Goodeniaceae [Draft]
草海桐科 cao hai tong ke
Hong Deyuan (洪德元)[1]; Dianella Howarth[2]
Herbs, shrubs, or rarely small trees [or vines], without laticifers. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, simple. Inflorescenes a cyme, raceme, head, or sometimes single flowered in axils. Flowers perfect, protandrous. Calyx epigynous, tubular, mostly (3--)5-lobed. Corolla sympetalous, irregular, 2-lipped or sometimes 1-labiate due to 2-segmentation of posterior lip to base; lobes 5, valvate, often induplicate. Stamens 5, alternate with corolla lobes, free from corolla or adnate to base of corolla tube; anthers 4-sporangiate and dithecal, introrse, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary inferior, semi-inferior [or rarely (Valleia) essentially superior], (1 or)2-locular [occasionally 4-locular (Scaevola porocarya)]; ovules 1-many per locule, on axile or basal-axile placentas, anatropous. Fruit usually a capsule, less often a drupe or a small nut, often with persistent calyx. Seeds with a straight embryo embedded in copious endosperm.
Pollen presentation mechanism in the family is complex. The anthers connivent or connate to form a tube into which pollen grains are shed, the style with a copular indusium below the small stigma, growing up through the anther tube, and collecting the pollen grains, which are subsequently qusted onto visiting insects.
13 genera and about 300 species: pantropical and extending into subtropics; two genera and three species in S China.
The greatest diversity of the family is in Australia.
1a.. Fruit a drupe; shrubs or small tree .......................................................................................................... 1. Scaevola
1b.. Fruit a capsule; herbs .............................................................................................................................. 2. Calogyne
1. Scaevola Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. Altera 145. 1771, nom. cons.
草海桐属 cao hai tong shu
Shrubs, small trees, [or herbs]. Leaves alternate and spirally arranged, or opposite. Flowers in axillary cymes, or solitary and axillary; bracts opposite; bracteoles opposite. Calyx epigynous; calyx-tube adnate to ovary; limb short, copular, 5-dentate or 5-lobed. Corolla zygomorphic, posterior side longitudinally divided to near base, 5 lobes nearly equal in size. Ovary 2-locular; each locule with one upright ovule on axile placenta, or 1-locular, with 1 or 2 ovules also on axile placenta. Stigma 2-fid. Drupe often fleshy; endocarp hard; each locule with one seed.
About 80 species: pantropical but mainly in Australia; two species in S China.
1a.. Flowers in an inflorescence; leaf blade spatulate to obovate, 10--22 × 4--8 cm .............................. 1. S. sericea
1b.. Flowers solitary, axillary; leaf blade linear-spatulate, 1--2.5 × 0.2--0.5 cm ............................... 2. S. hainanensis
1. Scaevola sericea Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 37. 1791.
草海桐 cao hai tong
Scaevola frutescens Krause; S. frutescens var. sericea (Forst.) Merrill; S. koenigii Vahl; S. lobelia Merrill.
Shrubs or small trees to 7 m tall, erect or diffuse. Twigs 0.5--1 cm in diam., sometimes rooting, hollow, usually glabrous but axils with a tuft of dense white barbate trichomes. Leaves spirally arranged, mostly aggregated at apex of branches, sessile or shortly petioled; leaf blade spatulate to obovate, 10--22 × 4--8 cm, slightly succulent, glabrous or abaxially sparsely villous, base cuneate, apex rounded, truncate, or emarginate. Cymes axillary; bracts and bracteoles small, with a tuft of barbate trichomes in axils. Pedicel with a joint at apex. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid; lobes linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm. Corolla white to pale yellow, ca. 2 cm; tube thinly tubular, posterior side divided to base, outside glabrous, inside densely white villous; limb patent; lobes lanceolate, thickened at center, each side with a wide membranous and induplicate wing above middle, margin sparsely ciliate. Anthers connivent into a tube with basal part of indusium, becoming free after anthesis; connective longer than cells, becoming lamellar at apex. Drupe white, ovoid-globose, 7--10 mm in diam., divided longitudinal by furrows into two parts each with 4-ribbed, 2-locular; locules each with 1 seed. Fl. and fr. Apr--Dec.
