TECTARIACEAE (ASPIDIACEAE ) (part 1) [FIRST DRAFT]
三叉蕨科 san cha jue ke
Xing Fuwu, Yan Yuehong
TECTARIA Cav., Ann. Hist. Nat. 1: 115. 1799; Copel., Gen. Fil.:128. 1947.
叉蕨属 cha jue shu (Xing Fuwu & Yan Yuehong)
Plants terrestrial. Rhizome usually thick, short, erect to short-creeping, scaly at apex; scales lanceolate, entire or ciliate, thin membranous, brown. Stipes stramineous, brown to ebeneous, scaly on the base or sometimes throughout stipes. Fronds usually deltoid, simple, pinnate to amply divided, pinnae and lobes entire usually, never serrate; all axes hairy with articulated multicellular hairs; veins variously anastomosing, included veinlets single or forked if exist. Sori terminal on included free veins, dorsal on veins or compital on connected veins, usually round; indusiate, few exindusiate, or sometimes elongate; indusium round-reniform if present. Spores elliptic, verrucate or spinate on exine. Chromosome X=10, (40).
A genus of more than 200 species from all tropical countries, 25 species and 2 intraspecies of Tectaria in China.
1a. Sori large, terminal on included veinlets, in 2 rows between lateral verns; indusium large, persistent
2a. Arc veination forming 1 row narrow areoles beside pinna-rachis, included veinlets single if exist
3a. Fronds homomorphic; the length of stipes equal to or shorter than that of laminna
4a. Densely scaly on stipes throughout······················································· 1. T. griffithii
4b. Sparsely scaly on basal stipes, glabrous upwards
5a. Pinnae distant, spiny on rhizome················································ 2. T. remotipinna
5b. Pinnae closer, not spiny on rhizome
6a. Sparsely hairy on fronds······················································· 3a. T. coadunata
6b. Densely hairy on fronds throughout······················ 3b. T. coadunata var. hirsuta
3b. Fronds bimorphic; the length of stipes double than that of lamina·················· 4. T. impressa
2b. Arc veination beside pinna-rachis unconspicuous, included veinlets forked
7a. The base of laminna decurrent, stipes broadly winged nearly to base
8a. laminna odd-pinnated, oblong ovate····················································· 5. T. decurrens
8b. laminna simple, not lobed, lanceolate·················································· 6. T. leptophylla
7b. The base of laminna not decurrent, stipes not winged
9a. Stipes, rachis and pinna-rachis black, glossy··········································· 7. T. ebenina
9b. Stipes, rachis and pinna-rachis brown or stramineous, slightly glossy or not
10a. Stipes stramineous; fronds small, deltoid-ovate, palmately 3-5-parted····················· 8. T. subpedata
10b. Stipes brown to dark brown; fronds large, ovate-lanceolate, 1-3-pinnated
11a. Densely scaly on stipes throughout················································ 9. T. dubia
11b. Nearly glabrous on stipes throughout except base
12a. pinnae 5 pairs or more; unsymmetrical on the base of basal pinnae; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 3 cm wide, pinnate-lacerated················································ 10. T. phaeocaulis
12b. pinnae 3-4 pairs; symmetrical on the base of basal pinnae; middle pinnae triangular, ca. 8 cm wide, pinnatipartite······························································ 11. T. yunnanensis
1b. Sori small, on anastomosing veinlets, irregular rows between lateral verns; indusium small, caducous
13a. Stipes winged at apex or downwards to base
14a. Stipes winged near to base; lateral pinnae 3-4 pairs, without gemma················ 12. T. vasta
14b. Stipes winged at apex or down to the middle; lateral pinnae 1-2pairs, gemmate or not
15a. Gemmate on the base of pinnae······················································ 13. T. simulans
15b. Not gemmate on the base of pinnae···················································· 14. T. fauriei
13b. Stipes not winged throughout
16a. Terminal pinnae lanceolate or elliptic, separate, simple or trifurcate, similar to basiscopic pairs
17a. Rhizome long, creeping, pinnae never forked
18a. Scales on rhizome dark brown; hairy on stipes, the base of terminal pinnae cuneate, the base of lateral pinnae unsymmetrical···································································· 15. T. herpotocaulos
18b. Scales on rhizome light brown; glabrous on stipes, the base of terminal pinnae.decurrent, the base of lateral pinnae symmetrical·············································································· 16. T. variabilis
17b. Rhizome short, ascending or erect, pinnae ussually forked
19a. Laminna 1-pinnate (basal pinnae forked)
20a. the base of terminal pinnae.rounded or cordiform················ 17. T. polymorpha
20b. the base of terminal pinnae decurrent
21a. Gemmate on the base of pinnae, clothed hairs on pinna-rachis and lateral veins beneath 18. T. quiquefida
21b. Not gemmate on the base of pinnae, glarescent on pinna-rachis and lateral veins beneath 19. T. hekouensis
19a. Laminna 2-pinnate
22a. Stipes and rachis deep castaneous to black, glossy
23a. Stipes and rachis deep castaneous to black, exindusiate········ 20. T. simonsii
23b. Stipes and rachis dark brown to deep castaneous, never black, indusiate······ 21. T. media
22b. Stipes and rachis stramineous to light brown, not glossy······ 22. T. luchunensis
16b.Laminna pinnatifid at apex, different to basiscopic pairs
24a. Stipes, rachis and pinna-rachis castaneous to dark brown, slightly glossy··· 23. T. rockii
24b. Stipes, rachis and pinna-rachis stramineous, not glossy
25a. Rhizome long, creeping, sori allover the fertile pinnae
26a. The base of scales cordiform, slightly hairy or glabrescent on the uppersurface of lamina 24a. T. subtriphylla
26b. The base of scales rounded, densely hairy on the both sides of lamina············· 24b. T. subtriphylla var. hirsuta
25b. Rhizome short, ascending or erect, sori on the margin or sawtooth························ 25. T. grossedentata
1. Tectaria griffithii (Bak.) C.Chr. in Ind. Fil. Suppl. 3: 180. 1934.
鳞柄叉蕨 lin bing cha jue
Aspidium griffithii Bedd.; Nephrodium griffithii Bak. Syn. Fil. 390. 1867; Nephrodium multicaudatum Clarke; Sagenia griffithii Bedd.; Tectaria multicaudata Ching in Sinsenia 2 (2):20. 1931.
