00. Tribe SOPHOREAE [Draft]

Chinese  Pinyin

Bao Bojian[1]; Michael A. Vincent[2]

Insert tribal description.

Insert #genera and #species; global distribution; seven genera and ?? species (?? endemic, ?? introduced) in China.

Insert key to genera.

Note 1: manuscripts are still needed from China for: Ormosia Jackson, 35 species recognized in FRPS; and Salweenia E. G. Baker, one species (W Sichuan, E Xizang) treated in Robinieae in FRPS 40: 226. 1994.

Note 2: some of the synonymy given in FRPS seems to be missing here. Unless it was incorrect, it needs to be added back. All names described from Chinese types must be accounted for, either as accepted names, synonyms, or (for misidentifications) in notes. Certainly all names accepted in FRPS, regardless of where the types are from, must be accounted for somewhere in FOC.

00. SOPHORA Linn., Sp. Pl. 1:373. 1753

槐属  huai shu

Insert any generic synonyms

Deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, subshrubs or perennial herbs, rarely twining. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets many, entire; stipules present or absent, rarely with stipels. Racemes terminal or axillary. Flowers white, yellow or purple; bracts small, linear or absent; calyx campanulate or cup-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, upper 2-lobed nearly bilabiate; banner orbicular, oblong, elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate; wings asymmetrical or symmetrical; keels similar to wings. Stamens 10, free or joined at the base; anthers versatile. Ovary short-stalked or absent, many-ovuled; stigma small, terminal, rounded. Pods cylindric, moniliform, fleshy or leathery, sometimes winged, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent. Seeds 1 or many, ovate, elliptic or subsphaeroidal, black, dark brown or light red.

About 70 species: widespread in tropical and temperate zones; 21 species (nine endemic) in China.

1a.       Trees, rarely shrubs; petioles inflated at the base, covering bud, stipulate or stipellate; inflorescences panicle.

2a.       Ovary almost equal to stamens in length; pod linear, slightly constricted between the seeds; seeds closed, ovoid .................................................................................................  20. S. brachygyna

2b.       Ovary obviously shorter than stamens in length; pod thick, obviously constricted between the seeds; seeds sparse, ovate, slightly compressed at the ends.

1b.       Small trees, shrubs, subshrubs or herbaceous; petioles not inflated at the base, buds uncovered; stipulate or absent; stipellate absent, inflorescences raceme.

3a.       Herbaceous or subshrubs at the base; racemes terminal.

4a.       Pod indehiscent after mature, 2 seeds in each loment; leaflets small, 3.5–27 Χ 2–7mm  19. S. pachycarpa

4b.       Pod tardily dehiscent, 1 seed in each loment; leaflets large, 1.5–6 Χ 1–2 cm.

5a.       Branches and leaflets densely hairy; dense flowers in racemes; keels mucro at the apex  10. S. alopecuroides

5b.       Branches and leaflet glabrous or pilose when young; sparse flowers in racemes; keels obtuse at the apex ................................................................................................  11. S. flavescens

3b.       Small trees, shrubs or climbing shrubs, if herbaceous, flower yellow; inflorescences terminal, opposite or alternate with leafs.

6a.       Plants spiny; stipules changed to spiny.

7a.       Plants with villous; all stipules changed to spiny; flower large ca. 2 cm
...................................................................................................  8. S. moorcroftiana

7b.       Stem and branches subglabrous; stipules partly changing to spiny; flower small, ca. 1.5 cm  9. S. davidii

6b.       Plants without spiny; stipules unchanged to spiny.

8a.       Pod winged; flowing before leafs; some terminal leaflet changed to tendril
...............................................................................................................  12. S. mollis

8b.       Pod wingless; flowing after leafs; terminal leaflet unchanged to tendril.

9a.       Stipules absent or very small.

10a.     Pod slightly curved; leaflets obviously smaller toward the base; stipules very small; flag shorter than other petals .................................................................................  7. S. tonkinensis

10b.     Pod straight; leaflets not obviously smaller toward the base; stipules absent; flag equal to other petals.

11a.     Shrubs or small trees, 2–4 m tall; leaflets large, 2.5–5 Χ 2–3.5 cm; flowers large, ca. 15 mm, white or light yellow ..................................................................  13. S. tomentosa

11b.     Subshrubs, 0.2–1 m tall; leaflets small, 1–2.5 Χ 0.7–1.5 cm; flowers small ca. 10 mm, purple    18. S. praetorulosa

9b.       Stipules subulate, 4–10 mm.

12a.     Pod dehiscent to 4 limbs; calyx inclined campanulate or cup-shaped, teeth small or not obvious.

13a.     Leaflets not obviously veined adaxial; seed 1 in each pod, gray-brown.

14a.     Inflorescence terminal; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, reflexed at margin; flowers small, ca. 10 mm ....................................................................................  14. S. franchetiana

14b.     Inflorescence alternate or opposite with leaf; leaflets ovate or ovate-elliptic, not reflexed at the margin; flowers large, ca. 14–15 mm
                                                                                                      15. S wilsonii

13b.     Leaflets obviously veined adaxial; seeds 2–4 in each pod, red.

15a.     Leaflets hardly papery or nearly leathery, ovate-elliptic, ovate or long elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate at the apex ..................................................................  16. S. prazeri

15b.     Leaflets papery, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate or caudate-acuminate        17. S. benthamii

12b.     Pod dehiscent to 2 limbs; calyx campanulate, teeth obvious, unequal.

16a.     Leaflets small, less than 20 mm, ovate or elliptic-ovate, densely long hairy on both sides            4. S. yunnanensis

16b.     Leaflets large, (15–)20–40(–50) mm, usually ovate-lanceolate, or other shapes except ovate and elliptic-ovate, pilose adaxial or glabrous.

17a.     Inflorescence terminal, rarely opposite; flowers dense, yellow; seeds green  6. S. xanthoantha

17b.     Inflorescence opposite with leaf, false terminal or axillary; flowers sparse, white or purple-red; seeds yellow, yellow-brown or red-brown.

18a.     Flowers white; seeds long ovate, 7–8 mm ................................  5. S. albescens

18b.     Flowers purple-red; seeds oblong or long ovate, 5–9 mm.

19a.     Fine veins on leaflets adaxial surface retuse; seeds long ovate, 5–6 mm  2. S. dunnii

19b.     Fine veins on leaflets adaxial surface not retuse; seeds oblong, elliptic or long ovate, 6–9 mm.

20a.     Pod slender; seeds long ovate or elliptic, rounded at the ends, 6–7 mm  3.. S. microcarpa

20b.     Pod thick, slightly compressed; seeds acute at the ends, 7–9 mm, yellow or yellow-brown .............................................................................................  1. S. velutina

1. Sophora velutina Lindl., Bot. Mag. 14: t. 1185. 1828.

短绒槐  duan rong huai

Shrub, ca. 2 m high. Young branches, rachis, young branches of flower and leaf densely velutinous. Leaves imparipinnate, 15–20 cm; stipules linear, 6–7 mm, villous; leaflets 8–12 paired, opposite or nearly opposite, papery, ovate-lanceolate, oblong or ovate-oblong, 2–4 Χ 1–1.5 cm, acuminate or acute at the apex with mucro, rounded or obtuse at the base, velutinous on adaxial, raised main vein. Racemes opposite with leaf or false opposite, 15–20(–30) cm long. Flowers many, sparse; bracts similar to stipule, hairy, 6–8 mm; pedicel short, ca. 2–3 mm; calyx campanulate, ca. 13 mm, 5 teeth, unequal, darkly brown hairy; flag reflexed, obovate-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, 16 Χ 3–5 mm, retuse at the apex, narrowing to the base; wings oblong, less than 15 mm, auriculate at the base; keels falcate, slightly shorter than wings. Stamens 10, free or slightly joined at the base. Ovary terete, densely yellow pubescent, stalked; style straight, glabrous; stigma capitate, very small, 4–6 ovuled. Pods moniliform, slightly compressed, 6–10 Χ 0.7–1 cm, hairy, with 2–4 seeds. Seeds acute at ends, yellow or yellow-brown. Fl and fr. Apr–Aug.

Forests, mountain forests, valleys, river banks, rocky places; 500–2500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, India, Myanmar].

1a. Leaflets hairy on both surfaces; pods densely hairy ..............................................  1a. var. velutina

1b. Leaflets glabrous or nearly glabrous on adaxial surface; pods sparsely hairy or nearly glabrous.

2a. Inflorescence terminal; leaflets (9–)12–17(–20) pairs, small, 10–15 Χ 5–6 mm ............  1b. var. multifoliolata

2b. Inflorescence opposite with leaf; leaflets less than 10 pairs, large, 2–4 Χ 1.5–2 cm.