Open coastal sands or rocks. S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [Japan (Ryukyu Islands), SE Asia; tropical Australia, Madagascar, Pacific Islands].
2. Scaevola hainanensis Hance, J. Bot. 16: 229. 1878.
小草海桐 xiao cao hai tong
Shrubs, small, diffuse. Old twigs elongate, glabrous; young shoots short, numerous, scaberulose, with a tuft of woolly trichomes in axils. Leaves spirally arranged, aggregated at apex of branches, sometimes branches undeveloped and becoming extremely short and thus leaves appearing fascicled, sessile or shortly petioled; leaf blade linear-spatulate, 1--2.5 × 0.2--0.5 cm, succulent, glabrous, only one main vein visible on abaxial side, margin entire. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels ca. 1 mm; bracteoles opposite, at apex of pedicels, broadly linear, 3--4 mm, with a tuft of woolly trichomes. Calyx glabrous; tube obovoid-oblong, ca. 2 mm; limb shallowly cupular, apex sinuously 5-lobed. Corolla pale blue, ca. 8 mm, posterior side divided to base remaining parts divided to middle, outside glabrous, inside of tube densely villous; lobes linear-elliptic, patent into 1 direction, with broad and membranous wings; wing margin basally ± fimbriate. Connective exserted beyond anther cells. Ovary 2-locular. Fl. ??, fr. ??
Coastal salt marshes, mangroves. S Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan [Vietnam].
2. Calogyne R. Brown, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 579. 1810.
离根香属 li gen xiang shu
Balingayum Blanco.
Herbs, perennial [or more often annual], erect [or diffuse]. Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary, solitary; both bracts and bracteoles wanting. Calyx tube adnate to ovary; limb 5-lobed. Corolla cleft over 1/2 at posterior side; lobes patent towards anterior side, with a broad wing on each side; posterior 2 lobes with asymmetrical wings. Stamens free. Ovary inferior, incompletely 2-locular; locules each with several ovules; style with 2 or 3 segments from middle; copular indusium shallowly 2-lobed, margin densely ciliate; stigma lamellar, entire. Fruit a capsule, 2-valvate. Seeds compressed, slightly thickened on margins.
With five or six species: Australia, SE Asia; one species in S China.
1. Calogyne pilosa R. Brown subsp. chinensis (Bentham) H. S. Kiu, Guihaia 9: 194. 1989.
离根香 li gen xiang
Calogyne chinensis Bentham, J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 78. 1861[1860].
Herbs, perennial, erect. Stems slender, branched, single or several and caespitose, 5--15 cm tall but sometimes decumbent after anthesis, basally glabrous, apically sparsely hirsute. Basal leaves several; petiole to 1.5 cm; leaf blade long elliptic to linear-oblong, 2--5 × 0.3--0.6 cm, sparsely hirsute only along main vein on abaxial side and on margins, margin sparsely triangular serrate. Basal cauline leaves with shorter petioles; leaf blade similar but smaller than basal leaves. Apical cauline leaves sessile; leaf blade similar in shap but smaller than more basal leaves, often less than 1 cm. Flowers axillary, solitary, each cauline leaf with a flower but sometimes branches short and multiflowered to almost becoming a raceme; pedicel 2--8 mm, slender, sparsely hirsute. Calyx tube ca. 2 mm, densely hirsute; lobes linear-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Corolla purple outside with bright brownish shade, yellow but with orange spots inside, ca. 8 mm. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anthers mucronate at apex. Capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 3 mm in diam., with 5 seeds. Seeds ovoid, ca. 4 × 2 mm. Fl. and fr. Nov--Mar.
Paddy fields, grassy areas in forests or on hillside; below 100 m. Fujian (Jinmen Dao, Xiamen Shi), Guangdong (Raoping Xian, Huilai Xian), Guangxi (Fangcheng Xian, Hepu Xian), Hainan (Ding’an Xian, Qionghai Xian, Yaxian Xian) [Vietnam].
The autonym subspecies is an annual herb that occurs in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines.