防己科 fang ji ke
Hu Qiming[1]; Michael G. Gilbert
Climbing or twining vines, rarely erect shrubs or small trees; indumentum of simple hairs, often absent. Stems striate, without spines; wood often with radial pith rays. Leaves alternate, spiral; stipules absent; petiole swollen at base and apex; leaf blade simple, sometimes palmately lobed, rarely trifoliolate, veination often palmate, less often pinnate. Plants dioecious; inflorescences axillary, sometimes from old wood, rarely supra-axillary or terminal, flowers in often umbelliform cymes, rarely reduced to single flower or in a head on a discoid receptacle, arranged in thyrses, compound umbels or racemelike; bracts usually small, rarely leafy (female Cocullus). Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious), usually small, inconspicuous, mostly pedicellate. Sepals often in whorls of (2 or) 3 or 4, rarely reduced to 1 (female Stephania), sometimes spirally arranged (Hypserpa, Menispermum), free or less often connate; imbricate or valvate. Petals usually 3 or 6 in 1 or 2 whorls, rarely 2 or 4, sometimes reduced to 1 or absent, usually free, rarely connate, imbricate or valvate. Stamens (2–)6–8(-many), filaments free or connate, sometimes stamens completely fused into synandrium, anthers 1- or 2-locular or apparently 4-locular, dehiscing longitudinally or transversely. Staminodes sometimes present in female flowers. Carpels 1–6[–many], free, often swollen on one side; style initially terminal; stigma lobed or divided, rarely entire. Ovules 2 reducing to 1 by abortion. Pistillodes very small or absent in male flower. Fruit a drupe, straight or often horseshoe-shaped; exocarp membranous or leathery; mesocarp usually fleshy; endocarp bony or sometimes woody, rarely leathery, surface usually variously ornamented, rarely smooth, sides usually with central smooth and sunken condyle, rarely inconspicuous or wanting (eg Tinomiscium). Seed usually curved; seed coat thin; endosperm present or absent; embryo mostly curved (straight in Tinomiscium); radicle small, opposite to style-scar; cotyledons flat and foliaceous or thick and semiterete.
About 65 genera and 350 species: tropical, subtropical and a few temperate; 19 genera, 78 species, one subspecies, five varieties and one form in China.
Plants of the family contain alkaloids and are famous for their medicinal usages. Some species, such as Pericampylus glaucus (Lamarck) Merrill and Sinomenium acutum (Thunberg) Rehder & Wilson, are used for making [fermented drinks?]vine products in Sichuan.
Lo Hsuenshui, 1996. Menispermaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 1–81.
1a... Leaf blade pinnately veined, main lateral veins inserted distinctly above base; older stems with prominent circular or cupular petiole scars.
2a... Inner whorl of male sepals fused into tube, 5–7 mm; stamens 18–27, fused into conical synandrium; female infructescence usually 1-flowered; drupe with style scar close to base; lateral veins 3–5 pairs 3. Albertisia
2b... Male sepals all free, imbricate, 1.5–2.8 mm; stamens 4–18, free or with filaments only fused; female inflorescence with several flowers; drupe with style scar distant from base; lateral veins 5–10 pairs.
3a... Stamens 4 or 5 or 8–11, filaments fused for most of length; drupe 1.1–2 cm, not stipitate 1. Pycnarrhena
3b... Stamens 6, filaments free; drupe 2.5–3 cm, with ca. 1.5 cm stipe ............. 2. Eleutharrhena
1b... Leaf blade palmately veined; stems without such scars; .
4a... Adaxial leaf surface very finely and closely striate; inflorescence racemose, on leafless stems, usually ferruginous tomentose; male flower with 3 pistillodes; petals 2–2.5(–3.5) mm, deeply emarginate 5. Tinomiscium
4b... Adaxial leaf surface not striate; male flower without pistillodes; .
5a... Flowers in regular pedunculate umbel-like cymes or heads with flowers inserted on diskshaped receptacle, these often in compound umbels, sometimes forming a terminal thyrse by reduction of uppermost leaves, rarely a slender axillary thyrse of heads (Stephania tetrandra) .................... 17. Stephania
5b... Flowers in cymes, these flat-topped or in elongated, sometimes racemelike, thyrses, rarely in sessile umbel-like fascicles.
6a... Plant male.
7a... Stamens fused into +/- peltate synandrium with anthers in a marginal ring.
8a... Leaves not peltate.
9a... Inflorescence longer than leaves, up to 30(–50) cm; sepals usually 12 in 4 whorls, outermost minute, inner whorls spatulate to obovate ............................................... 7. Aspidocarya
9b... Inflorescence shorter than leaves,
3–10 cm; sepals 6 in 2 whorls, subequal
................................................................................................... 9.
Parabaena
8b... Leaves peltate.
10a. Petals connate into cup; sepals free; inflorescence a pedunculate flat-topped cyme 18. Cissampelos
10b. Petals free, rarely absent; sepals usually connate, rarely free; inflorescence a slender axillary racemelike thyrse or panicle .............................................................. 19. Cyclea
7b... Stamens free or with filaments fused at base only, anthers free, not fused into ring.
11a. Petals absent.
12a. Inflorescence 5–8 cm; stamens 9,
in a sessile cluster; wood not yellow
................................................................................................. 4.
Arcangelisia
12b. Inflorescence to 30 cm; stamens 6 or 3, free, filaments thick with a prominent collar below the anther; wood yellow ...................................................................... 6. Fibraurea
11b. Petals present.
13a. Stems herbaceous; stamens (10–)12–18[–36], longer than sepals when mature; flowers in sessile umbel-like fascicles arranged in usually irregular panicles ......... 16. Menispermum
13b. Stems woody; stamens 5–10(–12).
14a. Sepals 7–12, spiral, not in distinct whorls .................................... 10. Hypserpa
14b. Sepals in 2 or 3 distinct whorls of 3 or 4.
15a. Leaf blade never lobed, with main basal veins and their outer branches leading directly to margin.
16a. Sepals unmarked, outer whorl much smaller than inner whorl 11. Pericampylus
16b. Sepals with prominent dark reticulum when dried, outer whorl subequal to inner whorl 12. Diploclisia
15b. Leaf blade lobed or, if not lobed, with main basal veins dividing or fusing before reaching the margin.
17a. Petal apex 2-lobed ............................................................ 13. Cocculus
17b. Petal apex not lobed.
18a. Inflorescences not appearing with leaves, glabrous .......... 8. Tinospora
18b. Inflorescences borne with leaves, pubescent to tomentose.
19a. Flowers sessile or subsessile; sepals 6 in 2 whorls of 3, anthers dehiscing transversely .............................................................................. 14. Pachygone
19b. Flowers clearly pedicellate; stamens 9 (or 12), anthers dehiscing longitudinally 15. Sinomenium
6b... Plant female (based mainly on fruits, Chinese material of female flowers of several species not seen).
20a. Material with fruits.
21a. Seed and seed cavity straight, sometimes broad and concave.
22a. Drupe 2.2–5.5 cm with style scar on one side, borne on clavete carpophore to 4 cm; endocarp covered with fibrous layer and apparently hairy; leaf blade with abaxial domatia in axils of main veins ........................................................................................ 4. Arcangelisia
22b. Drupe with terminal style scar; endocarp smooth or sculptured, not fibrous; leaf blade usually without domatia, or only present in basal vein axils.
23a. Endocarp clearly spiny.............................................................. 9. Parabaena
23b. Endocarp +/- smooth or rugose to papillate.
24a. Lowermost lateral veins of leaf blade arising several mm above base; endocarp subellipsoid, 2–2.5 cm, condyl forming narrow ventral groove; inflorescence a lax panicle with branches to 12 cm; wood yellow ............................................................... 6. Fibraurea
24b. Lowermost lateral veins truly basal; endocarp flattened and without condyle or subglobose with condyle forming ventral cavity with a central opening; inflorescence a narrow panicle with branches to 3 cm; wood not yellow.
25a. Endocarp flattened and without condyle; seed straight ..... 7. Aspidocarya
25b. Endocarp subglobose with condyle forming ventral cavity with a central opening 8. Tinospora
21b. Seed and seed cavity long and strongly curved, crescent- or horseshoe-shaped to almost ringlike.
26a. Carpel 1.
27a. Bracts persistent and accrescent to 1.5 cm, often concealing the much smaller fruits 18. Cissampelos
27b. Bracts minute, much smaller than fruits .......................................... 19. Cyclea
26b. Carpels 2–6.
28a. Inflorescences on old woody stems,
very long thyrses to ca. 50 cm
.............................................................................................. 12.
Diploclisia
28b. Inflorescences axillary on leaf stems.
29a. Seed with large cotyledons, endosperm absent; endocarp rather smooth with a small central perforation ......................................................................... 14. Pachygone
29b. Seed with slender cotyledons, endosperm copious; endocarp usually clearly sculptured.
30a. Leaves peltate; endocarp ca. 10 × 8 mm, rather flattened, broadly crescent-shaped 16. Menispermum
30b. Leaves never peltate; endocarp 4–8 mm, not obviously flattened.
31a. Endocarp laterally concave, condyle lamelliform or disciform, not perforate or with small excentric perforation.
32a. Leaf blade never lobed, main basal veins and their outer branches leading directly to margin; endocarp dorsally covered with sort pointed processes 11. Pericampylus
32b. Leaf blade lobed or, if not lobed, main basal veins and their outer branches divided or fused before reaching margin; endocarp with dorsal and lateral ridged crests 15. Sinomenium
31b. Endocarp with thick hollow condyle, often perforate.
33a. Carpels 6; drupes 4–5 mm ......................................... 13. Cocculus
33b. Carpels (2 or)3; drupes 6–8 mm ................................ 10. Hypserpa
20b. Material with female flowers (female flowers not seen in genera 1, 2, 3, 5)
34a. Sepals 1 or 2; petal 1 or 2(–3), opposite sepal, rarely absent; carpel 1.
35a. Inflorescence a +/- flat-topped
cyme, soon developing leafy bracts
............................................................................................... 18.
Cissampelos
35b. Inflorescence an elongated thyrse or panicle; bracts minute, never leafy 19. Cyclea
34b. Sepals 4–12 each in 2 or more whorls or spiral; petals absent or 4–9; carpels (2 or)3 or 6.
36a. Petals absent ............................................................................ 4. Arcangelisia
36b. Petals present.
37a. Petals apically 2-lobed.
38a. Sepals with black and striped marks, outer whorl subequal to inner whorl; leaf blade about as long as wide ....................................................................... 12. Diploclisia
38b. Sepals without black marks, outer whorl much smaller than inner whorl; leaf blade often conspicuously longer than wide .............................................. 13. Cocculus
37b. Petals apically entire.
39a. Staminodes absent.
40a. Sepals 7–11, spiral; petals 4 or 5 ....................................... 10. Hypserpa
40b. Sepals 6, whorled; petals 6 ............................................. 14. Pachygone
39b. Staminodes present.
41a. Sepals 9–12................................................................ 11. Pericampylus
41b. Sepals 4–8.
42a. Sepals spiral; petals 6–9;
staminodes 6–12; leaves peltate
............................................................................. 16.
Menispermum
42b. Sepals whorled; petals 3 or 6; staminodes 6; leaves not peltate.
43a. Sepals with outer whorl much
smaller than inner whorl
.............................................................................. 14.
Pachygone
43b. Sepals with outer whorl subequal to or only slightly smaller than inner whorl.
44a. Inflorescences flat-topped; herbaceous vines .......... 9. Parabaena
44b. Inflorescences conical; endocarp dorsally ornamented with transverse ridges on both faces; large woody vines .................................... 15. Sinomenium
密花藤属 mi hua teng shu
Vines. Stems with cuplike petiole scars. Leaves with petioles usually short; leaf blade pinnately veined, sometimes palmately basinerved, Inflorescences axillary or ramiflorous, mostly cymose; peduncles sometimes 1-flowered and fascicled. Male flowers: sepals 6–15 in 3 whorls, imbricate, the inner whorl largest, usually rotund and concave, outer whorl minute; petals (0–)2–5, minute, mostly broadly obovate; stamens variable in number, ca. 2–18, with filaments connate for most of their length, anthers subglobose, transversely dehiscence. Female flowers: sepals and petals as in male; carpels 2–6, ovate, slightly swollen at dorsal side; stigmas ligule and recurved. Drupes ± subglobose, with style-scar on ventral side below the apex, arising from the margin of a (subglobose) carpophore; endocarp papery, crustaceous, or sublignous; condyle usually inconspicuous. Seeds similar to drupes in shape; endosperm absent; cotyledons large and thick, slightly curved, much longer than radicle.
About nine species: SE Asia and Australia (Queensland); two species in China (Yunnan and Hainan).
1a... Synandrium with 4 or 5 anthers; inner sepals subcircular, deeply concave; petiole 0.8–2(–3) cm; leaf blade 1.5–3.5 cm wide, thinly leathery ......................................................................................... 1. P. lucida
1b... Synandrium with 8–11 anthers; inner sepals elliptic, +/- flat; leaf blade 3–6 cm wide, papery 2. P. poilanei
密花藤 mi hua teng
Cocculus lucidus Teijsmann & Binnendijk, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 4: 397. 1853; Antitaxis calocarpa Kurz; A. fasciculata Miers; A. nodiflora (Pierre) Gagnepain; Pycnarrhena calocarpa (Kurz) Diels; P. fasciculata (Miers) Diels; Telotia nodiflora Pierre.
Woody vines. Old stems grayish brown; young stems ferrugineous pubescent. Petiole 1–2 cm, swollen at apex, ferrugineous puberulous; leaf blade elliptic lanceolate or elliptic, 7–11 × 1.5–3.5 cm, sometimes larger, thinly leathery, both surfaces glabrous, adaxially glossy, base broadly subcuneate or rounded, apex mucronate, acuminate, or subacute; lateral veins 5–7. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, fasciculate, base of peduncle puberulous, usually 1–(to few–)flowered. Male peduncle slender, filiform, 0.3–0.5(–1) cm. Male flowers: outer whorl of sepals minute, obovate, puberulous, inner larger, ca. 1.5 mm, slightly fleshy, subrotund, sacciform; petals usually 2 (–5), 0.6 × 1 mm, fleshy, broadly elliptic; Synandrium with (2–)4 or 5(–12) anthers. Female flowers not seen. Drupes red, globose, or slightly oblique, 1.5–2 cm; endocarp fibrously woody; condyle slightly convex. Seeds kidney-shaped.
?pedicel; Fl. Thailand gives drupe size as 0.8–1.5 cm
Forests. S & SE Hainan [Cambodia, India (Andaman & Nicobar), Indonesia (W Java & WC Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia, Thailand].
The number of stamens and petals vary in this species: stamens 2–12; petals 2–5. Diels recognized three species from such material. The plant in China is closest to P. fasciculata (Miers) Diels.
硬骨藤 ying gu teng
Pridania poilanei Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 170. 1938; P. petelotii Gagnepain.
Woody vines or scandent shrubs, 2–3 m or taller. Branches terete, striate, puberulous or subglabrous. Petiole slender, strait, slightly swollen at apex, insertion usually inconspicuously peltate; leaf blade ovate or elliptic ovate, sometimes broadly ovate, 9–16 × 3–6 cm, papery, abaxially puberulous along midrib and lateral veins, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, rounded, or sometimes truncate, apex long-acuminate; lateral veins 7–10 pairs, lowermost sub-basal, conspicuously joined near the margin, impressed adaxially, conspicuously raised abaxially. Inflorescences axillary, solitary or fasciculate, cymose, 2–3.5 cm, lax, few-flowered; peduncles very slender, puberulous. Male flowers: sepals 6–9, outer whorl minute, ca. 0.5 mm, inner elliptic or broadly elliptic, 2–2.8 mm; petals 4 or 5, ovate, ca. 1.5 mm, shortly clawed; synandrium 1.5–1.8 mm. Female perianth not seen; carpels black, ca. 1 mm. Drupes ellipsoid, red when dry, 1.1–1.3 cm. Fl. summer, fr. autumn.
Dense low altitude forests. S. Hainan, S & SE Yunnan [Thailand, N Vietnam].
藤枣属 teng zao shu
Vines. Leaves with petioles affixed on disciform cicatrices of branchlets, apex swollen and geniculate; leaf blade pinnately veined, subpeltate. Male inflorescences few-flowered, axillary or ramiflorous, fasciculate. Male flowers: sepals 12 in 4 whorls, imbricate, mostinner whorl largest; petals 6; stamens 6, free, columnar, anthers minute, subequal to filament in width, transversely and introrsely dehiscent. Female flowers unknown, carpels conspicuously 6 based on the infructescences. Infructescences thickly pedunculate; carpels 6 with gynophore thick, strong, and radially arranged. Drupes (one carpel) abruptely narrowed into a stipe, with style-scar distant from base; endocarp thin woody; condyle inconspicuous. Seeds ellipsoidal; endosperm absent or very thin; cotyledons large and thick.
One species in SW China (Yunnan) and India (Assam).
藤枣 teng zao
Pycnarrhena macrocarpa Diels, Pflanzenreich IV. 94: 52. 1910.
Woody vines. Young stems longitudinally striate, sparsely puberulous, later glabrous. Leaves with petioles slender, 2.5–8 cm; leaf blade leathery, ovate to broadly ovate, oblong ovate, or oblong elliptic, 9.5–22 × 4.5–13 cm, apex acuminate or subcuspidate, base broadly rotund or obtuse, sometimes broadly cuneate, glabrous on both surfaces, glossory above; lateral veins 5–9 pairs, prominent on both surfaces, especially below, reticulation sparse and inconspicuous. Male inflorescences fasciculate, 1–3-flowered; peduncles 6–10 mm, puberulous. Male flowers: sepals 12, outer 3+3 ovate, minute, less than 1 mm, puberulous, middle 3 triangular ovate, 1.5–1.7 mm, slightly puberulous, inner 3 largest, subrotund or broadly ovoid subrotund, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous; petals 6,` broadly obovate, with lateral margins inflexed clasping the opposite stamen, glabrous; stamens 6, free, columnar, 1.5 mm. Female flowers unknown, Infructescences ramiflorous; peduncles thick, 0.7–2 cm, with 3–6 drupes. Drupes ellipsoidal, yellow or red, 2.5–3 × 1.7–2.5 cm, base with a gynophore up to 1.5 cm. Seeds ellipsoidal, 1.5–1.7 X, ca. 1 cm. Fl. May, fr. Oct.
Dense forests; 840–1500 m. S & SE Yunnan, [India (Assam)].
An unpublished IUCN list recorded this species as endangered: EN(A1c,2c;B1+2c).
崖藤属 ya teng shu
Epinetrum Hiern.
Woody vines. Branchlets bearing prominent discoid petiole-scars. Leaves with petioles conspicuously swollen at both ends, not peltately inserted; leaf blade papery or leathery, usually elliptic, pinnately veined. Male inflorescences axillary or ramiflorous, cymose. Male flowers: sepals in 3 whorls, outer and middle whorls minute, free, inner whorl large, connate into a corolliform tube with 3 minute lobes at apex; petals 3 or 6, minute, slightly fleshy; stamens ca. 18–27, connate into a conical synandrium, anthers 2-celled, transversely dehiscent. Female inflorescences mostly reduced to solitary flowers. Female flowers: sepals and petals as in male; carpels 6, elongate-ovoid, attenuated upwards into a subulate style. Drupes radiating from the margin of a swollen, tomentellous carpophore terminating the peduncle, usually subellipsoidal, style-scar close to base; mesocarp granular when dry; endocarp crustaceous or sublignous, sublaevigate or slightly rugose on surface; codyle slightly prominent or inconspicuous. Seeds without endosperm; cotyledons very thick; radicle minute.
About 17 species: 12 species in Africa, five in SE Asia; one in China.
崖藤 ya teng
Albertisia perryana Li.
Large woody vines. Young branches tomentellose, glabrescent, gray. Petiole 1.5–3.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade subleathery, elliptic or ovate elliptic, 7–14 × 2.5–5 cm, shortly acuminate or subcuspidate at apex, obtuse or slightly rotund at base, brown when dry, glabrous on both surfaces or only puberulous on midrib and lateral veins below; lateral veins 3–5 pairs; midrib and lateral veins conspicuously prominent below. Male inflorescences cymose, 3–5 flowered, up to 1.5 cm; peduncles and pedicels stout, 3–5 mm, tomentose. Male flowers: sepals in 3 whorls, outer whorl subulate, ca. 0.5 mm, middle whorl linear lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, inner whorl connate into corolliform tube, 5–7 mm, tomentose on lower surface; petals 6 in two whorls, outer whorl rhomboid, 0.8 m, lateral margins inflexed, dorsally hispid near midrib, inner whorl subcuneate, glabrous, 0.8 mm; synandrium 3–4 mm, bearing 27 anthers in 6 vertical rows, filament very short. Female flowers unknown. Drupes ellipsoidal, 2.2–3.3 × 1.5–2 cm, tomentose; endocarp slightly lignous, ellipsoidal, 1.5–2.5 cm, slightly wrinkled on surface; condyle inconspicuous. Fl. early summer, fr. autumn.
Forests; 250–1000 m. S Guangxi, S Hainan, S Yunnan [N Vietnam].
IUCN: VU(A1c,2c;B2c)
古龙山属 go long shan shu
Mirtana Pierre.
Vines. Leaf blade leathery, palmately veined. Male inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous, paniculate. Male flowers: sepals 9, in three whorls, outer whorl usually minute, bracteal, inner whorl petaloid, imbricate; synandrium with filaments connate into a short column, anthers 9–12, transversely dehiscent. Female inflorescences usually cauliflorous, paniculate. Female flowers: perianth 9 in 3 whorls; staminodes scalelike; carpels 3, each with 2 ovules storied. Drupes subglobose, large; exocarp leathery; mesocarp fleshy; endocarp bony, reticulately wrinkled, spiny or smooth, usually pubescent; condyle inconspicuous. Seeds with rich endosperm ruminate.
Four species: SE Asia; one species in China.
古山龙 gu shan long
Large woody vines up to 10 m. Stems and old branches gray or dark gray, irregularly and longitudinally rugose, wood brightish yellow branchlets cylindraceous, neatly and longitudinally striate, glabrous. Leaves with petioles shorter than leaf blade; leaf blade leathery to subhadro-leathery, broadly ovate to broadly ovate orbiculate, 8–13 × 6–9.5 cm, apex often cuspidate, base subtruncate or slightly rounded, rarely subcordate, fuliginous on upper surface and brown on lower surface when dry, glabrous on both surfaces, slightly glossory, palmately 5-veined, fine reticulation more conspicuous on lower surface. Male inflorescences usually arising from leaf scar on old stems, paniculate 5–8 cm with short branches 1–2 cm or slightly longer, subglabrous. Male flowers: perianth 9 in 3 whorls, outer whorls subovate, 0.6–0.8 mm, margin erose, middle whorl oblong elliptic, 2.2–2.3 mm, inner whorl nautiform, ca. 2.2 mm; synandrium with 9 anthers. Female inflorescences and flowers unknown. Infructescences borne on old stems, stout, pedicels stout, 0.7–1.5 × 0.5–0.7 cm. Drupes subglobose, slightly flat, 2.5–3 cm 2.5–3 cm wide, yellow when mature, later black; mesocarp fleshy; endocarp subbony, oblate, ferrugineous pilose, smooth. Fl. summer.
· Forests. Hainan.
Medicinal. IUCN: VU(A1c,2c;B2c)
Material of Arcangelisia gusanlung was originally identified as A. flava (Linnaeus) Merrill (including A. loureiroi (Pierre) Diels) (eg Forman, Fl. Thailand 5 (3): 339. 1991). Arcangelisia flava has larger leaves, (10–)12–25 × (5.5–)8–19 cm, inflorescences 10–50 cm and carpophores to 4 cm long.
大叶藤属 da ye teng shu
Vines. Leaves with long petioles; leaf blade often broad and large, subleathery or membranous, palmately 3–5-veined. Inflorescences ramiflorous, solitary or fasciculate, racemose. Male flowers: sepals 9–12, the outermost 3 minute and bracteal, inner 6 large, subleathery, with margins usually membranous, narrowly oblong, imbricate; petals 6, slightly shorter than sepals, submembranous, oblong or rotund, with margin involute; stamens 6 opposite and subequal to petals, free, filaments thickened, swollen at apex, with anthers introrse, dehiscing longitudinally to transversely; reduced carpels usually 3. Female flowers: sepals and petals as in male; staminodes 6, lanceolate, apex rostrate; carpels 3, cylindraceous obovate; stigma peltate, cerebelloidly divided. Drupes 3 or less, subovoid flattened on both faces, dorsally prominent, Ventrally smooth, style-scar terminal; condyle absent. Seeds obovate; endosperm rich; embryo straight, cotyledons broad, flat, storied, much longer than radicle.
About seven species: SE Asia; one species in China.
Molecular data (Ortiz et al., Amer. J. Bot. 94: 1425-1438. 2007) has shown that Tinomiscium is sister to the rest of the Menispermaceae and that the straight embryo and absence of a condyle are primitive features.
大叶藤 da ye teng
Tinomiscium tonkinensis Gagnepain.
Woody vines. Stems with bark erosely fissured; branchlets and petioles longitudinally striate, exuding white latex when cut; young branches purplish tomentose. Leaves with petioles 5–12 cm, puberulous or glabrous; leaf blade thin leathery, broadly ovate, 10–25(-29) × 9–14(-20) cm, apex acutely acuminate or sometimes cuspidate, margin entire or irregularly serrulate, base subtruncate or slightly cordate, palmately 3–5-veined with 1–3 pairs of lateral veins, prominent on lower surface. Inflorescences arising several together from protuberances on old stems, racemose, often pendulous, 5–12 cm, purplish ferrugineous tomentose or puberulous. Male flowers: sepals with outer whorl minute, inner whorl 6(–8), narrowly obovoid elliptic to elliptic, 3–4.5(–5) mm. glabrous except margins papillosely ciliate; petals 6, obovoid elliptic to elliptic, deeply emarginate, 2–2.5(–3.5) mm; stamens 6, 1.4–2.5(–3) mm, connective prolonged, mucronate and incurved. Female flowers unknown. Drupes compressed ellipsoidal, ca. 4 × 1.7–2 × 1.3–1.5 cm. Cotyledons extremely unequal, the larger one 2-lobed, base auticulate.
Forests. S Guangxi, S & SE Yunnan [N & C Vietnam].
天仙藤属 tian xian teng shu
Vines. Roots and stems with xylem brightish yellow. Leaves with petioles long, swollen at both ends; leaf blade ovate or oblong, the basifugally 3–5-veined. Inflorescences often ramiflorous, lax panicles; flowers without petals. Male flowers: perianth 8–12, imbricate, outer 2–6 minute, slightly unequal, inner 6 conspicuously larger, fleshy, subequal, margins thin; stamens 6 or 3, free, filament thickened, anthers small with pollen-cells divaricate, dehiscing longitudinally and obliquely; staminodes absent. Female flowers: perianth as in male; staminodes 6 or 3, narrowly oblong to elliptic, style-scar near apex; carpels 3, erect, sacciform, ovate, style extremely short, subterminal. Drupes 1–3, orangish yellow, oblong obovate to ellipsoidal, style-scar subterminal; exocarp smooth; mesocarp fleshy; endocarp sublignous, dorsally protuberant, ventrally with a narrow longitudinal groove; condyle forming a narrow groove. Seed subellipsoidal; embryo embeded endosperm, horseshoe-shaped in transverse section; cotyledons broad and extremely thin, foliaceous, much longer than radicle.
Two species: S China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines; one species in China.
The other species, Fibraurea tinctoria Loureiro, differs by having 6, not 3, stamens and thicker walled endocarps. Both species provide a yellow dye.
天仙藤 tian xian teng
Large woody vines up to 10 m or longer. Stems brown; branchlets and petioles longitudinally striate. Leaves with petioles (4 or)5–14 cm, inconspicuously peltately inserted; leaf blade leathery, oblong ovate, sometimes broadly ovate or broadly ovoid subglobose, 10–25 × 2.5–9(-13) cm, apex subcuspidate or acutely acuminate, base rounded or obtuse, sometimes subcordate or cuneate, glabrous, palmately 3–5-veined usually with 3 pairs of distal lateral veins prominent below. Inflorescences arising from leafless old stems, paniculate; male inflorescences lax, up to 30 cm. Male flowers with pedicels 2–3 mm; perianth variable, mostouter whorl minute, ca. 0.3 mm, inner whorl 0.6–1 mm, innermost whorl elliptic, concave, ca. 2.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm; stamens 3, 2 mm, filaments thick and broad, pollen-cells subnephroid. Drupes oblong elliptic, rarely subobovate, 1.8–3 cm, yellow; exocarp wrinkled when dry; endocarp very thin-walled. Fl. spring and summer, fr. autumn.
Forests. SW Guangdong, S Guangxi, SE Yunnan, [Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam].
Medicinal.
球果藤属 qiu guo teng shu
Vines. Leaves cordate or subpeltate. Inflorescences axillary, panicles, usually very long. Male flowers: sepals usually 12 in 4 whorls, outer whorl minute, middle whorl linear oblong, only 1-veined, inner whorl spathulate, 3-veined, the innermost whorl obovate, 3-veined; petals 6, obdeltoid or cuneate obovate, apex 3-gashed or subtruncate, with lateral edges involute, 3-veined; stamens connate into a peltate synandrium, anthers 6 dehiscing transversely. Female flowers: sepals and petals similar to/as in male flowers; staminodes 6, clubbed; carpels 3, stigma capitate or 3-lobed. Drupes 1–3, subellipsoidal, style-scar slightly terminal; exocarp fleshy; endocarp slightly fleshy with a median dorsal and ventral ridge and flattened lateral wings; condyle inconspicuous. Seeds ovoid ellipsoidal, flat; endosperm abundant, fleshy.
One species in China (Yunnan) and NE India (Sikkim)].
球果藤 qiu guo teng
Vines up to 7 m or longer. Stems pubescent to glabrescent, striate. Leaves slightly peltate, petioles pubescent to glabrescent, swollen and geniculate at base, striate, 8–15 mm; leaf blade papery, ovoid cordate or broadly ovoid cordate, 9–18 × 8–16 cm, apex caudate acuminate, base often deeply cordate, entire or rarely 3-lobed, pubescent on both surfaces, usually denser above, sometimes only pubescent on veins below, palmately 5–7-veined at base with 2–3 pairs of lateral veins prominent below. Inflorescences up to 30(–50) cm, pubescent, lax panicles. Male flowers: outer sepals 1(–1.5) mm, middle whorl 2(–2.5) mm, inner whorl 2.5(–3.3) mm, puberulous, innermost whorl conspicuously concave, slightly transparent, ca. 3(–3.5) mm × 2 mm; petals 6, light yellow, ca. 2 × 1–1.5 mm; synandrium (2–)2.5 mm. Female flowers unknown. Infructescences slightly stout, puberulous; pedicels 1–1.5 cm, apex swollen or capitate. Drupes ellipsoidal, ca. 2 cm, red when mature; endocarp 1.2–1.6 cm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep-Oct.
Dense forests. S & SW Yunnan, [Sikkim, NE & E India].
青牛胆属 qing niu dan shu
Vines. Leaves palmate, base cordate, sometimes sagittate or hastate. Inflorescences axillary or on old stems, racemose, cymose or paniculate, solitary or fascicled. Male flowers: sepals usually 6, membranous, imbricate, outer 3 usually conspicuously smaller; petals (3 or) 6, base clawed, margins often involute at base; stamens 6, filaments free (or connate), anthers subextrorse, dehiscing longitudinally and obliquely. Female flowers: sepals and petals similar to male except petals often smaller; staminodes 6; carpels 3, curved-ellipsoidal, style short, fat and thick, stigma reflexed with short, pointed lobes. Drupes 1–3 borne on a short or columnar carpophore; style-scar subterminal; endocarp bony, dorsally convex and sometimes verrucose or tuberculate, ventrally ± flat, condyle broad, with central aperture leading to a globose cavity; seed half-moon-shaped, with endosperm ruminate; cotyledon foliaceous, ovate, extremely thin, much longer than radicle.
Perennial deciduous climbing precocious shrubs. Stem succulent, corky. Leaves membranous, basal nerves 7. Flowers in axillary terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, the 3 inner larger and membranous. Petals 6, smaller than the sepals. Male flowers: stamens 6; filaments free, apex thickened, anthers obliquely adnate. Female flowers: staminodes 6, clavate; carpels 3, stigmas broad. Drupes 1-3; style scar terminal, endocarp rugose. Seed usually curved round the intruded endocarp, albumen ruminate.
More than 30 species: tropical and subtropical Africa, S.E. Asia, Indo-Malaysia and Australia; six species and three varieties in China (3 endemic).
Several species are widely used medicinally for a variety of problems.
1a... Deciduous; often with long, pendulous aerial roots; branchlets fleshy with membranous epidermis and raised lenticels; lenticels eventually cruciately dehiscent.
2a... Branches and leaves densely puberulous .......................................................... 1. C. sinensis
2b... Branches and leaves glabrous.
3a... Older stems with very prominent blunt tubercles; inflorescences appearing before new leaves; leaf blade with flat glabrous pockets in abaxial axils of basal veins .......................................... 2. C. crispa
3b... Older stems terete; inflorescences appearing with new leaves; leaf blade with dense tufts of brownish glandular hairs in abaxial axils of basal veins .......................................... 3. C. hainanensis
1b... Evergreen; stems and branches not fleshy, without aerial root; lenticelle small, lens-shaped, longitudinally 2-dehiscent.
4a... Leaf blade orbicular cordate, 6.5–11 cm wide, ca. as long as wide or only slightly longer, with rounded basal lobes, basal sinus very narrow ................................................................. 4. C. guangxiensis
4b... Leaf blade lanceolate-sagittate to hastate, 2–7.5 cm wide, clearly longer than wide, often with angular basal lobes, basal sinus broad.
5a... Leaf-margin not toothed (mainland)............................................................. 5. C. sagittata
5a... Leaf-margin irregularly toothed (Taiwan)....................................................... 6. C. dentata
4a... Leaf-margin irregularly toothed ........................................................................ 6. C. dentata
4b... Leaf-margin entire or base sagittate to hastate.
5a... Leaf blade orbiculate-cordate, length subequal to width or slightly larger; leaves hirsute-villous along veins and veinlets on lower surface .................................................................... 4. C. guangxiensis
5b... Leaf blade lanceolate, subovate or elliptic, length 2–3 times width, base usually sagittate or hastate, glabrous, puberulous or pubescent on lower surface ................................................... 5. C. sagittata
中华青牛胆 zhong hua qing niu dan
Campylus sinensis Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 113. 1790; Menispermum malabaricum Lamarck; Tinospora malabarica (Lamarck) J. D. Hooker & Thomson; Cocculus tomentosus Colebrooke; Menispermum tomentosum (Colebrooke) Roxburgh; Tinospora tomentosa (Colebrooke) J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
Vines up to 20 m or longer. Branches slightly fleshy; young branches green, striate, pubescent; old branches fat and thick, with brownish, membranous, and often glabrous bark; lenticelle convex, usually 4-dehiscent, rarely 2 or 6-dehiscent. Leaves with puberulous petioles (4–) 6–13 cm long; leaf blade papery, broadly ovate to subrotund, rarely broadly ovate, 7–14 × 5–13 cm, apex acutely acuminate, base deeply to slightly cordate, margin entire, palmately 5(–7)-veined at the base, tomentelous or subtomentelous below, puberulous above. Inflorescences appearing when plant is leafless. Male inflorescences 1–4 cm or longer, solitary or few fascicled. Male flowers: sepals 6 in 2 wholes, outer 3 minute, oblong or subelliptic, 1–1.5 mm long, inner 3 broadly ovate, to 5 mm long, 3 mm wide; petals 6, subrhomboid, with claw ca 1mm long, lobes ca. 2 mm long; stamens 6, filaments ca 4 mm. Female inflorescences solitary. Female flowers: sepals and petals as in male; carpels 3. Drupes red, subglobose; endocarp semioviform, to 10 mm long, with dorsal ridges and tubercles. Fl. Apr, fr. May-Jun.
Forests and cultivated. S Guangdong, S Guangxi, S Yunnan [Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
Medicinal.
波叶青牛胆 bo ye qing niu dan
Menispermum crispum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1468. 1763; Tinospora rumphii Boerlage; T. thorelii Gagnepain; T. mastersii Diels; T. gibbericaulis Handel-Mazzetti.
Deciduous vines slightly fleshy, producing very long filiform aerial roots. Stems glabrous, epidermis thin membranous and brownish, lenticelle large and prominently tuberculate. Leaves slightly fleshy, with petioles as long as leaf blade or longer; leaf blade broadly ovate to orbicular, base deeply to shallowly cordate, apex usually short-acuminate, ca. 6–13 × 6–13 cm, glabrous on both sides, often palmately 5-veined at base. Inflorescences appearing when plant is leafless, racemose, 2–3 flowers fascicled, unbranched or occasionally shortly branched. Male inflorescences very slender, 5–10 cm or longer. Male flowers: sepals in 2 wholes of 3, green, glabrous, outer 3 (ovate, minute, ca 1 mm long, inner 3 (obovate, ca 2.5–3 mm long; petals 3–6, yellow, obovate-spathulate, 1.6–2.5 mm long; stamens 6, as long as petals. Female flowers and inflorescences unknown. Drupes similar to T. sinensis. Fl. spring, fr. summer.
Open forest or bushes. Yunnan (Xishuangbanna) [Cambochia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand].
Medicinal.
海南青牛胆 hai nan qing niu dan
Large deciduous vines, to 3–10 m or longer, glabrous. Old stems fleshy, ca 6–10 mm in diam., with epidermis membranous, glabrous, lenticelle first lense-shaped, 2-dehiscent, then rounded, cruciate dehiscent, conspicuously protruding. Leaves with petioles 3–12 cm long, base swelling, geniculate; leaf blade membranous papery, cordate or orbicular cordate, 11–15 × 9–12 cm, apex often cuspidate, base cordate, with sinus 1–2.5 cm, lobes rotund, light green when dry, glabrous on both sides, palmately 5-veined, with dense brownish glandular hairs in basal nerve axils, reticulation raised on both surfaces. Inflorescences coetaneous with leaves. Male inflorescences pseudoracemose consisted of small cymes on pedicels 1–3 mm long. Female flowers in fascicles of 2–4, rarely solitary; bract subulate lanceolate 2–3 mm long; sepals 6, outer whole minute, subdeltoid, 1.2–1.5 × 1 mm, inner whole broadly ovate elliptic, 3.5–4 × 2.5 mm, slightly extended when blooming?; petals 6, narrowly lanceolate, ca 2 × 0.4 mm, margins not reflexed, apex mucronate; staminodes 6, slightly shorter than petals; carpels 3, ca. 2 mm long, stigma large. Male flowers unknown. Drupes red, broadly elliptic, 1.1–1.2 × 7–9 mm; endocarp broadly elliptic, 9–10 mm, dorsally rounded, convex with a ridge only conspicuous at both ends and sparsely tuberculate, ventrally flattened with a elliptic aperture ca 3 × 1.5 mm to condyle. Fl. Apr, fr. Jun.
· Open forests. Hainan.
Tinospora glabra auct. non (N. L. Myanmarn) Merrill: Forman, Kew Bull. 36: 417. 1981. IUCN: VU(A1c,2c;B2c)
广西青牛胆 guang xi qing niu dan
Vines slightly woody. Stems cylindraceous, slightly strong, longitudinally sulcate, glabrous or pubescent, grayish green, often with speckles purplish green. Leaves with petioles 3.5–4 cm, swollen and geniculate at base; leaf blade papery, orbicular cordate, 8–14 × 6.5–11 cm, apex apiculate, base deeply cordate, latter lobes rotund, slightly divaricate, occasionally folded, olivish green when dry, glabrous or subglabrous on upper surface, densely hirsute villous on lower surface, palmately 7-veined, together with lateral veins impressed above and prominent below. Inflorescences and flowers unknown. Infructescences arising from the axils of previous year's stems, up to 24 cm including the peduncle 15 cm, loose paniculate, hirsute. Drupes milky white, red when dry, oblate, with pedicels 7–10 mm, stout, apex swollen and globulose; endocarp ca. 6.5–7.5 × 8.5–9 mm, dorsally with midrib protuberant and tuberculously rugose on both faces. Fr. Jun.
· Guangxi (Longzhou).
青牛胆 qing niu dan
Limacia sagittata Oliver, Hook. Icon. Pl. 1749; Tinospora capillipes Gagnepain; T. imbricata S. Y. Hu; T. szechuanensis S. Y. Hu.
Herbaceous Vines. Roots with small and yellow tuberous swelling. Stems slender, striate, often puberulous. Leaves with petioles striate, puberulous or subglabrous, 2.5–5 cm or longer; leaf blade papery to thin leathery, lanceolate sagittate or sometimes lanceolate hastate, rarely ovate or elliptic sagittate, 7–15(-20) × 2.4–5 cm, apex acuminate, sometimes caudate, base often with deep sinus, lobes rounded, obtuse or mucronate, often extending backwards, sometimes incurved into 2 lobes folded, rarely extending outside, palmately 5-veined, with reticulation prominent on lower surface, usually puberulous on veins, sometimes glabrous on upper surface or both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, often a few or many flowers fascicled, cymes, sometimes pseudopanicles, 2–10(-15) cm or sometimes longer; peduncles and pedicels filamentose; bracteoles 2, closely annexed with sepals. Male flowers: sepals 6, sometimes more, often unequal, the outermost whorl minute, often ovate or lanceolate, only 1–2 mm long, inner whorl conspicuous larger, broadly ovate to obovate, or broadly elliptic to elliptic, to 3.5 mm long; petals 6, often with claw, lobes subrounded or broadly obovate, rarely subrhomboid, basal margin often reflexed, 1.4–2 mm long. Female flowers: sepals similar to male; petals cuneate, ca 0.4 mm long; staminodes 6, oblong?, ca 0.4 mm long; carpels 3, subglabrous. Drupes (semiglobose, 6–8 mm wide. Fl. Apr, fr. autumn.
Forests and grassland. N Fujian, N W Guangdong, Guangxi, E S Guizhou, N Hainan, W SW Hubei, W C S Hunan, NE Jiangxi, S Shanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, SE Yunnan [N Vietnam].
Forman (Kew Bull. 36: 386. 1981) did not accept the following varieties.
1a. Leaves with reticulation inconspicuous on lower surface ........................... 5c. var. yunnanensis
1b. Leaves with reticulation conspicuous on lower surface.
2a. Inner sepals narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong lanceolate ............ 5b. var. craveniana
2b. Inner sepals elliptic, broadly elliptic or elliptic obovate .............................. 5a. var. sagittata
青牛胆(原变种) qing niu dan (yuan bian zhong)
Inner sepals elliptic, broadly elliptic or elliptic obovate, 2–3 mm long. Leaf blade conspicuously reticulate on lower surface. Fl. spring.
Forests and grassland. N Fujian, N W Guangdong, NE Guangxi, E S Guizhou, N Hainan, W SW Hubei, W C S Hunan, NE Jiangxi, S Shanxi (Ankang), E Sichuan (W to Tianquan), SE Xizang [N Vietnam].
Medicinal.
峨眉青牛胆 e mei qing niu dan
Tinopsora. craveniana S. Y. Hu, Journ. Arnott Arb. 35: 194. t. 1(6). 1954; T. intermedia S. Y. Hu.
Inner sepals narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong lanceolate, 3–5 mm long. Leaf blade conspicuously reticulate on lower surface.
· Forests. Sichuan (Emei Shan).
Medicinal.
云南青牛胆 yunnan qing niu dan
Tinopsora. yunnanensis S. Y. Hu, Journ. Arnott Arb. 35: 197. t 1(4). 1954.
Inner sepals obovate or broadly obovate, ca. 2 mm long. Leaf blade inconspicuously reticulate on lower surface (below). Fl. spring.
· Guangxi (Napo), SE Yunnan (Jianshui).
台湾青牛胆 tai wan qing niu dan
Vines slightly woody. Stems and branches slender, longitudinally striate, young parts puberulous. Leaves with petioles 4–5 cm, puberulous; leaf blade papery, subhastate or sagittate, 6–12.5 × 5–7 cm, apex mucronate, with basal lobes angular-rounded or bearing a few large triangular teeth, margin repandly dentate, glabrous on upper surface, puberulous on lower surface, very dense along veins, palmately 5–7-veined at base, with 3–5 pairs of lateral veins, reticulation conspicuous on upper surface. Male inflorescences axillary or ramiflorous, pseudopaniculate, solitary or 2 or 3 fascicled, 5–17 cm, laxly flowered. Male flowers on pedicels 5–10 mm; sepals oblanceolate, 6–7 mm; petals 6, fleshy, cuneate, 1.5–2.5 mm; stamens 6, 4–5 mm. Female flowers and fruits unknown. Fl. Mar.
· Taiwan (Hengchun).
连蕊藤属 lian rui teng shu
Vines. Leaves with petiole swollen and geniculate at base, not peltately inserted; leaf blade cordate, hastate or sagittate, palmately veined at base. Inflorescences axillary, corymbose, often coaxially branching, rachis ± zigzag. Male flowers: sepals 6 in 2 wholes, subequal; petals 6, minute, often cuneate obovate, apex subtruncate or 3-gashed, margin often reflexed; synandrium with 6 anthers usually dehiscing transversally. Female flowers: sepals and petals as in male, or different in number and shape; staminodes 6; carpels 3, erect, style short, stigma recurved, large, often lobed or laciniate. Drupes rotund or subglobose, style-scar subterminal; mesocarp fleshy; endocarp bony, obovate, usually spiny; condyle disciform in the middle of ventral side. Seeds half-moon-shaped/crescent-shaped; endosperm rich, fleshy; embryo with divaricate ovate cotyledons and long radicle.
About six species: SE Asia, southward; one species in China.
连蕊藤 lian rui teng
Herbaceous vines. Stems and branches striate, usually puberulous, sometimes subglabrous. Leaves with petioles usually equal to or shorter than leaf blade, rarely longer; leaf blade papery or membranous when dry, broadly ovate or oblong ovate, 8–16(-25) × 5.5–9(-15) cm, apex long acuminate, base sagittate, lobes mucronate or rounded, margin sparsely serrate to dentate, rarely entire, sparsely puberulous or sometimes subglabrous on upper surface, densely panniform tomentose, palmately 5–7-veined, slightly prominent on lower surface. Inflorescences corymbose, solitary or sometimes paired, 3–10 cm, tomentose. Male flowers: sepals ovate rounded, rotund or elliptic ovate, 1.7–2 mm, puberulous below; petals obovate cuneate, ca. 1.3 mm; synandrium ca. 1 mm. Female flowers: sepals 4 in 2 whorls, outer whorl cuneate oblong, 2.2–2.5 × 1.3–1.5 mm, apex subtruncate or slightly rounded, inner whorl subovate, baseconcaveor sacciform; petals 4, opposite to sepals, oblong, ca. 1.7 mm; staminodes linear, flat, ca. 1 mm; carpels 3, sacciform ovate, ca. 1.3 mm, stigma recurved. Drupes subglobose and slightly flattened, ca. 8 mm or longer; endocarp o