3a. Main vein of leaflets raised; fruit neck long, 2–4 cm ..........................  1c. var. dolichopoda

3b. Main vein of leaflets retuse; fruit neck short, less than 1.5 cm.

4a. Shrub erect; pods nearly glabrous ..................................................  1d. var. cavaleriei

4b. Shrub climbing or wooden vine; pods pilose ....................................  1e. var. scandens

1a. Sophora velutina var. velutina

短绒槐(原变种)  duan rong huai (yuan bian zhong)

Sophora glauca Lesch. ex DC.

Shrubs, ca. 2 m high. Young branches and rachis densely velutinous. Leaflets hairy on both surfaces; pods densely hairy.

Valleys, river banks; 1000–2500 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, India, Myanmar].

1b. Sophora velutina var. multifoliolata C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 466. 1982.

多叶槐  duo ye huai

Leaflets (9–)12–17(–20) paired, elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, 10–15(–25) Χ 5–6 mm, glabrous on adaxial surface, or pilose near the main vein. Inflorescence terminal. Fruit neck 2–4 cm or more.

* Mountain forests; 1100–1600 m. Yunnan (Menghai).

1c. Sophora velutina var. dolichopoda C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 465. 1982.

长颈槐  chang jing huai

Leaflets less than 10 paired, 2–4 Χ 1.5–2 cm, glabrous on adaxial surface. Inflorescence opposite with leaf. Fruit neck long, 2–4 cm.

* Forests, valleys; 500–2000 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.

1d. Sophora velutina var. cavaleriei (Levl.) Brummitt & Gillett in Kirkia 5: 621. 1966.

光叶短绒槐  guang ye duan rong huai

Sophora cavaleriei Levl. Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 242. 1914; S. velutina Lindl. subsp. cavaleriei (Levl) Yakovl.

Leaflets glabrous. Pods almost glabrous.

* Forests, valleys; 1000–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.

1e. Sophora velutina var. scandens C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 465. 1982.

攀援槐  pan yuan huai

Wooden vine or climbing shrub. Leaflets 6–8 paired, rarely 10, retuse at the main vein.

* Valleys, rocky places; 1500–2000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

2. Sophora dunnii Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66: 466. 1897.

柳叶槐  liu ye huai

Shrubs, ca. 2 m high. Branchlets dark yellow hairy. Leaves imparipinnate, to 20 cm long; petiole hairy; stipule linear, ca. 10 mm, hairy; leaflets 7–11 paired, opposite, papery, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 25–35(50) Χ 10–15 mm, mucro at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, obviously veined at abaxial surface. Racemes ca. 20 cm long, opposite with leaf or false opposite. Flowers many; pedicel short, ca. 5 mm, hairy; bract similar to stipule, longer than pedicel; calyx campanulate, 5 teeth, rounded or triangular, unequal, upper 2 nearly joined to bilabiate, brown hairy. Corolla purple-red; flag obovate-oblong or obovate-elliptic, ca. 15 mm, retuse at the apex, 2 teeth auriculate at the middle; narrowing to a claw at the base; wings slightly shorter than flag, falcate, unequal aunculate [=??] at the base; keels ca. 13 mm, long ovate. Stamens 10, slightly joined at the base. Ovary densely yellow-brown hairy, 4–6 ovuled. Pods moniliform, 10–15 cm long, darkly brown pilose, dehiscent along sutures, with 2–3 seeds. Seeds long ovate, yellow-brown or brown. Fl. Mar–Jun, fr. May–Aug.

Valley and forest of slopes. 1000–2000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand].

3. Sophora microcarpa C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 466. 1982.

细果槐  xi guo huai

Shrubs, 1–2 m high, less branched. Branches gray-white pubescent. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, 15–20 cm long; petiole gray-brown pubescent; stipule linear, ca. 10 mm. Leaflets 9–14 paired, lateral or nearly opposite, papery, ovate-lanceolate or long elliptic, 30–35 Χ 10 mm, acuminate at the apex with mucro, rounded at the base, slightly oblique, pubescent on both surface; petiole less than 1 mm, hairy. Racemes terminal; rachis sulcate, gray-white pubescent. Flowers many, dense; pedicel 4–5 mm; bract similar to stipule, equal pedicel in length, hairy; calyx campanulate, 6 mm long, 5 teeth, unequal. Corolla purple-red; flag oblong, ca. 6 Χ 4 mm, 2 triangular auriculate at the middle; wings hastate, slightly rugose; keels slightly shorter than flag, falcate, rounded at the apex, 1 triangularly auriculate at the base. Stamens 10, one free and other 9 joined at the base. Ovary terete, hairy; stigma capitate, very small, many ovuled. Pods moniliform, slender, 6–10 cm long, gray-white pubescent, dehiscent along sutures, with 3–6 seeds. Seeds long ovate or elliptic, brown-red. Fl. and fr. Feb–Aug.

* Mountainous forest. 1000–1700 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.

4. Sophora yunnanensis C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 467. 1982.

云南槐  yun nan huai

Shrub or small tree; stem gray-white pubescent when young; branches densely hairy. Leaves imparipinnate, 10–15 cm; stipule subulate, ca. 3.5 mm, tomentose. Leaflets 6–10 paired, opposite, papery, ovate or elliptic-ovate, 15–20 Χ 8–10 mm, rounded at ends densely hairy on both surfaces, veinlet not obvious; petiole short, ca. 1 mm, hairy. Racemes opposite with leaflets or false terminal, densely flowered; bracts similar to stipule, long, ca. 6 mm, hairy; calyx campanulate, ca. 10 mm, teeth 5, subequal, triangular, hairy. Corolla white; flag oblong, retuse at the apex, obcordate, narrowing into a claw at the base, 2 triangular auriculate at the middle; wings hastate; keels ovate-oblong, claw slender, equal to petal. Stamens 10, one free, others somewhat joined at the base. Ovary gray-brown hairy, short stalked, 4–6 ovuled; style slender, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous; stigma small, capitate, slightly hairy. Fl. Mar.

* Mountainous scrub. Yunnan.

5. Sophora albescens (Rehd.) C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 468. 1982.

白花槐  bai huai huai

Sophora glauca Lesch. ex DC. var. albescens Rehd., Sarg. Pl. Wils. 3: 447. 1917.; S. velutina Lindl. var. albescens (Rehd.) Tsoong & C. Y. Ma.

Shrubs, 1–2 m. Branchlets gray-white pubescent. Leaves imparipinnate, 15–20(–25) cm; stipule linear, 3–4 mm, caducous; leaflets 8–12 paired, papery, ovate-lanceolate or ovate ovate-oblong, 2–3(–4) Χ 1–1.5 cm, cuspidate at apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, glabrous above surface, pubescent under surface. Racemes opposite with leafs or false terminal; bracts similar to stipule, 6–8 mm, hairy; calyx campanulate, ca. 10 mm, 5 teeth short, hairy. Corolla white; flag reflexed, obovate-lanceolate, 16 Χ 3–5 mm, 2 auriculate at the middle, retuse at the apex; wings oblong or broadly linear, 13–14 mm, 2 unequally auriculate at the base, claw slender, ca. 6 mm; keels obovate or falcate. Stamens 10, slightly joined and sparsely pubescent at the base. Ovary gray-brown hairy, stalk short; style straight, glabrous. Pods moniliform, 6–15 cm, constricted between seeds, beaked, gray-white pubescent or subglabrous, with 2–4(–6) seeds. Seeds long ovoid, yellow-brown or red-brown. Fl. and fr. Mar–Aug.

* Shading damp places in valley. 1100–2500 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

6. Sophora xanthoantha C. Y. Ma, Act Phytotax. Sin. 20: 468. 1982.

黄花槐  huang hua huai

Herbaceous or subshrubs, less than 1 m. Stem and branches densely golden velutinous. Leaves imparipinnate, 15–20 cm; stipule caducous; leaflets 8–12 paired, opposite papery, oblong or long elliptic 2.5–3.5 Χ 1–1.5 cm, obtuse at both ends, sparsely gray-white hairy on above surface, densely golden velutinous on under surface, especially on midrib and petiole ; veinlet obvious on under surface. Racemes terminal, 6–8 cm, densely flowered; bracts subulate, equal to calyx; calyx campanulate, ca. 7 mm, triangularly 5 teeth, unequal, pilose. Corolla yellow; flag oblong or nearly oblong, ca. 11 mm, retuse at the apex, 2 triangularly auriculate at the middle, narrowing into ca. 3 mm claw at the base; wings equal to flag, hastate, beaked at the apex; keels slightly shorter than wings, a triangularly auriculate at one side. Stamens 10, slightly joined and sparsely very short hairy at the base. Ovary densely brown hairy on both sides; style straight, glabrous, many ovuled; stigma very small, capitate, some short hairy. Pods moniliform, 8–13 Χ 0.8–1 cm, villous, 1–2 cm beaked, long necked at the base, ca. 1.5–4 cm, 2-dehiscent, with 2–4 seeds. Seeds long elliptic 9–10 Χ 4–5 mm, rounded at one end, acute at another end, green.

* Hill meadows. 500–1800 m. Yunnan.

7. Sophora tonkinensis Gagnepain, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 18. 1914.

越南槐  yue nan huai

Shrubs. Stem slender, ca. 1 m high; branches green, glabrous, much branched; branchlets gray hairy. Leaves imparipinnate, 10–15 cm; petiole 1–2 cm, inflated at the base; stipule very small or nearly absent. Leaflets 5–9 paired, opposite or nearly alternate, leathery, oblong, elliptic or ovate-oblong, 15–25 Χ 10–15 mm, terminal one large, 30–40 Χ 20 mm, cuspidate at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, glabrous or sparsely pubescent on above surface, gray-brown hairy on under surface, midrib obvious at under surface; petiole 1–2 mm, slightly inflated. Racemes or branched into panicles from base, terminal, 10–30 cm; rachis and peduncle hairy; bracts small, subulate, hairy. Flowers 10–12 mm; pedicel ca. 5 mm; calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 Χ 3–4 mm, teeth small, gray-brown hairy. Corolla yellow; flag rotund, 6 Χ 5 mm, short stipitate; wings slightly longer than flag, oblong or ovate oblong, a triangular auriculate at the base; keels bigger, obovate, 9 Χ 4 mm, a triangular auriculate at the base. Stamens 10, slightly joined at the base. Ovary hairy, 4-ovuled; style straight, glabrous; stigma hairy. Pods moniliform, 3–5 cm, sparsely pubescent, dehiscent along both sutures, with 1–3 seeds. Seeds ovoid, black. Fl May–Jul, fr. Aug–Dec.

Forests on sunny slopes, scrub on stony mountains, calcareous or sandstone hill slopes; 1000–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Vietnam].

1a. Leaflets (12–)13–16(–19) paired, lanceolate ...................................................  7c. var. polyphylla

1b. Leaflets 5–9 paired, elliptic, oblong and ovate-oblong.

2a. Flowers yellow ........................................................................................  7a. var. tonkinensis

2b. Flowers dark purple ............................................................................  7b. var. purpurescens

7a. Sophora tonkinensis var. tonkinensis

越南槐(原变种)  yue nan huai (yuan bian zhong)

Sophora tomentosa Drak. Casf.; S. subprostrata Chun & T. Chen; Cephalostigmaton tonkinensis (Gagnep.) Yakovl.

Leaflets 5–9 paired, elliptic, oblong and ovate-oblong; flowers yellow.

Scrub on stony mountains; 1000–2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Vietnam].

7b Sophora tonkinensis var. purpurescens C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 469. 1982.

紫花越南槐  zi hua yue nan huai

Similar to var. tonkinensis instead of dark purple flowers.

* Forests on sunny slopes; 1100–1200 m. Guizhou.

7c. Sophora tonkinensis var. polyphylla S. Z. Huang & Z. C. Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 487. 1984.

多叶越南槐  duo ye yue nan huai

Leaflets (12–)13–16(–19) paired, lanceolate, pubescent on under surface.

* Calcareous or sandstone hill slopes. Guangxi.

8. Sophora moorcroftiana (Benth.) Baker, Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 249. 1878.

砂生槐  sha sheng huai

Astragalus moorcroftiana Benth., Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mt. 198. 1835.

Shrub, ca. 1 m high, densely branched; branchlets densely hairy. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, 4–6 cm; stipule subulate, 4–7 mm, becoming spiny, persistent; leaflets 5–7 paired, obovate, ca. 10 Χ 6 mm, obtuse or retuse, usually with mucro at apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, hairy on both surfaces. Racemes terminal at branchlets, 3–5 cm, Flowers large; calyx blue, short campanulate, 5 toothed, ca. 7 Χ 3–5 mm, glabrous, corolla blue-purple; flag ovate-oblong, 9 Χ 5 mm, reflexed, retuse at the apex, narrowing into a claw at the base, stalk equal to blade; wings obovate-elliptic, ca. 16 mm, a obtusely auriculate at the base, claw ca. 6 mm; keels ovate-falcate, a triangularly auriculate at one side, claw slender, ca. 18 mm. Stamens 10, unequal, slightly joined at the base. Ovary shorter than stamens, yellow-brown hairy, many ovuled. Pods not obviously moniliform, slightly compressed, ca. 6 Χ 7 cm, 2-valvate along sutures, with 1–4(–5) seeds. Seeds light yellow, ellipsoidal, ca. 4.5 mm. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Oct.

Forest of valley. 3000–4500 m. Xizang [Bhutan, India, Myanmar].

9. Sophora davidii (Franch.) Skeels, U. S. Dep. Agr. Bur. Pl. Indig. Bull. 282: 68. 1913.

白刺槐  bai ci hua

Shrubs or small trees, 1–2 m high, rarely 3–4 m. Branches glabrous; sterile branches spiny at the apex, some branched. Leaves odd-pinnately compound; stipule subulate, some becoming spiny, sparsely pubescent, persistent; leaflets 5–9 paired, usually elliptic-ovate or obovate-oblong, 10–15 mm, rounded or retuse at the apex, usually with mucro, glabrous above surface, sparsely villous under surface. Racemes terminal at branchlets. Flowers small, ca. 15 mm, less; calyx campanulate, blue-purple, unequal 5 toothed, glabrous. Corolla white or light yellow, some red-purple on flag; flag obovate-oblong, ca. 14 Χ 6 mm, rounded at the apex, with slender claw at the base, reflexed; wings equal to flag, obovate-oblong, ca. 3 mm width, an auriculate on one side; keels slightly shorter than wing, falcate-obovate, auriculate. Stamens 10, equal, slightly joined at the base. Ovary longer than stamens, densely yellow-brown hairy, many ovuled; style curved, glabrous. Pod slightly compressed, 6–8 Χ 0.6–0.7 cm, 2-valvate along sutures, sparsely hairy, with 3–5 seeds. Seeds ovoid, ca. 4 mm, dark brown. Fl. Mar–Aug, fr. Jun–Oct.

* Valley scrub, hill slopes, sandy places in valleys; below 3400 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

These varieties were given in FRPS (40: 77–80. 1994) under Sophora davidii, as here, but in the cited protologues they are both under S. viciifolia Hance, which was given as a synonym of S. davidii in FRPS. New combinations are needed if this taxonomy is to be accepted in the final account.

1a. Leaflets large, oblong, obviously lateral veined; pod long constricted between seeds .........  9c . var. liangshanensis

1b. Leaflets small, elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, not obviously lateral veined,; pod shortly or not obviously constricted between seeds.

2a. Corolla white or light yellow; leaflets 10–15 mm, elliptic-ovate or obovate-oblong  9a. var. davidii

2b. Corolla blue-purple; leaflets very small, 5–6 mm, usually broadly ovate
.............................................................................................................  9b. var. chuansiensis

9a. Sophora davidii var. davidii

白刺槐(原变种)  bai ci hua (yuan bian zhong)

Sophora moorcroftiana (Benth.) Baker var. davidii Franch., Nuov. Arch. Mus. Paris ser. 2, 5: 253. t. 14. 1883; Caragana chamlago B. Meyer; S. moorcroftiana subsp. viciifolia (Hance) Yakovlev; S. viciifolia Hance.

Branches glabrous; sterile branches spiny at the apex. Leaflets 5–9 paired, elliptic-ovate or obovate-oblong, 10–15 mm, not obviously lateral veined. Corolla white or light yellow. Pods slightly compressed, not obviously constricted between seeds, including 3–5 seeds.

* Valley scrub, hill slopes; below 2500 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

9b. Sophora davidii var. chuansiensis (C. Y. Ma) ??authors comb. nov.

川西白刺槐  chuan xi bai ci hua

Basionym: Sophora viciifolia var. chuansiensis C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 469. 1982.

Leaflets very small, 5–6 Χ 2–4 mm, usually obovate, not obviously lateral veined. Corolla blue-purple. Pod shortly constricted between seeds.

* Dry hill slopes, sandy places in valleys; 2500–3400 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

9c. Sophora davidii var. liangshanensis (C. Y. Ma) ??authors comb. nov.

凉山白刺槐  liang shan bai ci hua

Basionym: Sophora viciifolia var. liangshanensis C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 470. 1982.

Leaflets large, oblong, obviously lateral veined, gray-white pilose. Pod moniliform, long constricted between seeds, including 2–3 seeds, rarely 5.

* 700–800 m. Sichuan.

10. Sophora alopecuroides Linn., Sp. Pl. 1: 373. 1753.

苦豆子  ku dou zi

Herbaceous or subshrubs, ca. 1 m high. Branches white villous. Leaves odd-pinnately compound; petiole 1–2 cm; stipule subulate, ca. 5 mm, caducous; leaflets 7–13 paired, papery, lanceolate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, pilose above surface, densely hairy on under surface, not obviously lateral veined. Racemes terminal. Flowers many, dense; pedicel 3–5 mm; bracts similar to stipule, caducous; calyx inclined campanulate, unequally triangulate-ovate 5 toothed. Corolla white or light yellow; flag vary in shapes, usually oblong-oblanceolate, 15–20 Χ 3–4 mm, rounded or obcordate at apex, narrowing to claw at the base; wings ca. 16 mm, ovate-oblong, one triangulate auriculate; keels similar to wings, claw slender, ca. half of blade. Stamens 10, somewhat joined at the base, shortly hairy at the part of joined. Ovary densely white hairy; stigma very small, pilose. Pod moniliform, straight, 8–13 cm, with many seed. Seeds ovoid, brown or light brown. Fl May–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.

Near grasslands, deserts. Gansu, Henan, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Pakistan; C and SW Asia].

1a. Branches and leaflets villous ....................................................................  10a. var. alopecuroides

1b. Branches and leaflets densely tomentose .......................................................  10b. var. tomentosa

10a. Sophora alopecuroides var. alopecuroides

苦豆子(原变种)  ku dou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Sophora orientalis Pall; S. pallida Salisb.; Goebelia alopecuroides (L.) Bunge; Vexibia alopecuroides (L.) Yakovl.

Branches white villous. Leaflets pilose on above surface, densely on under surface.

Near grasslands, deserts. Gansu, Henan, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang [India; C and SW Asia].

10b. Sophora alopecuroides var. tomentosa (Boiss.) Bornm., Bot. Centralbl. Beih. 27: 347. 1910.

毛苦豆子  mao ku dou zi

Goebelia alopecuroides (L.) Bunge. ex Boiss. var. tomentosa Bioss., Fl. Or. 2: 629. 1972.

Branches and leaflets densely tomentose.

Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Pakistan; SW Asia (Iran)].

11. Sophora flavescens Alt. Hort. Kew ed. 1, 2:43. 1789.

苦参  ku shen

Herbaceous or subshrubs, ca. 1 m high, rurally 2 m. Stem striped, pilose when young. Leaves imparipinnate, large, ca. 25 cm; stipule lanceolate, acuminate, ca. 6–8 mm; leaflets 6–12 paired, papery, elliptic, ovate, lanceolate, 3–4(–6) Χ (0.5–)1.2–2 cm, obtuse or acute at apex, cuneate or slightly cordate at the base, glabrous on above surface, pilose or glabrescent on under surface. Racemes terminal, 15–25 cm. Flowers many, sparse; pedicel slender, ca. 7 mm; bracts linear, ca. 2.5 mm; calyx campanulate, oblique, not obviously toothed, sparsely pubescent. Corolla white or light yellow; flag obovate-spatulate, 14–15 Χ 6–7 mm, rounded or retuse at apex, narrowing to a claw at the base; wings rugose, claw equal to blade, ca. 13 mm; keels similar to wings, slightly broader, ca. 4 mm width. Stamens 10, free or slightly joined at the base. Ovary nearly sessile, hairy, many ovuled; style slightly curved. Pod 5–10 cm, slightly constricted between seeds, slightly quadrangular, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, 4-valvate, with 1–5 seeds. Seeds long ovoid, slightly compressed, red-brown or purple-brown. Fl Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Oct.

Scrub, hill slopes, farm sides; below 1500 m. All provinces [India, Japan, Korea, Russia].

1a. Corolla purple-red or red .............................................................................  11c. var. galegoides

1b. Corolla white or light yellow.

2a. Branchlets and leaflets pilose or glabrescent .............................................  11a. var. flavescens

2b. Branchlets and leaflets densely brown villous .................................................  11b. var. kronei

11a. Sophora flavescens var. flavescens

苦参(原变种)  ku shen (yuan bian zhong)

Sophora angustifolia Sieb. & Zucc.

Branchlets and leaflets pilose or glabrescent; corolla white or light yellow; pod sparsely pubescent or glabrescent.

Scrub, hill slopes, farm sides; below 1500 m. All provinces [India, Japan, Korea, Russia].

11b. Sophora flavescens var. kronei (Hance) C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 470. 1982.

毛苦参  mao ku shen

Sophora kronei Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, 18: 219. 1862.

Branchlets and leaflets densely brown villous. Pod obviously hairy.

* Scrub, hill slopes, farm sides; below 1000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi.

11c. Sophora flavescens var. galegoides (Pall.) DC., Prodr. 2: 96. 1825.

红花苦瞋  hong hua ku shen

Sophora galegoides Pall.

Similar to var flavescens instead of corolla purple-red.

* Anhui, Guizhou, Zhejiang.

12. Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker, Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 251. 1878.

翅果槐  chi guo huai

Edwardsia mollis Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mt. 196. t. 32, f. 2. 1835.; E. hortensis Boiss. & Buhse; Keyserlingia buxbaumii Bunge ex Boiss.

Shrubs, ca. 1 m high. Branchlets gray-white hairy. Leaves imparipinnate. Leaflets 5–6 paired, rigidly leathery, ovate, elliptic, oblong or lanceolate, ca. 27 Χ 15 mm, rounded or retuse at apex, cuneate to rounded at the base, sparsely hairy or glabrescent; petiole slightly inflated at the base. Racemes short. Flowers ca. 20 mm; pedicel 5–20 mm; bracts linear-lanceolate to ovate, 3–3.5 mm; calyx very sparsely hairy, not obviously toothed; flag round, claw equal to half of petal; wings oblong, rugose upper part; keels similar to wings, one big auriculate. Stamens 10, free. Pod winged, obviously constricted, quadrangular, with 1–7 seeds. Seeds red-brown, oblong, ca. 8 mm.

Yunnan [Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan].

13. Sophora tomentosa Linn., Sp. Pl. 1: 373. 1753.

绒毛槐  rong mao huai

Shrubs and small trees, 2–4 m high. Branches shortly tomentose. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, 12–18 cm; stipule absent; leaflets 5–7(–9) paired; nearly leathery, oval or rotund, rarely ovate, 2.5–5 Χ 2–3.5 cm, rounded or retuse at apex, rounded at the base, glabrous on above surface, densely gray-white tomentose, not obviously lateral veined. Racemes terminal, 10–20 cm, gray-white tomentose. Flowers dense; pedicel equal petal, 15–17 mm; bracts linear; calyx campanulate, 5–6 mm, shortly tomentose. Corolla light yellow or white; flag broadly ovate, ca. 17 Χ 10 mm, claw ca. 3 mm; wings long elliptic, one rounded auriculate, claw slender, ca. 5 mm; keels similar to wings, slightly shorter. Stamens 10, free. Ovary densely pubescent; style short, less than 2 mm. Pod moniliform, 7–10 cm, ca. 10 mm in diam., shortly hairy, with many seeds. Seeds global, brown, lustrous. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Sep–Dec.

Sand dune of seaside. Hainan, Guangdong, Taiwan [seaside of tropical region].

14. Sophora franchetiana Dunn, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 38: 358. 1908.

闽槐  min huai

Shrubs or small trees, 1–3 m high. Branchlets densely brown tomentose. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, 10–15 cm; petiole 1–2 cm; stipule subulate, ca. 4 mm; leaflets 5–7 paired, papery, elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, 3–4 Χ 1.5–2 cm, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or narrowing at the base, glabrous and light green adaxial surface, tomentose abaxial, not obviously lateral veined. Racemes terminal, ca. 6 cm, densely tomentose; rachis ca. 2 cm. Calyx 2–3 Χ 4–5 mm, densely tomentose, 5 equally triangulate toothed. Corolla white; flag obovate-oblong or rotund, ca. 10 Χ 6 mm, retuse at apex, slender stalked at the base; wings oblong, petal ca. 7 Χ 3.5 mm, auriculate nearly absent, claw slender; keels nearly falcate, obtuse at apex, petal ca. 6 Χ 4 mm, claw ca. 3 mm. Stamens 10, free or slightly joined at the base. Ovary sparsely brown hairy, 4 ovuled. Pods terete, 4–6 cm, brown hairy, slender beaked at apex, with 1 seeds, rarely 2–3, constricted between seeds if with 2 seeds. Seeds ovoid, ca. 8 mm, yellow, lustrous. Fl and fr. Apr–Sep.

Scrub in valley; below 1000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang [Japan].

15. Sophora wilsonii Craib, Sarg. Pl. Wils. 2: 94. 1914.

瓦山槐  wa shan huai.

Shrubs, 1–2 m high. Branches sparsely golden pubescent; branchlets densely hairy. Leaves imparipinnate, 10–12 cm; stipule subulate, ca. 4.5 mm, persistent; leaflets 4–7 paired, papery, elliptic, 15–25 Χ 7–12 mm, obtuse with mucro at apex, cuneate at the base, glabrous adaxial, densely brown hairy abaxial, not obviously lateral veined, petiole ca. 1 mm. Racemes alternate with leaves; bracts subulate, 2–3 mm, caducous; calyx campanulate, obviously oblique, 6–7 mm, 5 toothed. Corolla white or light yellow; flag linear-obovate, retuse at apex, ca. 15 Χ 5 mm; wings oblong, equal flag in length, claw subequal petal; keels similar to wings, shorter, one acute auriculate. Stamens 10, slightly joined at the base, sparsely hairy at the joined parts. Ovary sparsely hairy; style and stigma glabrous. Pods terete, ca. 8 cm, ca. 12 mm in diam., rigid, beaked at apex, slender necked at the base, dark brown, sparsely pubescent, with 1 seed. Seeds large, ca. 13 mm, oblong, obtuse at both ends, dark brown. Fl. and fr. May–Oct.

* Scrub in valley. 500–1700 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.

16. Sophora prazeri Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66(2): 466. 1879.

锈毛槐  xiu mao huai

Sophora prazeri var. mairei (Pamp.) Tsoong; S. mairei Pamp.

Shrubs, 1–3 m high. Branches brown; branchlets red-brown tomentose. Leaves odd-pinnately compound; petiole sulcate adaxial; stipule setaceous, hairy. Leaflets 3–7 paired, rigidly papery, usually ovate-elliptic, ovate or long elliptic; terminal one ca. 8 Χ 4 cm, rounded or acute at apex, broadly cuneate at the base; middle ones oblong-lanceolate or ovate, 3–5 Χ 2–3.5 cm; base ones smaller, obviously veinlets both surfaces, densely hairy abaxial, lustrous. Racemes lateral or alternate with leaves, 5–20 cm; pedicel 3–6 mm; bracts similar to stipules, caducous; calyx obliquely campanulate, 5 toothed, 8–9 Χ 5–7.5 mm, hairy. Corolla white or light yellow, flag obovate or oblong-obovate, 15–17 Χ 5 mm, retuse at apex, narrowing into claw from middle; wings oblong, equal flag in length, one triangular auriculate, claw slender; keels shorter, obovate-oblong, one pendulous auriculate. Stamens 10, slightly joined at the base. Ovary densely red-brown hairy. Pods moniliform, 4–10 cm, beaked at apex, densely hairy at neck, beak and part of constricted, with 2–4 seeds. Seeds ovoid or elliptic, acute both ends, dark red or light red, ca. 8 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr–Sep.

Mountainous forest, valley and wet slopes; below 2000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Myanmar].

17. Sophora benthamii Steenis, Bull. Bot. Gard. Buit. ser, 3, 17: 428. 1948.

尾叶槐  wei ye huai

Sophora acuminata Benth. ex Baker.

Shrubs, 1–3 m high. Branches light brown pubescent, then glabrous. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, 15–25 cm; stipule setaceous, brown pubescent; leaflets 4–9 paired, papery, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, rarely obovate, terminal one large, to 10 cm, lateral ones smaller, acuminate with mucro at apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, obvious veinlets, petiole ca. 1 mm. Racemes slender, curved, 10–15 cm, opposite with leaves; bracts similar to stipule, gray-brown hairy; calyx obliquely campanulate, 5 obtuse toothed. Corolla white or light yellow; flag oblong or obovate-lanceolate, ca. 16 Χ 6 mm, retuse at apex, narrowing to claw from middle; wings ovate-oblong, one obtuse auriculate, rugose; keels shorter than wings, one triangular auriculate, claw equal petal. Stamens 10, somewhat joined at the base. Ovary stalked, gray-brown hairy, many ovuled. Pods moniliform, ca. 15 cm, 12 mm in diam., pubescent, densely at the part of constricted, long beaked, with 2–4 seeds, rarely 1 or 5. Seeds dark red or red, ca. 12 Χ 7 mm, acute at both ends. Fl. and fr. Apr–Sep.

Valley. 1300–2500 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar].

18. Sophora praetorulosa Chun & T. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7: 28. 1958.

疏节槐  shu jie huai

Subshrubs, 20–100 cm high. Stem yellow-brown, glabrous, much branched from base. Leaves many and dense, imparipinnate, 10–15 cm; stipule absent; leaflets 5–8 paired, opposite, nearly leathery, vary in shape, elliptic, rotund, ovate or obovate-oblong, 10–25 Χ 7–15 mm, obtuse or mucro, rounded at the base, hairy when fresh, then glabrous, usually glandular punctate. Racemes terminal, ca. 12 cm. Flowers sparse; bracts subulate, less than 1 mm, persistent; pedicel ca. 5 mm; calyx obliquely campanulate, pilose, unequal 5 toothed. Corolla purple; flag obovate, 5–7 Χ 3–4 mm, retuse at apex, narrowing to claw at the base; wings linear-oblong, 2 auriculate at the base, claw ca. 1.5 mm; keels falcate, incurved. Stamens 10, slightly joined at the base. Ovary pilose, shortly stalked, 6 ovuled; style glabrous. Pods moniliform, glabrescent, beaked at apex, with 2–3 seeds. Seeds elliptic, ca. 6 mm, dark brown, lustrous. Fl. Jul–Aug.

* Dry waste places. Hainan.

19. Sophora pachycarpa Schrenk ex C. A. Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 9:89. 1842.

厚果槐  hou guo huai

Herbaceous or subshrubs, 30–60 cm; plant gray hairy. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 7–16 paired, papery, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3.5–27 Χ 2–7 mm. Racemes terminal, to 20 cm, narrow; calyx obliquely campanulate, 8 Χ 4.5 mm, 5 lobed, pubescent. Corolla white; flag oblong-obovate, obcordate at apex, narrowing to claw at the base, petal equal claw in length; wings unequal, auriculate, claw shorter than petal; keels falcate, triangularly auriculate. Stamens 10, joined at the base. Ovary densely gray-brown pubescent, many ovuled. Pods indehiscent, ca. 4.5 cm, 8.5 mm in diam. Seeds 5–6 Χ 4–4.5 mm, red-brown, lustrous.

* Gansu.

20. Sophora japonica Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 1: 68. 1767.

槐  huai

Trees, to 25 m; bark gray-brown, longitudinally laciniate; current year’s branches green, glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, to 25 cm; petiole inflated at the base, covered bud; stipule vary in shapes, ovate to linear, caducous; leaflets 4–7 paired, papery, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 2.5–6 Χ 1.5–3 cm, acuminate and mucro at apex, broadly cuneate or rotund at the base, abaxial gray-white, sparsely pubescent when fresh, then glabrous; stipel 2, subulate. Panicles terminal, to 30 cm; bracteole 2; calyx shortly campanulate, ca. 4 mm, 5 obtusely toothed, pubescent. Corolla white or light yellow; flag rotund, with short claw, retuse at apex, cordate at the base; wings ovate-oblong, ca. 10 Χ 4 mm; keels similar to wings, but broader. Stamens 10, unequal, free, persistent. Ovary glabrescent. Pods moniliform, 2.5–5 cm, ca. 10 mm in diam., not obviously constricted between seeds, indehiscent, with 1–6 seeds. Seeds ovoid, yellow-green, black-brown when dry. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct.

Native in China, also cultivated throughout China [native elsewhere??; cultivated in America, Asia, Europe].

1a. Corolla purple-red ...........................................................................................  20d. var. violacea

1b. Corolla white or light yellow.

2a. Leaflets glabrous at abaxial and petiolule ....................................................  20a. var. japonica

[see note below]

ia.   Branch pendulous and curved, like claws of dragon ................................  20aiii. f. pendula

ib.  Branch erect or patent.

iia.  Leaflets 4–7-paired, glabrous at abaxial and petiolule ........................  20ai. f. japonica

iib.  Leaflets 1- or 2-paired, villous abaxial ..........................................  20aii. f. oligophylla

2b. Leaflets hairy.

3a. Leaflets and branchlets densely adnate hairy ............................................  20b. var. vestita

3b. Leaflets abaxial and petiolule patently pilose .......................................  20c. var. pubescens

20a. Sophora japonica var. japonica.

槐(原变种)  huai (yuan bian zhong)

Styphnolobium japonicum (Linnaeus) Schott.

Leaflets glabrous at abaxial and petiolule. Corolla white or light yellow.

Native in China, also cultivated throughout China [native elsewhere??; cultivated in America, Asia, Europe].

FOC does not accept forms, so they need to be in synonymy or in a note. Perhaps incorporate these into a note stating that three forms have been recognized within var. japonica.

20ai. Sophora japonica [var. japonica] f. japonica.

槐  huai

Leaflets glabrous at abaxial and petiolule. Corolla white or light yellow.

Native in China, also cultivated throughout China [native elsewhere??; cultivated in America, Asia, Europe].

20aii. Sophora japonica [var. japonica] f. oligophylla Franch. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris ser. 3, 5: 25. 1883.

五叶槐  wu ye huai

Leaflets only 1–2 paired or palmately parted, usually villous abaxial.

* Beijing.

20aiii. Sophora japonica [var. japonica] f. pendula Hort. apud Loud. Arb. Brit. 2: 564. 1838.

龙爪槐  long zhao huai

Branches and branchlets pendulous and curved to different directions, like claws of dragon.

Cultivated.

20b. Sophora japonica var. vestita Rehd. Journ. Arn. Arb. 3: 32. 1921.

宜昌槐  yi chang huai

Leaflets patent pilose adaxial, densely villous abaxial; branchlets, petiolule and inflorescences velutinous.

* Hubei.

20c. Sophora japonica var. pubescens (Tausch.) Bosse, Vollst. Handb. Blumen gart ed. 2, 3: 408 1842.

毛叶槐  mao ye huai

Sophora pubescens Tausch. Flora 17: 489. 1834; Styphnolobium japonicum Schoot var. pubescens Hort. apud Kirsch.

Leaflets abaxial and petiolule sparsely pubescent, densely at the base of main vein and petiolule.

Native in China, also cultivated throughout China [elsewhere??].

21. Sophora brachygyna C. Y. Ma, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 472. 1982.

短蕊槐  duan rui huai

Trees, over 20 m high; bark gray-brown; current year’s branches green. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, to 20 cm; petiole obviously inflate at the base, covered bud; stipule caducous; leaflets 4–7 paired, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 2.5–4(–6) Χ 1.5–2(–2.5) cm, acuminate at apex, obtuse at the base, green adaxial, gray-white abaxial, glabrescent both surfaces; petiolule ca. 3 mm; stipel subulate. Panicles large, to 25 cm; bractlets caducous; calyx short campanulate, ca. 4 Χ 4 mm, not obviously toothed, gray-white ciliate. Corolla white or light yellow; flag rotund, ca. 13 Χ 11 mm, retuse at apex, cordate at the base, claw ca. 3 mm; wings oblong, ca. 11 Χ 4 mm, 2 auriculate, claw slender, ca. 4 mm; keels similar to wings, broader, 2 unequally auriculate at the base. Stamens 10, nearly free. Ovary shorter than half of stamens, white pilose; style curved. Pods moniliform, strong, 4–6 cm, ca. 15 mm in diam., obviously constricted between seeds, beaked at apex, neck 1–2 cm, glabrous, indehiscent, with 1–2 seeds, rarely 4. Seeds ovoid, compressed, ca. 11 Χ 7 mm, brown-black. Fl. Aug–Nov, fr. Oct–Jan.

* Hill slopes and roadsides. 300 m. Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Zhejiang.

00. AMMODENDRON Fisch. ex. DC., Prodr. 2: 523. 1825.

银砂槐属  yin sha huai shu

Shrubs, silvery-white pubescent. Leaves paripinnate, spinescent at the apex of rachis; leaflets 1–2 pairs; stipules small. Racemes terminal; bracts small, caducous or absent; bracteoles absent; calyx tube short, campanulate, lobes subequal, upper 2 slightly joined; flag circular, reflect; wings oblique-oblong; keels incurved, 2 lobes free. Stamens 10, free; anthers versatile; Ovary sessile, few ovuled; style incurved, awl-shaped; stigma terminal, small. Pod oblong or lanceolate, flat, narrowly winged along both sutures, indehiscent; seeds 1–2, oblong or subcylindric.

About eight species: N Asia; one species in China.

1. Ammodendron bifolium (Pall.) Yakovl., Bot. Journal 57: 592. 1972, & Pl. Asiae Centr. 8a: 11. 1988.

银砂槐  yin sha huai

Sophora argentea Pall. Nov. Act. Petrop. 10: 373. 1797; S. bifolia Pall.; Ammodendron sieversii Fisch.

Shrubs, 30–150 cm high; branches and leaves gray-white pubescent. Leaves paripinnate, only 2 leaflets, terminal one becoming spiny; stipule spiny, persistent, 1–2 mm; petiole equal leaflets in length. Leaflets opposite, obovate-oblong or obovate-lanceolate, 10–15 Χ 4–10 mm, obtuse and rigidly mucro at apex, narrowing to cuneate at the base, gray-white sericeous on both surfaces; stipel absent. Racemes terminal, 3–5 cm; pedicel 4–8(–10) mm; calyx shortly cup-shaped, 5 triangularly toothed. Corolla dark purple, 5–7 mm; flag rotund, shorter; wings oblong-obovate; keels obtuse at apex. Stamens 10, free and persistent. Ovary pubescent. Pods flat, oblong-lanceolate, 18–20 Χ 5–6 mm, glabrous or pilose on stalk, 2 winged along suture, indehiscent, with 1–2 seeds. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug.

Dry stony regions. Xinjiang [Russia].

00. BOWRINGIA Champ. ex Benth., Journ. Bot. Kew Misc. 4: 75. 1852.

藤槐属  teng huai shu

Shrubs or lianas. Leaves large, single; stipules very small. Racemes axillary, very short. Corolla white; calyx cup-shaped, membranous; flag orbicular, stipitate; wings falcate-oblong; keels similar to wings, slightly larger. Stamens 10, free or slightly joined at the base. Ovary stalked, many ovuled; style awl-shaped; stigma small, terminal. Pod ovoid or globose, dehiscent along sutures; valves membranous, leathery; seeds 1–2, oblong to globose, brown.

About four species: tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, SE Asia; one species in China.

1. Bowringia callicarpa Champ. ex Benth., Journ. Bot. Kew Misc. 4: 75. 1852.

藤槐  teng huai

Wooden lianas. Leaves single, nearly leathery, oblong or ovate-oblong, 6–13 Χ 2–6 cm, acuminate at apex, rounded at the base, glabrous, raised veins on both sides, obvious veinlets; petiole slightly inflate at the base, 1–3 cm; stipules small, ovate-triangular. Racemes axillary, 2–5 cm. Flowers sparse; bracts small, caducous; pedicel slender, 10–13 mm; calyx cup-shaped, 2–3 Χ 3–4 mm, very small toothed. Corolla white; flag rotund or oblong, 6–8 mm, retuse or obcordate at apex, claw 1–2 mm; wings falcate; keels shorter, 5–7 mm, oblong, claw 2–3 mm. Stamens 10, equal, free. Ovary pubescent. Pods ovoid, 2.5–3 cm, ca. 15 mm in diam., beaked at apex, dehiscent along sutures, with 1–2 seeds. Seeds elliptic, ca. 12 Χ 8 mm, dark brown to black. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.

Forest sides in valley. Fujian, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi [Vietnam].

00. CLADRASTIS Rafinesque, Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 1: 60. 1824.

香槐属  xiang huai shu

Trees, deciduous, rarely woody lianas; buds together and all enclosed within the inflated base of the petioles. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets alternate or subopposite, membranous, entire; stipels present or absent; stipules absent. Paniculate racemes terminal; bracts and bractlets caducous. Corolla white; petals subequal; calyx campanulate, lobes 5. Stamens 10, free; filaments distinct or slightly joined at the base; anthers versatile. Ovary linear-lanceolate, short stalked; style incurved; stigmas small; ovules few to many. Pod compressed, winged or not, tardily dehiscent; seeds 1 to many.

About seven species: SE Asia and E North America; five species (all endemic) in China.

1a.       Leaflets green adaxial, gray-white abaxial; stipel and bractlets absent; pods wingless.

2a.       Leaflets ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; inflorescence to 30 cm; flowers small, less than 1.5 cm; ovary pilose ...............................................................................................  4. C. sinensis

2b.       Leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate; inflorescence less than 15 cm; flowers to 2 cm; ovary densely sericeous ..................................................................................................................  5. C. wilsonii

1b.       Leaflets same colored both sides, stipellate; bractlets usually caducous; pods winged at both sides.

3a.       Leaflets small, less than 3 cm, nearly membranous; panicle less than 10 cm
...............................................................................................................  2. C. parvifolia

3b.       Leaflets large, over 3 cm, papery; panicle 15–20 cm.

4a.       Trees; wings and keels bigger than flag, wings triangular-ovate, 5 mm broad
                                                                                                             1. C. platycarpa

4b.       Wooden lianas or climbing shrubs; wings and keels smaller than flag, wings sagittate, less than 3 mm in broad ....................................................................................................  3. C. scandens

1. Cladrastis platycarpa (Maxim.) Makino, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 15: 162. 1901.

翅荚香槐  chi jia xiang huai

Sophora platycarpa Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. 18: 398. 1873; Platyosprion platycarpum Maxim.

Trees, to 30 m high, 80–120 cm in diam.; bark dark gray, many lenticellate; Leaves odd-pinnately compound; leaflets 3–4 paired, long elliptic or ovate-oblong, smaller toward base, 4–10 Χ 3–3.5 cm, acuminate at apex, obtuse or broadly cuneate at the base, glabrous adaxial, pilose near midrib or glabrous abaxial; veins obviously raised abaxial and obviously veinlets; petiolule 3–5 mm, densely gray-brown hairy; stipel subulate, to 2 mm, glabrous. Panicle to 30 cm, 15 cm in diam.; pedicel slender, 3–4 mm; calyx campanulate, densely brown sericeous, 5 triangularly toothed. Corolla white; flag oblong, ca. 6 Χ 4 mm, claw 4 mm, rounded or retuse at apex; wings triangular-ovate, 8 Χ 5 mm, claw 3–4 mm, slightly auriculate; keels ovate; Stamens 10, free. Ovary linear, yellow-white pubescent; style slightly curved, 5- or 6-ovuled. Pods long elliptic or oblong, 4–8 cm Χ 1.5–2 cm, winged on both sides, indehiscent, with 1–2 seeds. Seeds oblong, ca. 8 mm, dark brown or black. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Oct.

* Forests in valleys and on slopes; below 1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

2. Cladrastis parvifolia C. Y. Ma, Bull. Bot. Res. 2: 110. 1982.

小叶香槐  xiao ye xiang huai

Trees; bark gray-white or brown, lenticellate; young branches green, glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, 10–15 cm; petiole gray-brown pilose; leaflets 3–4 paired, membranous, ovate, 2–4 Χ 2 cm, acuminate at apex, obtuse at the base, pilose along veins abaxial; veins obviously raised abaxial and obviously veinlets; petiolule ca. 4 mm, brown pubescent; stipel subulate, glabrous. Panicle terminal; rachis slender, 5–10 cm, gray-brown hairy. Flowers ca. 7 mm; pedicel short, ca. 4 mm, pubescent; calyx cup-shaped, with 2 caducous bracts at the base, 5 unequally toothed, hairy. Corolla white; flag oblong, ca. 7 Χ 3.5 mm, rounded at apex, narrowing to claw at the base, claw ca. 1.5 mm; wings ovate-oblong, claw ca. 2 mm, keels similar to wings. Stamens 10, free. Ovary densely gray-white sericeous; style erect. Pods narrowly winged on both sides, pilose. Fl Oct.

* Guangxi.

3. Cladrastis scandens C. Y. Ma, Bull. Bot. Res. 2: 111. 1982.

藤香槐  teng xiang huai

Lianas or climbing shrubs; stem lenticellate. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 4 paired, papery, alternate, elliptic or oblong, terminal one bigger ca. 9 Χ 6 cm, smaller toward lower, usually 3–6 Χ 2–4 cm, rounded or acute at apex, obtuse at the base, glabrous, veins obviously raised abaxial and obviously veinlets; petiolule ca. 2 mm, glabrous; stipel subulate, glabrous. Panicle terminal and large; pedicel 6–8 mm, brown-gray pubescent; calyx cup-shaped, 5 equally triangular toothed, hairy. Corolla white; flag oblong, rounded at apex, narrowing to claw at the base, claw ca. 3 mm; wings triangular-ovate, claw ca. 4 mm; keels similar to wings, slightly broad, ca. 3.5 mm, one auriculate at the base. Stamens 10, free. Ovary linear, white pilose, 6–8-ovuled; style slightly curved; stigma very small.

* Hill scrub; ca. 1200 m. Guizhou.

4. Cladrastis sinensis Hemsl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 29: 304. 1892.

小花香槐  xiao hua xiang huai

Trees, to 20 m high; young branches gray-brown hairy. Leaves imparipinnate, to 20 cm; leaflets 4–7 paired, alternate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, usually 6–10 Χ 2–2.3 cm, acuminate or obtuse at apex, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, dark green and glabrous adaxial, gray-white hairy abaxial, veins obviously raised abaxial and obviously veinlets; petiolule 1–3 mm; stipel absent. Panicle terminal 15–30 cm. Flowers many, ca. 14 mm; bracts caducous; calyx campanulate, ca. 4 mm, 5 semiorbicular toothed, densely gray-brown pubescent. Corolla white or light yellow, rarely pink; flag obovate or rotund, 9–11 mm, retuse at apex, narrowing to claw at the base, claw ca. 3 mm; wings sagittate, slightly longer than flag, claw slender; keels elliptic, one auriculate at the base. Stamens 10, free. Ovary linear, light yellow pilose, 6–8-ovuled. Pods flat, elliptic or long elliptic, wingless, 3–8 Χ 1–2 cm, with 1–3(–5) seeds. Seeds ovoid, compressed, brown, ca. 4 Χ 2 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct.

* Warm hill forests. 1000–2500 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

5. Cladrastis wilsonii Takeda, Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 8: 103. 1913.

香槐  xiang huai

Trees, to 16 m high; bark gray or gray-brown, smooth, lenticellate. Leaves odd-pinnately compound; leaflets 4–5 paired, papery, alternate, ovate or oblong-ovate, terminal one bigger, usually 6–10(–13) Χ 2–4(–6) cm, acute at apex, broadly cuneate at the base, dark green and glabrous adaxial, golden pilose along main vein abaxial, veins raised on both surfaces; petiolule 4–5 mm, white hairy when young, then glabrous; stipel absent. Panicle terminal or axillary, 10–20 cm. Flowers 18–20 mm; bracts caducous; calyx campanulate, ca. 6 mm, 5 triangular toothed, yellow-brown tomentose. Corolla white; flag elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 14–18 Χ 9–13 mm, rounded or retuse at apex, narrowing to claw at the base; wings sagittate, 13–15 mm, obtuse at apex, retuse at the base; keels falcate, one auriculate at the base. Stamens 10, free. Ovary sessile, densely yellow-white sericeous, many ovuled; style slightly curved, glabrous. Pods oblong, flat, 5–8 Χ 0.8–1 cm, beaked at apex, wingless, with 2–4 seeds. Seeds kidney, gray-brown. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.

* Hill forests; 1000–1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

00. MAACKIA Ruprecht & Maximowicz, Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. 15: 143. 1856.

马鞍树属  ma an shu shu

Trees or shrubs, deciduous; buds axillary, scaled, imbricate. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, alternate; leaflets opposite or nearly opposite, entire; petiolule short; stipels absent. Racemes single or branched at the base. Flowers many, dense; bracts and bracteoles caducous; calyx inflated, campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla white; flag obovate, long elliptic-obovate or obovate-cuneate, reflexed; wings oblique-oblong, hastate at the base; keels slightly incurved, semi-joined dorsally. Stamens 10, slightly joined at the base of filaments; anthers versatile, elliptic. Ovary subsessile, densely hairy, few ovuled; style slightly incurved; stigmas small, terminal. Pod flat, long elliptic to linear, narrowly winged along the ventral suture or not; seeds 1–5, long elliptic, flat.

About ten species: E Asia; eight species (six endemic) in China.

1a.       Leaflets 2(–3) pairs; pod slightly curved to falcate; fruit neck slender, 5–15 mm; flowers ca. 20 mm         1. M. tenuifolia

1b.       Leaflets over 3 pairs; pod not falcate; fruit neck absent; flowers less than 12 mm.

2a.       Pod winged along the ventral suture; wing 2–5 mm broad.

3a.       Leaflets lanceolate-elliptic or long ovate-elliptic, acuminate at the apex; flowers 7–8 mm; pod wing ca. 2 mm broad .........................................................................................  7.. M. floribunda

3b.       Leaflets ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse at the apex; flowers ca. 10 mm; pod wing 2–6 mm broad        8. M. hupehensis

2b.       Pod wingless along the ventral suture, rarely 1 mm broadly winded.

4a.       Growing leafs sparsely pubescent abaxial.

5a.       Flowers ca. 10 mm; small trees; leaflets acute at the apex ...........  5.. M. hwashanensis

5b.       Flowers ca. 6 mm; shrubs; leaflets acuminate at the apex .............  6. M. chekiangensis

4b.       Growing leafs glabrous abaxial, rarely hairy at the base of main vein.

6a.       Pod length usually over width 3–6 times; flowers ca. 10 mm ..............  2. M. amurensis

6b.       Pod length usually less 3 times than width.

7a.       Fruit limbs glabrous ...........................................................................  3. M. australis

7b.       Fruit limbs hairy ........................................................................  4. M. ellipticocarpa

1. Maackia tenuifolia (Hemsl.) Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7:544. 1933.

光叶马鞍树  guang ye ma an shu

Euchresta tenuifolia Hemsl.

Shrubs or trees, 2–7 m high; stem gray; buds densely brown hairy. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, 12–16.5 cm; rachis sparsely gray-white pubescent; leaflets 2(–3) paired; terminal leaflet obovate or elliptic, 10 Χ 6 cm, acuminate at the apex, cuneate or circular at the base; lateral leaflets elliptic or long elliptic, 4–9.5 Χ 2–4.5 cm, acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, hairy along the main vein; petiolule almost absent. Racemes terminal, 6–10.5 cm. Flowers sparse, large, ca. 2 cm; pedicel 8–12 mm, slender; calyx cylindric, 8 mm long, shortly toothed, gray pubescent at the margin. Corolla green-white; densely yellow-brown pubescent, 12 mm long, stalked; style 1 mm long. Pod linear, 5.5–10 Χ 0.9–1.4 cm, slightly curved to falcate, compressed, brown, densely villous, wingless; fruit neck 5–15 mm long; fruit stalk 1 cm. Seeds kidney, compressed, light red. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep.

* Forests, hill slopes. Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang.

2. Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim., Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Petersb. 15:128, 143. 1856.

朝鲜槐  chao xian huai

Cladrastis amurensis Benth.; Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim. var. typica Schneid.

Deciduous trees, to 15 m high, usually 7–8 m, ca. 60 cm in diam.; bark green-brown, scaled; branches purple-brown, lenticellate, hairy when young, then glabrous; buds glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, 16–21 cm; leaflets 3–4(–5) paired, opposite, papery, ovate, obovate-elliptic, 3.5–6.8(–9.7) Χ (1–)2–3.5(–5) cm, obtuse at apex, broadly cuneate or cuneate at the base; densely hairy when young, then falling-off, rarely sparsely villous near main vein abaxial; petiolule 3–6 mm. Racemes 5–9 cm; rachis densely brown hairy. Flowers dense; pedicel 4–6 mm; calyx campanulate, ca. 4 mm, 5 shortly toothed, densely yellow-brown adnate hairy. Corolla white, 7–9 mm; flag obovate, retuse at apex, narrowing to claw at the base; wings oblong, 2 auriculate at the base. Ovary linear, densely yellow-brown hairy. Pods flat, 3–7 Χ 1–1.2 cm, wingless or ca. 10 mm broad winged along sutures, dark brown, pubescent or subglabrous; stalk 5–10 mm. Seeds brown-yellow, long elliptic, ca. 8 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Sep–Oct.

Forests on hill slopes; 300–900 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong [Korea, Russia].

3. Maackia australis (Dunn) Takeda, Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 8: 102. t. 29. f. 57–62. 1913.

华南马鞍树  hua nan ma an shu

Cladrastis australis Dunn, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. Add. ser. 10: 86. 1912.

Shrubs, ca. 2 m high; branchlets glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, 13.8–16.3 cm; leaflets 3–4 paired, ovate, ovate-elliptic, 4–5 Χ 1.8–2 cm, acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, glabrous. Racemes 10–20 cm. Flowers ca. 7 mm; bracts subulate, 2 times over pedicel. Corolla white; flag elliptic-obovate. Ovary densely hairy. Pods flat, oval or ovate, 3–3.5 Χ 1.5 cm, narrowly winged, fruit-neck absent. Seeds flat, oval, 7–9 mm. Fl. Jul.

* Scrub. Guangdong.

4. Maackia ellipticocarpa Merr., Journ. Arb. 26: 163. 1945.

香港马鞍树  xiang gang ma an shu

Shrubs, ca. 2 m high, almost glabrous; branchlets smooth, rose, sparsely lenticellate, glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, 9–15 cm; leaflets 3–4 paired, ovate, ovate-elliptic, 2–4.5 Χ 1.2–2.5 cm, acute or acuminate at apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, light green abaxial, glabrous; petiolule 1–1.5 mm. Racemes terminal, to 12 cm when fruit; pedicel ca. 5 mm, inconspicuously adnate pubescent, then glabrous. Pods elliptic or oblong-elliptic, flat, 2–3.5 Χ 1–1.5 cm, keel-raised along suture, wingless, with 1–3 seeds. Seeds to 7 mm.

* Hong Kong.

5. Maackia hwashanensis W. T. Wang, Ill. Import. Chin. Pl.-Pteridophyt. 5: 152. 1955.

华山马鞍树  hua shan ma an shu

Small trees, ca. 2 m high; branchlets gray-brown; bud ovate, hairy. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, 18–24(–27) cm; leaflets 4–5 paired, elliptic-ovate or ovate-oblong, 4.2(–7.7) cm Χ 1.6–4 cm, acute at apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, glabrous adaxial, adnate gray hairy abaxial; petiolule 2–3 mm, densely white pubescent. Racemes 3.4–4.5 cm, terminal; rachis brown hairy. Flowers ca. 1 cm; pedicel ca. 4 mm; calyx 5 triangular toothed. Corolla white. Pods flat, long elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 3.5–5 Χ 1.3–1.4 cm, beaked at apex; stalk 6–7 mm, pubescent. Seeds kidney, yellow-brown, 8–9 Χ 5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

* Forests in valleys and on hill slopes; 100–2100 m. Henan, Shaanxi.

6. Maackia chekiangensis Chien, Contr. Boil. Lab. Sci. Soc. China Bot. ser. 8, 132. 1932.

浙江马鞍树  zhe jiang ma an shu

Shrubs, 1–1.5 m high; branchlets gray-brown, lenticellate, smooth, glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, 17–20 cm; leaflets 4–5 paired, opposite, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-ovate, 2.5–6.3 Χ 1.1–2.1 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at the base, glabrous adaxial, sparsely light brown hairy; petiolule 1–2 mm. Racemes 8–14 cm; rachis light brown pubescent. Flowers dense; pedicel slender, 2–3.5 mm; bracts subulate, 1.7–2 mm; calyx campanulate, ca. 3 mm, 5 toothed, brown adnate hairy. Corolla white; flag oblong, 5 Χ 1.7 mm, rounded at apex, claw 2 mm; keels oval-oblong, auriculate at the base. Stamens joined at the base. Ovary oblong, shortly stalked, densely brown hairy. Pods elliptic, ovate or oblong, 2.7–4 Χ 1.1–1.3 cm, beaked at apex, fruit-neck absent, narrowing winged along sutures, brown pubescent; stalk ca 3 mm. Fl. Jun, fr. Sep.

* Forests; below 500 m. Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

7. Maackia floribunda (Miq.) Takeda, Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 8: 101. 1913.

多花马鞍树  duo hua ma an shu

Buergeria floribunda Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3: 53. 1867; Cladrastis fauriei Levl.

Deciduous trees or shrubs; young branches densely pubescent, then dark gray or dark purple, glabrous; bud ovate, brown, hairy. Leaves imparipinnate, 14–20 cm; leaflets 5–6(–10) paired, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.7–6 Χ 1–2.6 cm, acuminate at apex, subcuneate or rounded at the base, densely brown hairy along the main vein abaxial; petiolule 2–3 mm, densely hairy. Racemes 8–10 cm, terminal, erect, yellow-brown hairy. Flowers 7–8 mm; pedicel 2–4 mm; calyx campanulate, 5 shortly toothed, densely yellow-brown hairy. Corolla white; flag obovate, retuse at apex. Stamens shortly stalked, densely brown hairy. Pods flat, oblong or linear, 2.8–8 Χ 1–1.2 cm, winged along sutures, shortly hairy, with 2–4 seeds. Seeds long elliptic, ca. 7 mm, brown-purple. Fl. Jul–Aug.

Hills. Taiwan [Japan, Korea].

8. Maackia hupehensis Takeda, Sarg. Pl. Wils. 2: 98. 1914.

马鞍树  ma an shu

Maackia chinensis Takeda.

Trees, 5–23 m high, 20–80 cm in diam.; bark green-gray or gray-brown, smooth; young branches and bud hairy, old branches purple-brown, glabrous. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, 17–20 cm; leaflets 4–5(–6) paired, opposite upper part, subopposite lower parts, ovate, ovate-elliptic or elliptic, 2–7 Χ 1.5–2.8 cm, obtuse at apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, glabrous adaxial, densely adnate brown pubescent, then some falling off. Racemes 3.5–8 cm; rachis densely brown hairy. Flowers dense, ca. 10 mm; pedicel 2–4 mm, slender, densely hairy. Corolla white; flag rounded or elliptic, ca. 6 mm; keels auriculate at the base. Ovary densely villous, 6 ovuled. Pods oval or long elliptic, flat, brown, 4.5–8.5 Χ 1.6–2.5 cm, winged, stalk 5–7 mm. Seeds elliptic, yellow-brown, lustrous. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.

* Hill slopes, valleys, stream sides. 500–2300 m. Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.


[1] Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China.

[2] Willard Sherman Turrell Herbarium, Department of Botany, Miami University, 79 Upham Hall, Oxford, Ohio 45056, U.S.A.