4 mm thick, glabrous; scales few, similar to bracts; bracts basisolute, narrowly ovate to oblong, 1--1.5 mm, glandular, base truncate, margin irregularly crenulate to denticulate, apex subacute to rounded. Pedicel spreading at anthesis, often pendulous and withered in fruit, capillary, slightly dorsiventrally compressed, 2--6 mm; bracteoles similar to bract but slightly smaller. Calyx lobes unequal; lower lobe much smaller, oblong-elliptic, apex rounded to emarginate; upper lobe suborbicular to broadly obcordate, 1.5--2.5 mm, apex rounded to emarginate. Corolla white or violet, with a yellow spot at base of lower lip, 3--10 mm or much smaller when cleistogamous; lower lip transversely elliptic to suborbicular, apex 5-lobed; spur subulate, straight or curved, ± as long as lower lip, apex acute; palate fringed with hairs; upper lip subovate, much shorter than calyx, apex short 2-cleft. Filaments straight, ca. 0.6 mm; anther thecae distinct. Ovary ovoid to depressed globose. Style very short; stigma lower lip semicircular, upper lip obsolete. Capsule globose, dorsiventrally compressed, ca. 2.5 mm, dehiscing by a single longitudinal ventral slit. Seeds obovoid, 0.2--0.4 mm, densely covered with glochidiate processes except distal end. Fl. Jun--Oct, fr. Jul--Nov.

Damp rocks, tree trunks; 400--3600 m. S Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Africa].

16. Utricularia limosa R. Brown, Prodr. 432. 1810.

chang geng li zao

Nelipus limosa (R. Brown) Rafinesque.

Perennials or annuals, subaquatic or terrestrial. Rhizoids and stolons capillary, branched. Traps on stolons and leaves, obliquely ovoid, 0.5--1 mm, covered externally with clavate glands, long stalked, mouth lateral; appendages 2, dorsal, branched, setiform. Leaves numerous, from peduncle base and stolon nodes, long petiolate, to 5 cm including petiole; leaf blade narrowly oblong in outline, pinnately divided into alternate, capillary, terete, glabrous, segments. Inflorescences erect, 5--25 cm, 2--10-flowered; peduncle terete, 0.5--0.8 mm thick; scales few, similar to bracts; bracts basisolute, elliptic, base obliquely truncate, margin erose-denticulate, 1.5--2 mm, apex acute. Pedicel filiform, slightly dorsiventrally flattened, ascendant, 2--6 mm, minutely papillose; bracteoles absent. Calyx lobes unequal; lower lobe obovate-oblong, 1.3--2 mm, apex rounded; upper lobe transversely elliptic, 1.1--1.5 mm, apex rounded. Corolla violet, with a yellow spot at base of lower lip, 4.5--6 mm; lower lip longer than upper lip, subquadrate, 2-lobed to ca. 1/2 its length, lobes ovate-oblong; spur narrowly cylindrical from a conical base, somewhat longer than lower lip, apex obtuse; palate with a slightly raised, rounded marginal rim; upper lip broadly ovate, ca. 2 X as long as upper calyx lobe, apex rounded. Filaments strongly curved, ca. 0.6 mm; anther thecae confluent. Ovary globose. Style short; stigma lower lip semicircular and margin papillose, upper lip obsolete. Capsule globose, 2--3 mm, dehiscing by an ovate-oblong ventral pore. Seeds globose, 0.2--0.3 mm in diam.; seed coat with prominent nearly isodiametric coarse reticulations. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Sep--Oct.

Swamps, rice fields, wet grassland; low elevations. S Guangdong, S Guangxi, Hainan [Laos, Malaysia, New Guinea, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].

17. Utricularia punctata Wallich ex A. de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 5. 1844.

dun lin li zao

Perennials, freely suspended aquatic. Rhizoids apparently absent. Stolons filiform, branched. Traps on leaves, broadly obliquely ovoid, 1--2 mm, short stalked, mouth lateral; appendages 2, dorsal, branched, setiform, with simple shorter setae. Leaves numerous on stolons, 2--6 cm, divided from near base into 2 or 3 primary segments; segments elliptic in outline, dichotomously divided into numerous further segments; ultimate segments capillary, terete, sparsely minutely setulose. Inflorescences erect, 6--20 cm, 5--10-flowered; peduncle terete, glabrous, 0.6--1 mm thick; scales few, similar to bracts; bracts basiolute, ovate, glandular, 2--2.5 mm. Pedicel erect, filiform, 3--10 mm, slightly dorsiventrally compressed; bracteoles absent. Calyx lobes slightly unequal, orbicular, convex, 1--1.8 mm; lower lobe slightly smaller, apex truncate to retuse; upper lobe apex rounded. Corolla lilac, violet, or white, with a yellow blotch at base of lower lip, 6--10 mm; lower lip transversely oblong-elliptic to subreniform, base with prominent 2-lobed swelling, apex rounded to retuse; spur narrowly conical, slightly curved, ± as long as and parallel with lower lip, apex truncate to emarginate; palate margin glabrous; upper lip transversely elliptic, circulate, apex rounded. Filaments curved, ca. 1.5 mm; anther thecae confluent. Ovary broadly ovoid. Style distinct, glandular; stigma lower lip transversely elliptic, upper lip semicircular to deltoid. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm, dehiscing by longitudinal dorsal and ventral slits. Seed few, lenticular, ca. 2 mm in diam., margin broadly winged, wing irregularly dentate; seed coat with small prominent reticulations. Fl. Jun--Aug, fr. Jul--Sep.

Lakes, swamps, rice fields; low elevations. S Fujian [Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

18. Utricularia gibba Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 18. 1753.

huan chi li zao

Utricularia diantha Roxburgh ex Roemer & Schultes; U. exoleta R. Brown; U. gibba subsp. exoleta (R.Brown) P. Taylor; Vesiculina gibba (Linnaeus) Rafinesque.

Annuals or perennials, affixed or suspended aquatic. Rhizoids absent or present, filiform, branched. Stolons filiform, much branched, often mat-forming. Traps lateral on leaf segments, ovoid, 1--2.5 mm, stalked, mouth lateral; appendages 2, dorsal, branched, setiform, with shorter setae. Leaves numerous on stolons, 0.5--1.5 cm, primary segments (1 or)2, unbranched or sparsely dichotomously branched into 3--8 ultimate segments; ultimate segments capillary, slightly flattened, margin entire or sparsely denticulate, apex and teeth setulose. Inflorescences erect, 2--15 cm, 1--3(--6)-flowered; peduncle terete, 0.3--0.5 mm thick, glabrous; scale 1, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, semiorbicular, ca. 1 mm, minutely glandular, apex truncate and obscurely dentate. Pedicel erect to spreading, filiform, 2--12 mm; bracteoles absent. Calyx lobes subequal, broadly ovate to orbicular, 1.5--2 mm, apex rounded. Corolla yellow, 4--8 mm; lower lip slightly smaller than upper lip, base with a prominent 2-lobed swelling, apex rounded; spur narrowly conical to cylindrical from a conical base, shorter or longer than lower lip, distal part sparsely stipitate glandular, apex obtuse; palate densely pubescent; upper lip broadly ovate to suborbicular, ca. 2 X as long as upper calyx lobe, apex obscurely 3-lobed. Filaments curved, 1--1.5 mm; anther thecae confluent. Ovary globose. Style distinct; stigma lower lip transversely elliptic, upper lip obsolete. Capsule globose, 2--3 mm in diam., 2-valvate. Seeds lenticular, 0.8--1 mm in diam., margin broadly winged, wing shallowly and irregularly dentate; seed coat with small prominent reticulations. Fl. Apr--Nov, fr. May--Dec.

Shallow still or slowly flowing water, pools, lakes, bogs, swamps, marshes, rice fields; below 100--900 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [widespread in tropical and temperate regions throughout the world].

19. Utricularia vulgaris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 18. 1753.

li zao

Perennials, suspended aquatic. Rhizoids usually present, filiform, with dichotomously divided branches. Stolons filiform, branched. Traps on leaf segments, ovoid, 1.5--5 mm, stalked, mouth lateral; appendages 2, dorsal, simple or branched, setiform, with shorter simple lateral setae. Leaves numerous on stolons, 1.5--6 cm, divided from base into 2 unequal primary segments; primary segments ovate, elliptic, or ovate-oblong in outline, pinnately divided into secondary segments; secondary segments dichotomously divided into many further segments; ultimate segments capillary, slightly flattened, apically and laterally minutely setulose, without or sometimes with short marginal teeth. Inflorescences erect, 10--30 cm, 3--12-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 1--2.4 mm thick; scales 1--4, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, broadly ovate, 3--7 mm, base cordate to auriculate, apex acute to obtuse. Pedicel terete, 0.6--1.5 cm, erect at anthesis, decurved in fruit; bracteoles absent. Calyx lobes subequal, ovate, 2.5--5 mm, glandular; lower lobe slightly shorter, apex obtuse to emarginate; upper lobe apex acute to subacute. Corolla yellow, 1.2--2 cm; lower lip transversely elliptic to broadly ovate, base with prominent swelling, margin strongly deflexed, apex retuse; spur shorter or ± as long as lower lip, narrowly conical to narrowly cylindrical from a conical base, straight or curved upwards, apex slightly obtuse; palate distal 1/2 covered with short hairs and stipitate glands; upper lip broadly ovate, ca. 2 X as long as upper calyx lobe, apex retuse to truncate. Filaments curved, ca. 2 mm; anther thecae ± distinct. Ovary globose, densely glandular. Style distinct; stigma lower lip suborbicular and ciliate, upper lip truncate to broadly deltoid. Capsule globose, ca. 5 mm in diam., circumscissile. Seeds prismatic, 0.3--0.4 X 0.5--0.7 mm, 4--6-angled, narrowly winged on all angles; seed coat with small prominent slightly elongate reticulations. Fl. Jun--Aug, fr. Jul--Sep.

Lakes, pools, ditches, rivers, rice fields; below 100--3500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan, Mongolia, Pakistan, E Russia; N Africa, SW Asia, Europe, North America].

19a. Utricularia vulgaris subsp. vulgaris

li zao (yuan ya zhong)

Lentibularia vulgaris (Linnaeus) Moench.

Spur conspicuously shorter than lower lip of corolla, ± straight, with internal glands on dorsal surface only.

Lakes, pools; high elevations??. Xizang [Afghanistan, Pakistan, Russia (W Siberia); N Africa, SW Asia, Europe].

19b. Utricularia vulgaris subsp. macrorhiza (Le Conte) Clausen, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 291: 9. 1949.

wan ju li zao

Utricularia macrorhiza Le Conte, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1: 73. 1824; Lentibularia vulgaris var. americana (A. Gray) Nieuwland & Lunell; Megozipa macrorhiza (Le Conte) Rafinesque; U. vulgaris var. americana A. Gray.

Spur ± as long as lower lip of corolla, markedly curved upwards, with internal glands on both dorsal and ventral surfaces.

Lakes, pools, ditches, rivers, rice fields; below 100--3500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia (Kamchatka to Altai); North America].

20. Utricularia australis R. Brown, Prodr. 430. 1810.

nan fan li zao

Utricularia japonica Makino; U. neglecta Lehmann; U. tenuicaulis Miki; U. vulgaris var. formosana Kuo, nom. inval.; U. vulgaris var. japonica (Makino) S. Yamanaka; U. vulgaris var. tenuicaulis (Miki) Kuo ex J. Y. Hsiao.

Perennials, suspended aquatic. Rhizoids usually present, filiform, bearing numerous short dichotomously divided branches. Stolons filiform, branched. Traps on leaf segments, ovoid, 0.5--2.5 mm, stalked, mouth lateral or basal; appendages 2, dorsal, simple or branched, setiform, with shorter simple lateral setae. Leaves numerous, 1.5--4 cm, divided from base into 2 ± equal primary segments; primary segment ovate, elliptic, or ovate-oblong in outline, pinnately divided into secondary segments; secondary segments dichotomously divided into further segments; ultimate segments capillary, slightly flattened, margin sparsely denticulate, apex and teeth setulose. Inflorescences erect, (5--)10--30 cm, 3--8-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 1--2 mm thick; scales 1--3, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, suborbicular, 2--5 mm, base auriculate, apex rounded and obscurely tridentate. Pedicel terete, erect at anthesis, decurved in fruit, 1--2.5 cm; bracteoles absent. Calyx lobes subequal, ovate, 3--4 mm; lower lobe apex emarginate; upper lobe apex rounded. Corolla yellow, 1.2--1.5 cm; lower lip transversely elliptic, base with a prominent swelling, apex rounded to retuse; spur broadly conical, slightly curved, considerably shorter than lower lip, apex obtuse; palate glabrous; upper lip broadly ovate, apex retuse. Filaments curved, ca. 2 mm; anther thecae distinct. Ovary globose, densely covered with sessile glands. Style distinct; stigma lower lip semicircular and ciliate, upper lip very short or obsolete. Capsule globose, 3--4 mm in diam., circumscissile. Seeds prismatic, 0.5--0.6 X 0.5--0.7 mm, 4--6 angled, narrowly winged on all angles; seed coat with small prominent slightly elongate reticulations. Fl. Jun--Nov, fr. Jul--Dec.

Lakes, pools, river backwaters, ditches, rice fields; below 100--2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Russia (Sakhalin), Sri Lanka; Africa, SW Asia, Australia, Europe, New Zealand].

21. Utricularia aurea Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 26. 1790.

huang hua li zao

Utricularia extensa Hance; U. flexuosa Vahl; U. pilosa (Makino) Makino; U. vulgaris var. pilosa Makino.

Perennials or annuals, suspended aquatic. Rhizoids usually present, verticillate at base or short above base of peduncle, fusiform, inflated, with filiform branches. Stolons filiform to relatively thick, branched. Traps on leaf segments, obliquely ovoid, 1--4 mm, stalked, mouth lateral or basal; appendages 2 or sometimes absent, dorsal, sparsely branched, setiform. Leaves numerous on stolons, 2--8 cm, divided from base into 3 or 4(or 5) semiverticillate primary segments; primary segments ovate to oblong-lanceolate in outline, 1.5--3 cm wide, pinnately divided into secondary segments; secondary segments dichotomously divided from base into numerous further segments; ultimate segments capillary, slightly flattened, laterally and apically setulose; stipulelike auricles usually present at base of primary segments, semicircular in outline, divided dichotomously into filiform sparsely setulose segments. Inflorescences erect, 5--25 cm, 3--10-flowered, glabrous; peduncle terete, 0.5--1.5 mm thick; scales absent; bracts basifixed, broadly ovate to orbicular, 1--2 mm, apex rounded. Pedicel dorsiventrally compressed, erect at anthesis, sharply deflexed and thickened in fruit, 0.4--2 cm; bracteoles absent. Calyx lobes subequal, ovate, apex rounded to subacute; lower lobe often slightly broader, 2--3 mm at anthesis, becoming fleshy, 7--9 mm, and spreading to reflexed in fruit. Corolla pale yellow, 1--1.5 cm, pubescent or glabrous; lower lip transversely elliptic, base with a prominent 2-lobed swelling, apex rounded to emarginate; spur cylindrical from a narrowly conical base, straight or slightly curved, ± as long as and parallel with lower lip, apex obtuse to subacute; palate pubescent; upper lip broadly ovate, apex rounded. Filaments curved, 1--1.5 mm; anther thecae ± confluent. Ovary ovoid. Style distinct; stigma lower lip semicircular, upper lip obsolete. Capsule globose, 4--5 mm in diam., circumscissile; persistent style greatly enlarged and elongated, often equaling or exceeding capsule. Seeds prismatic, 1--2 mm wide, 5 or 6 angled, narrowly winged on all angles; seed coat with ± isodiametric obscure reticulations. Fl. Jun--Nov, fr. Jul--Dec.

In pools, lakes, swamps, river backwaters and rice fields; below 100--2700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].

22. Utricularia minor Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 18. 1753.

xi ye li zao

Lentibularia minor (Linnaeus) Rafinesque; Utricularia minor var. multispinosa Miki; U. multispinosa (Miki) Miki; U. nepalensis Kitamura; Xananthes minor (Linnaeus) Rafinesque.

Perennials, usually affixed aquatic. Rhizoids absent. Stolons filiform, terete, sparsely branched, some green, others without chlorophyll. Traps lateral on leaf segments, ovoid, 0.8--2.5 mm, mouth lateral; appendages 2, dorsal, long, branched, setiform, with a few lateral simple setae. Leaves numerous on green stolons, semicircular to suborbicular in outline, 2--15 X 3--15 mm, palmately divided from base into 2 or 3 primary segments; primary segment dichotomously divided from base into 2--11 further segments; ultimate segments flattened, narrowly linear, 0.1--0.5 mm wide, margin entire or sparsely denticulate, apex acute, apex and teeth with or without microscopic setulae. Inflorescences erect, 5--20(--25) cm, 2--8-flowered, glabrous; peduncle filiform, terete, 0.3--1 mm thick; scales 2--4, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, broadly ovate to ovate-deltoid, 1.5--2 mm, base conspicuously auriculate, apex acute to obtuse. Pedicel terete, erect at anthesis, spreading and decurved in fruit, 4--8 mm; bracteoles absent. Calyx lobes subequal, broadly ovate, 2--3 mm; lower lobe smaller, apex narrowly truncate; upper lobe apex subacute. Corolla lemon yellow, 6--8 mm; lower lip broadly obovate, margin deflexed, apex rounded to retuse; spur saccate to obtusely broadly conical; palate elongate, with a raised marginal rim, distally narrowed and glandular; upper lip ovate to ovate-oblong, apex retuse. Filaments curved, ca. 1.5 mm; anther thecae ± distinct. Ovary broadly ellipsoid. Style relatively long; stigma lower lip broadly ovate and ciliate, upper lip deltoid and apex acute or 2- or 3-cleft. Capsule globose, 2--3 mm in diam., circumscissile. Seeds lenticular-prismatic, 0.3--0.4 X ca. 1 mm, scarcely winged on angles; seed coat with small prominent ± isodiametric reticulations. Fl. Aug--Sep, fr. Sep--Oct.

Bogs, ponds, marshes; 3100--3700 m. Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Japan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Russia; Europe, North America].

23. Utricularia intermedia Hayne, J. Bot. (Schrader) 3: 18. 1800.

yi zhi li zao

Lentibularia intermedia (Hayne) Nieuwland & Lunell.

Perennials, usually affixed aquatic. Rhizoids usually present, filiform, with short dichotomously divided branches. Stolons filiform, sparsely branched, some green, others without chlorophyll. Traps lateral on reduced leaves on colorless stolons, ovoid, 1.5--4 mm, stalked, mouth lateral; appendages 2, dorsal, branched, setiform, with a few lateral simple setae. Leaves numerous on green stolons, suborbicular to elliptic in outline, 0.3--1.5(--2) X 0.4--1.8 cm, palmately divided from base into 2 or 3 primary segments; primary segments dichotomously divided from base into 2--5 further segments; ultimate segments flattened, narrowly linear, 0.2--0.7 mm wide, margin entire or sparsely denticulate, laterally and apically setulose. Inflorescences erect, 8--20 cm, 2--5-flowered, glabrous; peduncle filiform, terete, 0.4--0.8 mm thick; scales 1--3, similar to bracts; bracts basifixed, broadly ovate to ovate-deltoid, 2--4 mm, base conspicuously auriculate, apex acute. Pedicel erect, terete, 0.5--1.5 cm; bracteoles absent. Calyx lobes subequal, ovate, 3--5 mm; lower lobe shorter, apex obtuse, short 2-cleft, or truncate; upper lobe apex acute. Corolla yellow, 0.9--1.5 cm; lower lip transversely elliptic, base with a prominent rounded swelling, apex rounded; spur subulate, slightly shorter than lower lip, apex acute; palate glabrous; upper lip broadly ovate, apex rounded. Filaments curved, ca. 2 mm; anther thecae ± confluent. Ovary globose, glandular. Style relatively long; stigma lower lip circular and ciliate, upper lip deltoid and apex acute or 2-cleft. Capsule globose, 2.5--3 mm in diam., circumscissile. Seed not seen. Fl. Jun--Sep.

Bogs, lakes, ponds; 300--4000 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Xizang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, North America].