Plants terrestrial, 1-1.2 m tall; Rhizome short, erect, thick, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., densely scaly on apex and stipes; scales stiff, to 2 cm long, linear-lanceolate, entire, dark brown, long acuminate at apex. Fronds clustered; stipes to 60 cm long, 8-10 mm in diam., castaneous, glossy. Lamina quinquangular, ca. 60×60 cm, acuminate at apex, cordiform at base, 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid; pinnae 4-5 pairs, subopposite, slightly oblique; texture thin papery, brown when dried, glabrous on both surface; rachis, pinna-rachis and costa brown castaneous, occasionally clothed linear scales on underside of rachis, densely hairy above, sparsely hairy beneath; basal pinnae largest, oblique-deltoid, 20-25×ca. 20 cm, petiole ca. 3 cm, long acuminate at apex, rounded cuneate and asymmetrical at base, basiscopic pinnules obviously elongated and forming 1 pair separate pinnules at base, pinnatipartite to broad wings beside pinna-rachis upwards; middle pinnae deltoid-lanceolate, 15-20×10-12 cm, long acuminate at apex, rounded cuneate and symmetrical at base, pinnatipartite to broad wings beside pinna-rachis and forming falcate lanceolate lobes; pinnules or lobes 8-10 pairs, interval 0.5-1 cm, sessile, basiscopic pinnules largest, falcate lanceolate, 12-14×4.5-5 cm, pinnatipartite to 2/3; lobelets 10 pairs, slightly oblique, interval ca. 2 mm, elliptic, 1.5-2×ca. 1 cm, obtuse, entire. Veins copiously anastomosing, with narrow areoles beside rachis and pinna-rachis, included veinlets single. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets, in one row at each side of midrib of ultimate lobes; indusium rather large, entire, clypeate, membranous, brown, persistent. Chromosome 2n=80.
Under forest in valley from 100-800 m, Guizhou, [Burma, Cambodia, India, Indochina, Malaysia, Philippines, Sikkim, Tailand, Vietnam]
Note: the species is recorded from Guizhou, Taiwan and Yunnan of China. A specimen of this species in KUM has wrongly identified and Flora of Taiwan has not recorded the species also. Wu et al. (1932) recorded the species from Guangxi in Bull. Dept, Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. No. 3. pl. 23, but the description and plates are wrong and they are Dictyocline wilfordii (Thelypteridaceae) in fact. Ching (1931) recorded the species from Guizhou (Tatsing, Esquirol 2253) but the authors can not find the specimens. We have not seen any specimens of the species collected from China.
2. Tectaria remotipinna Ching et C. H. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 19: 129. 1981.
疏羽叉蕨 shu yu cha jue
Tectaria. viridifrons Ching et C. H. Wang
Plants terrestrial, 80-90 cm tall; Rhizome erect, thick, ca. 2 cm in diam., dilated and spiny, scaly on apex and basal stipes; scales lanceolate, ca. 6 mm long, long acuminate at apex, entire, subleathery, dark brown. Fronds clustered, stipes to 50 cm long, obviously dilatate and spiny on base, stramineous, grooved above. Lamina deltoid-ovate, 40-50×25-30 cm, acuminate at apex, slightly cordiform at base, 3-pinnatifid, 2-pinnatifid upwards; pinnae ca. 4 pairs, opposite, interval to 8-9 cm; texture thin papery, light brown when dried; rachis stramineous, glabous on both surface, hairy on topside of pinna-rachis and midrib of pinnules, glabrous beneath; base pinnae largest, asymmetrically deltoid, ca. 20×15 cm, acuminate at apex, round-cuneate at base, long stalk, up to 3 cm, short-petiole upwards; bipinnate to tripinnatifid, with 1-2 pairs of separate pinnules at base; middle pinnae broad lanceolate, 12-15 × 5-7 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to broad wings beside costa; pinnules of basal pinnae ca. 8 pairs, opposite at base, alternate upwards, interval 1-2 cm, short petiole at base, sessile or adnation to pinna-rachis upwards, basal basiscopic pinnules larger, broad lanceolate, broad lanceolate, 10-12 × 4-5 cm; lobes ca. 10 pairs, slightly oblique upward, interval 2-3 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5-2 ×ca. 1.2. Veins copiously anastomosing to hexagonal areoles, included veinlets single if exist, unobvious above and slightly raised beneath, hairy above and glabrescent beneath, ciliate on margin. Sori rounded, terminal on included veinlets, in one row at each side of midrib of ultimate lobes; indusium clypeate, entire, membranous, brown, persistent. Chromosome 2n=80.
Near wet stream, at 1700 m. Endemic to Yunnan (Jingdong, Wuliangshan Mt.).
Note: The species is similar to T. coadunata, but it could be easily different from its remote pinnae and spiny rhizome.
3. Tectaria coadunata (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) C.Chr. in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 331. 1931.
大齿叉蕨 da chi cha jue
Plants terrestrial, 30-100 cm tall; Rhizome short-creeping or erect, thick, densely scaly on apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, 6-7 mm long, lanceolate, entire, dark brown and light in margin. Stipes clustered, 20-40 cm long, stramineous to pale castaneous, glossy, glabrescent above. Lamina deltoid, 20-40×20-30 cm, pinnatifid to quadripinnatifid; acute at apex; texture herbaceous to thick papery, light green to brown when dried; rachis, pinna-rachis, midrib of pinnules, upper surface of lamina and segments more or less hairy; hairs articulated, coarse; base pinnae asymmetrically oblong subdeltoid, subopposite, long stalk, up to 10-25 cm, bipinnate to tripinnatifid; middle pinnae alternate, 10-15 cm, 5-7 pairs below deeply lobed apical pinnae, oblong to oblong-lanceolate; pinnules of middle pinnae stalked, oblong-subtriangular, acuminate at apex, deeply lobed, ca. 15 ×10 cm; secondary pinnules falcate-lanceolate, round at apex, crenate or pinnatifid at base; segments facate lanceolate, entire, obtuse. Veins copiously anastomosing, with included free veinlets. Sori round, at apex of included veinlets, in one row at each side of midrib of ultimate lobes, medial indusiate; indusium rather large, entire, clypeate, membranous, brown, glabrous or hairy. Chromosome 2n=80.
1a. Sparsely hairy on fronds; indusium glabresent····························· 3a. T. coadunata var. coadunata
1b. Densely hairy on fronds throughout; indusium hairy························ 3b. T. coadunata var. hirsuta
3a. Tectaria coadunata (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) C.Chr. var. coadunata
大齿叉蕨 (原变种) da chi cha jue (yuan bian zhong)
Aspidium coadunatum Wall. List 337. 1828; Aspidium kwanonense Hayata; Aspidium pin-faense Christ; Sagenia coadunata J. Sm.; Nephrodium cicutarium Hook.; Sagenia apiifolia Christ; Tectaria christii Cop.; Tectaria cosimilis Ching et C. H. Wang; Tectaria cosimilis Ching et C. H. Wang; Tectaria macrodonta C. Chr.
Plants terrestrial, 50-100 cm tall; Stipes glossy, glabrescent above. Lamina deltoid, 20-40×20-30 cm, 1-pinnate to 4-pinnatifid; Texture thin, herbaceous, light green when dried; rachis, pinna-rachis, midrib of pinnules, upper surface of lamina and segments sparsely hairy; hairs articulated, coarse. Sori round; indusium rather large, entire, clypeate, membranous, brown, glabrous. Chromosome 2n=80.
In dense forest at 500-2500 m; Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunan; [India, Sikkim, Nepal, Tailand, Vietnam, Laos, Malaysia, Madagascar].
Note: this species is diversiform in the size of plants, color of stipes and morphology of lamina. We agreed that the treatment in Flora Yunnanica that treated T. cosimilis Ching et C. H. Wang as a synonym of this species.
1b. Tectaria coadunata (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) C.Chr. var. hirsuta Holttum
柔毛大齿叉蕨 rou mao da chi cha jue
Plants terrestrial, 30-70 cm tall. Rhizome short-creeping or erect. Stipe clustered, 10-25 cm long, pale castaneous, glabrescent above. Lamina deltoid, 25-30×10-20 cm, bipinnate to tripinnate; acute at apex; Texture thick herbaceos to leathery, dark brown. Both sides of the lamina, rachis, pinna-rachis, midrib of pinnules densely hairy; hairs articulated, coarse. Indusium rather large, hairy.
In dense forest at 900 m; Xizang, Yunan (Yingjiang); [India, Sri Lanka].
4. Tectaria impressa (Fée) Holttum in Fl. Malesiana ser. Ⅱ. vol. 2. part 1: 51. 1991.
疣状叉蕨 you zhuang cha jue
Aspidium immersum Hook.; Aspidium variolosum Wall.; Aspidium zollingerianum Bedd; Nephrodium variolosum Hook. et Bak.; Phlebiogonium impressa Fée in Mém. Foug. 5. Gen. Filic. 314. t. 24A, f. 2. 1852; Sagenia variolota Moore; Tectaria variolosa (Wall. ex Hook.) C. Chr..
Plants terrestrial, 40-80 cm tall. Rhizome short, creeping to suberect, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, ciliate, 6-8 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, long acuminate at apex, brown, membranaceous. Fronds clustered; stipes 30-50 cm long, stramineous, throughout covered with light brown hairs. Lamina subdimorphic, fertile fronds rather tall but narrowed; sterile fronds bipinnatifid to tripinnatifid, pentagonal, 30-35×30-35 cm; texture thick herbaceous to leathery; deep green or brown when dried, pubescent on both surface; rachis and pinna richis stramineous, densely covered articulate hairs; terminal pinnae acuminate, base cuneate to decurrent, pinnatifid; lateral pinnae 1-5 pairs, opposite, interval 4-6 cm, oblique; base pinnae pinnate with 1-3 undulate or pinnatifid lobs, 15-20 cm long, rather large, petiole 2-3 cm long, lower lobs larger than the upper ones; middle pinnae falcate lanceolate, undulate to pinnatifid, petiole shortening, oblique, 6-8 cm long, long caudate at apex. Veinlets forming copious subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets single or not, distinctly forming long areoles with acuate veinlet beside pinna rachis and main veins. Sori round, terminal on veinlets, in one row beside main veins; indusium round or reniform, brown, firm, persistent.
In dense forest from 100 to 500 m, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunan; [India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Sikkim, Tailand, Vietnam].
5. Tectaria decurrens (Presl.) Copel. in Elmer’s Leaflets 1: 234. 1907 et in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2: 412. 1907.
下延叉蕨 xia yan cha jue
Aspidium copelandii C. Chr.; Aspidium decurrens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 28. 1825; Aspidium heterodon Cop.; Nephrodium decurrens Hook. et Bak.
Plants terrestrial, 50-100 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect, thick, 1.5-2 cm diam., densely scaly; scales brown, stiff, with pale ferrugineous margins, 8-12 cm, acute at apex, entire. Fronds clustered, dimorphic; stipes 35-60 cm long, brown at base, stramineous upwards, glabrescent above, winged nearly to the base. Lamina pinnate, oblong-ovate, 30-80×30-40 cm, acute at apex, cuneate and long decurrent at base, narrowed in fertile ones; thick papyraceous, deep green, glabrous on both surface; rachis winged throughout, stramineous; costa and main veins raised beneath; apical pinnae broad lanceolate, 20-25×5-8 cm, caudate at apex, subentire or crenulate, gradually narrowing towards base; lateral pinnae 3-8 pairs, opposite, ascending, broad lanceolate, 15-20×3-5 cm, caudate at apex, subentire or crenulate, interval 3-4 cm, narrowing towards base and coadunate to rachis, sessile, usually forked in each basal pinnae. Veinlets forming hexagonal areoles, cross-veins not so distinct, included veinlets forked. Sori rather large, close to main veins, locate at coupling veinlets, two rows between adjacent main veins; indusium up to 1.2 mm diam., persistent, glabrous, entire. Chorosome 2n=160.
On rock or near stream in dense forest below 1200 m; Fujian, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Taiwan, Yunan; [Burma, India, Indonesia, Japan Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim, Tailand, Vietnam].
6. Tectaria leptophylla (C.H. Wright) Ching in Sinensia 2 (2): 22. 1931.
剑叶叉蕨 jian ye cha jue
Aspidium leptophyllum C. Chr; Nephrodium leptophyllum C. H. Wright in Kew Bull. 1906: 11. 1906.
Plants terrestrial, 25-40 m tall. Rhizome erect, short, about 1 cm diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales entire, 3-4 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, acuminate, membranaceous, brown. Fronds clustered; stipes 2-5 cm long, about 2 mm diam., stramineous to light brown, grooved, broad winged nearly to the base, sparsely scaly upwards. Lamina simple, dimorphic: sterile fronds broad holomorphic but rather tall and narrowed, 35-40×3-4 cm; texture papyraceous, deep green when dried; main veins and lateral veins stramineous, glabrous on both sides. Veinlets forming unconspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets, irregular 3-5 rows between lateral veins; indusium round, brown, entire, membranaceous, persistent or revolutivus.
Under forest at 300 to 400 m, Yunan [N Vietnam].
7. Tectaria ebenina (C. Chr.) Ching in Sinensia 2(2):18. 1931.
黑柄叉蕨 hei bing cha jue
Aspidium ebeinum C. Chr. in Bull. Acad. Géogr. Bot. Mans 138. 1913.
Plants terrestrial, about 1.5 m tall. Rhizome short, erect, stout, about 2-3 cm diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales entire, 5-6 mm long, lanceaolate, acuminate at apex, brown, membranaceous. Fronds clustered, stipes ca. 60 cm long, 1 cm in diam., black, glossy, upside sparsely covered with light brown articulate hairs and glabrous beneath. Lamina deltoid, ca. 80 ×60 cm, acuminate at apex, tripinnate or quadripinnatifid; texture thin papyraceous, dark green when dried glabrous on both sides; rachis, pinna richis and midribs black and glossy, densely covered light brown articulate hairs; pinnae 6 pairs, oblique, basal ones opposite and alternate upwards, interval about 6 cm; basal pinnae 40-50×25-30 cm, rather large, deltoid, petiole 3-5 cm long, pinnules about 8 pairs, broad lanceolate, 10-20 cm long, alternate, upwards, sessile, lower 1-2 pairs separate and adnation to pinna rachis, conjoint with broad wings upwards, interval 1-3 cm, pinnatifid, segments 5-10 pairs, falcate lanceolate, 3-5 ×1-1.5 cm, undulate or entire; lateral pinnae lanceolate, 12-15 cm long, acuminate at apex, base narrowing and adnation to rachis, pinnatifid to falcate lanceolate lobs. Veinlets forming copious subhexagonal areoles, main veins and venlets clothed brown articulate hairs, included veinlets single or forked. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets, in one row beside main veins; indusium reniform, brown, entire, membranaceous, persistent.
In dense forest from 1300 to 1600 m, Guizhou, Yunan (Malipo); [N Vietnam].
8. Tectaria subpedata (Harr.) Ching in Sinensia 2(2): 23, f. 4. 1931.
掌状叉蕨 zhang zhuang cha jue
Aspidium subpedata Diels; Nephrodium subpedata Harr. In Journ. Linn. Soc. 16:30. 1877; Sagenia subpedata Nakai.
Plants terrestrial, 30-45 cm tall. Rhizome short, creeping to ascending, thick, 1-2 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex and bsal stipes; scales lanceolate, 4-5 mm long, long acuminate at apex, entire, brown. Fronds clustered; stipes 20-30 cm long, ca. 3 mm in diam, brown at base, stramineous upwards, sparsely hairy. Lamina deltoid-ovate, 15-20×12-16 cm, cordiform at base, palmately 3-5-lobed; texture papyraceous, dark green when dried, glabrous above, densely hairy beneath; pinna-rachis and lateral stramineous, glabrous above, densely hairy beneath; terminal lobes elliptic-lanceolate, 15-18×5-7 cm, long acuminate at apex, slightly narrowed at base, entire, undunate to pinnatilobed; secondary pairs of lobes broad lanceolate, 8-9×3-4 cm, long acuminate at apex, not narrowed at base, undunate or subentire; basal lobes falcate-lanceolate, 5-6×2-3 cm, long acuminate at apex, rounded-cuneate at underside of base, entire. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles, raised on both surface, hairy, included veinlets forked. Sori rather large, close to lateral veins, locate at coupling veinlets of areoles, in regular 2 rows between adjacent lateral veins; indusium clypeate, membranous, brown, entire, persistent and slightly involute.
Under forest in limestone regions; Guangxi, Taiwan [Burma and Vietnam].
Note: the species has treated as a synonym of T. polymprpha in Flora malesiana (Holttum, 1991). We can not seen the type from Taiwan, but we checked the specimens from Guangxi in IBSC. The characteristic of the specimens is obviously different from T. polymorpha on the size and location of sori, and the rhizome of the latter never creeping.
9. Tectaria dubia (Bedd.) Ching in sinensia2 (2):123, f. 5. 1931.
大叶叉蕨 da ye cha jue
Aspidium dubium Bedd. Handb. Suppl. 47. 1892; Tectaria jinpingensis Ching et Wang.
Plants terrestrial, 1.5-2 m tall. Rhizome short, erect, stout, about 3 cm in diam., densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, entire, 8-10 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, long acuminate at apex, dark brown, thich membranaceous. Stipes clustered, ca. 1 m long, 1-1.5 cm diam., dark brown to castaneous, sparsely covered with light brown articulate hairs. Lamina deltoid, ca. 1×1 m, acuminate at apex and light cordiform at base, tripinnatifid; texture papyraceous, dark green when dried; rachis and pinna richis dark brown, densely covered articulate hairs; pinnae 6 pairs, oblique, opposite at base and alternate upwards, interval about 10 cm; basal pinnae 40-50 cm long, rather large, ovate-deltoid, petiole 5-6 cm long, pinnules 8-10 pairs, broad falcate lanceolate, 20-25 cm long, alternate, upwards, interval 1.5-2 cm, pinnate with 1-3 separate pinnules, pinnatifid to the broad wings of pinna-rachis upwards, segments 10-12 pairs, falcate lanceolate, 3-5×0.8-1.5 cm, undulate or entire; lateral pinnae broad lanceolate, subsessile, upwards, about 30 cm long, long acuminate at apex and cuneate at base, pinnate-lacerated to lanceolate acute lobs. Veinlets forming copious subhexagonal areoles, main veins and venlets clothed brown articulate hairs, included veinlets forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, irregularly beside main veins; indusium reniform, brown, entire, membranaceous, persistent.
Near stream in dense forest from 650 to 1000 m, Yunan; [northeast India, Vietnam].
10. Tectaria phaeocaulis (Rosenst.) C.Chr. in Ind. Fil. Suppl. 3: 183. 1934.
条裂叉蕨 tiao lie cha jue
Aspidium phaeocaulon Ros. In Hedwigia 56: 345. 1915; Tectaria laciniata Ching.
Plants terrestrial, 56-140 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect, thick, 1.5cm diam., densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, 6 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, longly acute at apex, brown with narrow paler margins, ciliate in margin. Leaf clustered; Stipes 30-80 cm long, 4-5 mm diam. at base, dark brown to castaneous, more ar less bright, glabrescent upwards. Lamina bipinnate at base, oblong-ovate, 45-60×30-40 cm; texture thick papyraceous; deep green when dried, glabrous on both surface; costa and costules raised on both surface, castaneous, pubescent on both sides; main veins paler, pubescent beneath; terminal pinnae acuminate and pinnate-lacerated, basal pinna bipinnate to tripinnatifid; lateral pinnae 5-8 pairs, broadly lanceolate, subopposite but alternate upwards, ascending, 15-20×3-5 cm, caudate at apex, pinnate-lacerated, interval 2-3 cm; basal pinnules largest, triangular-lanceolate with 2 cm long petiole, pinnate or bipinnate with 2-3 pairs separate lobs underside and pinnatifid-lacerated upside; middle pinnules lanceolate, coadunate, pinnatifid- lacerated to lanceolate or triangular lobs. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets forked. Sori rather large, terminal on included free veinlets, round, in two irregular rows between adjacent main veins; indusium small, persistent, reflexed, pubescent, entire.
Near stream or in dense forest below 800 m; Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan; [Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyus), Tailand, Vietnam].
11. Tectaria yunnanensis (Bak.) Ching in Sinensia 2 (2):24, f. 6. 1931.
云南叉蕨 yun nan cha jue
Aspidium yunnanense Christ; Nephrodium yunnanense Bak. in Kew Bull. 1906: 11. 1906; Tectaria chinliensis Ching et C. H. Wang
Plants terrestrial, 1.5-2 m tall. Rhizome short, ascendent, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, entire, linear-lanceaolate, long acuminate at apex, dark brown to castaneous. Stipes clustered, about 60-80 cm long, 0.7-0.8 cm in diam., castaneous, glabrous, glossy. Lamina deltoid, 60-80×ca. 50 cm, acuminate at apex and broad cuneate at base, pinnatifid; texture papyraceous, dark green when dried; rachis castaneous, glabrous upside and pubescent beneath, with broad wings upwards, pinna rachis and midribs castaneous to brown, clothed brown articulate hairs on both sides. pinnae 4-6 pairs, oblique, opposite lower and alternate upper, interval about 6-8 cm; basal pinnae 30-35 cm long, rather large, deltoid, petiole 4-5 cm long, pinnatifid to the broad wings biside pinna rachis, lobs 8-10 pairs, sometimes with a pair of separate lobs, sessile, falcate lanceolate, entire or undulate; 10-12×3-4 cm, alternate, applanate, interval 1 cm; lateral pinnae broad lanceolate, sessile, 25-30×l7-8 cm, acuminate at apex and narrowing at base, pinnatifid to the broad wings biside pinna rachis and forming falcate lanceolate acute lobs, lower lobs decurrent and adnation to rachis. Veinlets forming copious subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on the veinlets, regularly beside main veins, near to main veins; indusium round, brown, entire, membranaceous, persistent or revolutivus.
Near stream under dense forest from 100 to 1400 m, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunan; [northeast Vietnam].
Note: the species is very similar to T. dubia (Bedd.) Ching, but there are so much lanceolate scales on the stipe in the former, and the lamina of the former tripinnate but this species bipinnate to tripinnatifid, the stipes castaneous, never black.
12. Tectaria vasta (Blume.) Copel. In Philip. J. Sci. Bot. 2: 411. 1907.
翅柄叉蕨 chi bing cha jue
Tectaria decurrenti-alata Ching et C. H. Wang;
Plants terrestrial, about 60-150 cm tall. Rhizome erect or suberect, Stipes clustered, dense scaly at base; scales entire, broad lanceaolate, acuminate at apex, dark brown, membranaceous; 40-45 cm long, about 1 cm diam., deep stramineous to brown, clothed light brown articulate hairs, broad winged nearly to the base. Lamina oblong, 30-60×30-35 cm, odd-pinnatipartite; texture thin herbaceous, deep green when dried; glabrous on both surface; rachis and pinna rachis stramineous, glabrous upside but light pubescent beneath; terminal lobs, terminal lobs ovate-lanceolate, 25-30×ca. 10 cm, acuminate at apex, narrowing and decurrent to broad wings throughout rachis, undulate to toothed, sessile; lateral lobs 1-4 pairs, holomorphic but smaller; opposite, oblique upwards, sessile, without gemma, broad lanceolate, ca. 20×8 cm, caudate at apex, base narrowing to adnation to rachis, subentire or undulate, basal lobs rather and forked to a smaller lanceolate lobs. Veinlets forming conspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets forked, glabrous on both sides. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, in irregular rows between lateral veins; indusium round, membranaceous, brown, caducous.
Near stream under dense forest from 600 m to 800 m, Yunan (Jinping, Luchuan, Cangyuan); (North India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand).
Note: I checked the Type and Paratype of Tectaria decurrenti-alata Ching et Wang (in PE and Kum), and agree the treatment in Flora Yunnanica (Wu, 2004).
13. Tectaria simulans Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 19: 129. 1981.
中间叉蕨 zhong jian cha jue
Plants terrestrial, about 60-70 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect, stout, about 1.5 cm diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales entire, 6-8 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, long acuminate at apex, dark brown, membranaceous. Fronds clustered, stipes 40-45 cm long, 4 mm diam., deep stramineous to dark brown, densely scaly at base, clothed brown articulate hairs, winged from the middle to apex. Lamina deltoid, 30-35 × ca.30 cm, base light cordiform, odd-pinnate; texture herbaceous, deep green when dried; glabrous on both surface; rachis and pinna rachis dark stramineous, pubescent upside but glabrous beneath, terminal pinnae trifurcate, terminal lobs ovate-lanceolate, 18-25×5-10 cm, acuminate at apex, narrowing and decurrent to broad wings throughout rachis, entire or undulate, sessile, lateral lobs holomorphic but smaller; lateral pinnae 1-2 pairs, opposite, oblique, sessile, without gemma, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 15×3-4 cm, acuminate at apex and narrowing to cuneate at base, subentire, basal pannae forked to forming a smaller broad lanceolate lobs. Veinlets forming conspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets single or forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, in irregular rows between lateral veins, contiguous to confluent when maturity; indusium unseen or caducous.
Under dense forest in 600 m, Yunan (Xishuangbanba); (Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand).
Note: Fl. Reip.Pop. Sinicae notes that T. simulans is not winged on the stipes, but there are broad wings from the middle stipes to the apex in the Type (in PE) and Isotype (in KUM). Holttum (1991) think it is somewhat intermdiate between T. semipinnata and Gymnopteris decrrens. I have not seen the Type of T. semipinnata.
14. Tectaria fauriei Tagawa in J. Jap. Bot. 14: 102. 1938.
芽孢叉蕨 ya bao cha jue
Anapausia bonii Nakai; Tectaria fengii Ching et C. H. Wang; Tectaria gemmifera Ching et C. H. Wang; Tectaria Hainanensis Ching et C. H. Wang.
Plants terrestrial, about 1 m tall. Rhizome short, erect, stout, about 1 cm diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales entire, 6-7 mm long, lanceaolate, long acuminate at apex, brown, thick membranaceous. Fronds clustered; stipes 60-70 cm long, 5 mm diam., deep stramineous, to brow, densely scaly at base, glabrescent upwards, winged in the upper half or very narrowly nearly to the base. Lamina deltoid-ovate, 30-40 ×20-25 cm, simple or pinnatisect to odd-pinnate, texture herbaceous, green to deep green; glabrous; costa raised and hairy on the lower surface, main veins raised beneath, glabrous upside but sparsely clothed light brown articulate hairs beneath, rachis winged throughout; terminal pinnae oblanceolate or oblong, entire, 15-18 × ca. 6 cm, larger than the lateral ones, caudate at apex and narrowing at base; lateral pinnae 1-3 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 15-18 ×4-5 cm, oblique, subopposite, sessile, subentire, interval 4-6 cm, caudate at apex and narrowing at base; basal pinnae rather large, often with a ramus; gemma scaly, one or more, axillary on the both sides of lamina from base to apex; rachis and pinna rachis deep stramineous, pubescent beneath but glabrescent upside. Cross-veins distinct, veinlets forming unconspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets or anastomosing veins, in two rows beside main veins; indusium reniform, glabrous, brown, entire, membranaceous, caducous.
Under dense forest in valley from 500 to 950 m, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunan; [Japan (Ryukyus), Vietnam].
Note: this species vary greatly, the gemma scaly, one or more, axillary on the both sides of lamina from base to apex; the morphology of the pinnae diversiform from lanceolate, broad lanceolate to ovate or oblong. Ching’s description of T. hainanensis Ching et C. H. Wang without gemma is wrong. In fact, the conspicuous gemma is axillary on type of the species.
15. Tectaria herpotocaulos Holtt. in Dansk. Bot. Ark. 23: 241. 1965.
思茅叉蕨 si mao cha jue
Tectaria polymaorma var. subcuneata Ching et Wang. comb. nov.; Tectaria simaoensis Ching et C. H. Wang.
Plants terrestrial, 0.8-1 m tall. Rhizome long, creeping, 0.8-1 cm diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales subentire, 2-3 mm long, lanceaolate, acuminate at apex, thick membranaceous, dark brown and light glossy, pale at margin, caducous downwards.Fronds widely spaced, stipes 30-60 cm long, 4-5 mm diam., stramineous, clothed light brown articulate hairs upside, glabrescent beneath. Lamina ovate to oblong, 30-45×25-30 cm, odd-pinnate; texture papyraceous, dark green when dried; glabrous on both surface, with chondroid margin; rachis, midribs and lateral veins stramineous, pubescent upside but glabrescent beneath, grooved upsides and raised beneath; terminal pinnae ovate to oblong, entire, ca. 20×7-9 cm, petiole 2-3 cm, caudate at apex and narrowing to broad cuneate at base; lateral pinnae 2-4 pairs, simple, ovate-lanceolate, 18-20 ×5-6 cm, light oblique, opposite, subentire, interval 2-5 cm, abrupt caudate at apex and light narrowing to unsymmetrical cuneate at base; basal pinnae short petiole, sessile upwards; Veinlets forming conspicuous subhexagonal areoles, raised on both sides, included veinlets single or forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, in irregular 4-6 rows between lateral veins; indusium round, glabrous, brown, entire, membranaceous, caducous.
Under dense forest from 600 to 1100 m, Yunan [Burma, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].
Note: the species is very similar to T. polymorpha, but it could be easily different from creeping rhizome and glabrous surface beneath; and more, its pinnae not foked and broadly rounded at base and similar to Pronephrium (Thelypteridaceae). I have examined the paratype (kept in KUM )of Tectaria polymaorma var. subcuneata Ching et Wang and found that it is a wrong identification of this species.
16. Tectaria varibilis Tard.-Blot et Ching in Lecomte, Not. Syst. 5: 81. 1936.
多变叉蕨 duo bian cha jue
Plants terrestrial, about 50-6 cm tall. Rhizome long, creeping, about 0.5 cm diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales entire, 4-5 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, acuminate at apex, light brown, membranaceous.Fronds subconglomerate; stipes 30-35 cm long, 3 mm diam., stramineous, glabrous, not winged. Lamina deltoid, 20-25×10-15 cm, simple or odd-pinnate; texture papyraceous, light brown when dried; glabrous on both surface; rachis and pinna rachis and lateral veins stramineous, glabrous, raised on both surface; terminal pinnae lanceolate, ca. 20×5-10 cm, acuminate at apex, ca. 15 ×4-5 cm, petiole about 2 cm long, long acuminate at apex and narrowing to decurrent at base, subentire; lateral pinnae 1-2 pairs, opposite, oblique, sessile, without gemma, ovate-lanceolate, lateral pannae 1-2 pairs, opposite, upwards, interval2-3 cm, petiole 3-5 mm, lanceolate, 15-17×2-4 cm, caudate at apex and cuneate at base, entire. Veinlets forming unconspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets single or forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, in irregular 2-3 rows between lateral veins; indusium reniform, membranaceous light brown, entire, persistent.
On rock under dense forest in 300 m, Hainan (Baoting); (North vietnam).
17. Tectaria polymorpha (Wall. ex Hook.) Cop. In Philip. Joun. Sci. Bot. 2: 413. 1907.
多形叉蕨 duo xing cha jue
Aspidium nantoense Hayata; Aspidium polymorphum Wall. List. 382. 1828, nom. nud.; Hook. Sp. Fil. 4: 54. 1862; Dryomenis polymorpha Nakai var. pentephylla Nakai; Nephrodium polymorpha Bak.; Tectaria trifolia C. Chr.
Plants terrestrial, about 0.5-1 m tall. Rhizome erect, stout, about 1.5-2 cm diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales ciliate, 6-7 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, long acuminate and curled at apex, membranaceous, dark brown and light glossy, pale at margin. Fronds clustered, subdimorphic; fertile leaf rather tall but light narrowed; stipes 20-60 cm long, 4-5 mm diam., stramineous, grooved, glabrescent. Lamina ovate to oblong, 30-60×25-30 cm, simple, trifurcate to odd-pinnate; texture papyraceous, dark green or brown when dried; glabrous upside and pubescent beneath, rachis, midribs and lateral veins stramineous, glabrous upside but dense hairy beneath, grooved upsides and raised beneath; terminal pinnae simple or trifurcate, oblong, entire or undulate, 18-20 cm long, 7-9 cm wide in the middle, petiole 2-3 cm, abrupt caudate at apex and light narrowing to round or cordiform at base; lateral pinnae 1-4 pairs, simple or basal pair forked, ovate-lanceolate, 18-20×6-8 cm, oblique, opposite, undulate to entire, interval 2-8 cm, abrupt caudate at apex and light narrowing to unsymmetrical cuneate at base; basal pinnae short petiole, sessile upwards. Veinlets forming conspicuous subhexagonal areoles, raised on both sides, included veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets or anastomosing veins, in irregular 3-5 rows between lateral veins; indusium round, brown, entire, membranaceous, caducous.
On rock or sheltered and wet soil under forest or in valley from 800 to 1500 m, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
Note: the morphology of this species is diversiform and the lamina varies from simple, trifurcate to odd-pinnate. It is with erect rhizome to different from T. herpotocaulos.
18. Tectaria quinquefida (Bak.) Ching Ching in Sinensia 2(2):26, f. 7. 1931.
五裂叉蕨 wu lie cha jue
Aspidium esquirolii C. Chr.; Aspidium quinquefidum Diels; Aspidium polysorum Ros.; Nephrodium quinquefidum Bak. in Journ. Bot. 1890: 265. 1890; Sagenia esquirolii Christ.
Plants terrestrial, about 60 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect, stout, about 1-1.5 cm diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales entire, about 5 mm long, lanceaolate, long acuminate at apex, dark brown, membranaceous. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 40 cm long, 3-4 mm diam., deep stramineous to brow, grooved, sparsely hairy. Lamina deltoid, ca. 20×18-20 cm, odd-pinnate; texture herbaceous, brown when dried; glabrous on both surface; rachis and pinna rachis light brown, glabrous upside but pubescent and raised beneath; terminal pinnae simple or trifurcate, middle lobs broad lanceolate, ca. 16×4-5 cm, caudate at apex and narrowing at base, undulate to toothed, petiole about 1.5 cm long, lateral lobs falcate-lanceolate, rather small; lateral pinnae 1 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 14×4-5 cm, light oblique, opposite, subsessile, subentire to undulate, acuminate at apex and unsymmetrical cuneate at base, forked to a ramus beneath, gemma axillary. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles, unconspicuous upside but raised and pubescent beneath, included veinlets forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, in irregular between lateral veins; indusium unseen.
Under dense forest from 500 to 600 m, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunan; [north Vietnam].
19. Tectaria hekouensis Ching et C. H. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 19. 127. 1981.
河口叉蕨 he kou cha jue
Plants terrestrial, about 60-80 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect, stout, about 1.5-2 cm in diam., scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales entire, 6-7 mm long, lanceaolate, long acuminate at apex, dark brown, membranaceous. Fronds clustered; stipes 25-35 cm long, 4 mm in diam., deep stramineous, densely scaly at base, glabrescent upwards. Lamina subdimorphic, fertile fronds rather tall and light narrowed, deltoid-ovate, 25-35×30 cm, base light cordiform, odd-pinnate; texture herbaceous, deep green when dried; glabrous on both surface; rachis and pinna rachis stramineous, glabrous, terminal pinnae trifurcate, terminal lobs ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 16-22 ×6-8 cm, acuminate at apex, narrowing to cuneate at base, entire or undulate, short petiole or sessile, lateral lobs holomorphic but smaller; lateral pinnae 1 pairs, opposite, light oblique, short petiole or sessile, without gemma, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 15×4-5 cm, caudate at apex and narrowing to cuneate at base, subentire, forked to a smaller broad lanceolate lobs. Veinlets forming unconspicuous subhexagonal areoles, included veinlets forked. Sori round, on anastomosing veins, irregular rows beside main veins; indusium reniform, dark brown, entire, membranaceous, caducous.
Under dense forest in valley from 380 to 520 m, endemic to Yunan (Hekou).
20. Tectaria media Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 169 , pl. 22, f. 27. 1959.
中型叉蕨 zhong xing cha jue
Plants terrestrial, ca. 60 cm tall. Rhizome short, ascending or erect, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales, 3-4 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, thick membranous acuminate at apex, entire. Fronds clustered; stipes 35-40 cm long, 3-4 mm in diam. at base, dark brown to castaneous, glossy, grooved above, sparsely pubescent at base. Lamina deltoid, ca. 30×25 cm, bipinnatifid at base, pinnate upwards; terminal pinnae trifurcate, ovate-deltoid, ca. 18×5-6 cm, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, lobed on margin; texture papyraceous; light brown when dried, glabrous on both surface; rachis castaneous, pubescent above, glabrescent beneath; pinna-rachis castaneous at base, stramineous upwards, densely hairy above, glarescent beneath; terminal lobs ovate-lanceolate, lobed, basal lateral lobs longer, ca. 8 cm, falcate-lanceolate, opposite; lateral pinnae 2 pairs, opposite, slightly oblique, interval 2-3 cm, petiole 2 cm long, subsessile upwards; basal pinnae largest, deltoid, pinnatifid, ca. 18×12 cm, long acuminate at apex, slightly cordiform at base, lobes falcate-lanceolate, undunate to slightly lobed,; middle pinnae broad falcate-lanceolate, ca. 15×3.5 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate and anisomerous at base, undunate to slightly lobed on margin. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, raised on both surface, included veinlets single or forked. Sori small, round, locate at coupling veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent lateral veins; indusium small, brown, membraneous, persistent.
Undeer dense forest at 700 m, endemic to China, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan.
21. Tectaria simonsii (Bak.) Ching in Sinsensia 2(2): 32. f. 13. 1931.
燕尾叉蕨 yan wei cha jue
Aspidium longicrure Christ; Aspidium melanocaulum Hand.-Mazz.; Aspidium simonsii Bedd.; Nephrodium simonsii Bak. In Hook. et Bak. Syn. Fil. 504. 1974; Segenia longicrure Christ; Sagenia melanocaula Christ; Tectaria longicrure C. Chr.; Tectaria kwarenkoensis (Hayata) C. Chr. Comb. Nov.; Tectaria subtriphylla var. ebenosa Nemoto.
Plants terrestrial, 60-120 cm tall. Rhizome short, creeping, ascending or erect, thick, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, 8-10 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, long acuminate at apex, dark brown to nearly purple, entire. Fronds clustered; stipes 40-60 cm long, 4-5 mm diam. at base, dark brown, castaneous to black, glossy, minutely brown pubescent throughout. Lamina subpentagonal or triangular-ovate, 30-60×25-40 cm, bipinnate to tripinnatifid; texture papyraceous; deep green when dried, glabrous on both surface; rachis castaneous to black, pubescent, costa and costules raised on beneath surface, castaneous, glabrescent; terminal pinna trifurcate or simple; terminal lobs ovate-lanceolate, entire, undulant to pinnatifid, base cordiform to cuneate, lateral lobs like terminal lobs, opposite, rather small; lateral pinnules 2-3 pairs, opposite, interval 4-6 (10) cm, oblique; base pinnules pinnate or bipinnatifid, 10-15 cm long, rather large, petiole long; middle pinnules trifurcate to simple, petiole shortening to sessile upwards, entire or undulant, broadly lanceolate, 8-10 cm long, caudiform at base and caudate at apex. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets single or forked. Sori small, round, locate at coupling veinlets, irregular rows between adjacent main veins; exindusiate.
In dense forest between 200-1300 m, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunan; [Japan (Ryukyus), India, Sikkim, Tailand, Vietnam].
Note: The species is characteristical for its castaneous to black stipes and trifurcate terminal pinnae. I do not agree the treatment in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sinica on the T. linoensis and T. subtriphylla var. ebenosa for their charcter of pinnatifid terminal pinnae.
22. Tectaria luchunensis S. K. Wu in Acta Phytotaxon. Sinica 40 (6) :530～538. 2002.
绿春叉蕨 lü chun cha jue
Plants terrestrial, 60-100 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect, thick, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales linear-lanceaolate, ca. 10×1 mm, membranous, dark brown, entire. Fronds clustered; Stipes 40-50 cm long, 5-6 mm diam. at base, stramineous, grooved, pubescent throughout, densely scaly at base, sparsely upwards. Lamina ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, 30-55×20-25 cm, cordiform at base, acuminate or caudinate at apex; bipinnate at base, pinnate upwards; texture thin papyraceous; breen when dried, glabrous on both surface; rachis and pinna-rachis deep brown, densely clothed brown articulate hairs above, sparsely beneath; pinnae 3-4 pairs, subopposite, interval 10-15 cm, terminal pinnae trifurcate or simple, terminal lobs oblong-lanceolate, 10-20×2-4 cm, undulant to pinnatilobed, base cordiform to cuneate, shortly petiolate, lateral lobs like terminal lobs, opposite, smaller; basal pinnae largest, 15-20×10-20 cm, ovate-lanceolate, petiole 1-3 cm, pinnate or trifurcate, pinnules 1-2 pairs, alternate or opposite, interval 1-3 cm, lanceolate or falcate-lanceolate, undunate or pinnatilobed on margin; middle pinnae pinnate, trifurcate to simple, petiole shortening to sessile upwards, pinnatilobed or undulant on margin, broadly lanceolate or falcate lanceolate, 19-21×2-4 cm long, cuneate at base and caudate at apex. Lateral veins pinnate, veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles, raised on both surface, included veinlets single or forked, glabrous. Sori small, round, on the middle of coupling veinlets, in irregular 2-3 rows between adjacent lateral veins; exindusiate.
Under evergreen broadleaved forest from 840 to 1300 m, endemic to Yunnan (Lüchun).
23. Tectaria rockii C. Chr. in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 331. 1931.
洛克叉蕨 luo ke cha jue
Tectaria kweichouensis Ching et C. H. Wang comb. nov.; Tectaria linloensis Ching et C. H. Wang comb. nov..
Plants terrestrial, 60-120 cm tall. Rhizome short, recumbent or ascendant, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, entire, 10-15 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, long acuminate at apex, dark brown, membranaceous. Fronds clustered or closed; stipes 40-80 cm long, 5-8 mm in diam. at base, glossy, grooved, scaly downwards, throughout covered with dark brown and articulate hairs. Lamina deltoid-ovate, bipinnate to tripinnatifid, 40-60(80) cm long, cordiform at base and acuminate at apex; texture thick papyraceous; dark green when dried, pubescent on upper surface and glabrous beneath; rachis castaneous, pinna rachis and midribs brown to deep stramineous, densely covered articulate hairs; terminal pinnae acuminate, deltoid, ca. 20 ×15 cm, base broad cuneate, pinnatifid or pinnate-lacerated, lobs falcate lanceolate, sunentire, caudate at apex; basal pinnae bipinnate, ca. 10×20-30 cm, rather large, petiolule 2-3 cm long, acuminate at base and with 2-3 separate lobs, lobs lanceolate, rather long beneath, undulate or pinnatifid; middle pinnae 3-4 pairs, lanceolate, subopposite or alternate upwards, interval 8-12 cm, oblique; holomorphic but smaller, petiolule shortening to sessile upwards, pinnatifid, coadiform at base and caudate at apex. Veinlets forming irregular areoles, included veinlets forked, unconspicuous on upper surface and raised beneath. Sori small, round, locate at coupling veinlets, irregular rows between adjacent main veins; indusium small, round, brown, entire, membranaceous, persistent.
In limestone regions under dense forest from 700 m to 1200 m, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunan; [Burma, Indochina, Tailand, Vietnam].
Note: this species is characteristical for its dark brown to castaneous stipes and pinnatifid terminal pinnae, however, the lateral pinnae is diversiform. I checked the Type of T. linloensis Ching et C. H. Wang (in PE) and T. kweichouensis Ching et C. H. Wang (in PE) and found they are the T. rockii in fact. Holttum also noted on the Type of T. kweichouensis Ching et C. H. Wang and T. linloensis Ching et C. H. Wang in PE and thought they are same species. T. linloensis have been treated as T. simonsii in the past taxonomical literature such as in Fl. Yunnanica (Wu, 2004) and Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. (Wang, 1999).
24. Tectaria subtriphylla (Hook. et Arn.) Cop. in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2: 410. 1907.
三叉蕨 san cha jue
Plants terrestrial, 20-70 cm tall. Rhizome long, creeping or ascendant, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, entire, 3-4 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, rounded or cordate at base and long acuminate at apex, dark brown, membranaceous. Fronds widely spaced; stipes 10-40 cm long, 3 mm diam. at base, dark stramineous, throughout covered with light brown and articulate ctenitis hairs. Lamina subdimorphic, fertile fronds rather tall but narrowed, pinnate to bipinnatifid at base; triangular-pentagonal, 10-35×10-25 cm; texture papyraceous; deep green when dried, glabrescent to densely hairy on both surface; rachis stramineous, densely covered articulate hairs; costa and costules raised on both surface, pubescent on the beneath; terminal pinnae trifurcate or acuminate, base cordiform, cuneate to decurrent, terminal lobs ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnate-lacerated, lateral lobs opposite, lanceolate, undulate, caudate at apex, rather small; lateral pinnae 1-3 pairs, opposite, interval 1.5-3 cm, oblique; base pinnae pinnate, 15 cm long, rather large, petiole 1-2 cm long, lobs undulate or with round segments; middle pinnae simple, petiole shortening to sessile upwards, entire, undulant or with round segments, broadly lanceolate, 10-12 cm long, coadiform at base and caudate at apex. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets forked. Sori small, round, locate at coupling veinlets, irregular rows between adjacent main veins; indusium small, brown, nephroid, deciduous.
1a. The base of scales cordate, slightly hairy or glabrescent on the uppersurface of lamina··················· 24a.T. subtriphylla
1b. The base of scales rounded, densely hairy on the both sides of lamina·········································· 24b. T. subtriphylla var. hirsuta
24a. Tectaria subtriphylla (Hook. et Arn.) Cop. var. subtriphylla
三叉蕨 ( 原变种) san cha jue (yuan bian zhong)
Aspidium subtriphyllum Hook.; Aspidium hokutense Hayata; Nephrodium subtriphyllum Bak.; Polypodium subtriphyllum Hook. et Arn. Bot. Capt. Beechey’s Voy. 256, t. 50. 1838; Sagenia subtriphyllum Bedd.
Plants terrestrial, 40-70 cm tall. Rhizome long, creeping or ascendant, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, entire, 3-4 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, rounded at base and long acuminate at apex, dark brown, membranaceous. Fronds dimorphic, Stipes 20-40 cm long, lamina10-35×10-25 cm, glabrous on upper surface and pubescent on the beneath; rachis stramineous, densely covered articulate hairs; costa and costules raised on both surface, pubescent on the beneath; veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets forked. Sori small, round, locate at coupling veinlets, irregular rows between adjacent main veins; indusium small, brown, nephroid, deciduous.
In dense forest or near stream below 400 m, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, Yunan; [Japan (Ryukyus), Burma, Ceylon, India, Indonesia, Polynesia, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Tailand, Vietnam].
24b. Tectaria subtriphylla (Hook. et Arn.) Cop. var. hisuta Y. H. Yan et F. W. Xing Var. Nov.
毛叶三叉蕨 mao ye san cha jue
Plants terrestrial, 20-40 cm tall. Rhizome long, creeping, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales stiff, entire, 3-4 mm long, linear-lanceaolate, round at base and long acuminate at apex. Stipes 10-20 cm long, dark stramineous, throughout densely covered with light brown and articulate hairs. Lamina subdimorphic, fertile fronds rather small and narrowed, pinnatifid at base 10-30×10-15 cm; texture papyraceous; pubescent on both surface; rachis stramineous, densely covered articulate hairs; pubescent on the beneath; terminal pinnae acuminate or pinnatifid; lateral pinnae 1-3 pairs, falcate-lanceolate, opposite, interval 1-3 cm, oblique; base pinnae pinnatifid, 8-12 cm long, largest, petiole 1-2 cm long, lobs entire, cuneate at base; middle pinnules pinnatifid, sessile, lobs entire, caudate at apex. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets forked. Sori small, round, locate at coupling veinlets, irregular rows between adjacent main veins, near the terminal of lobs; indusium small, brown, nephroid, deciduous.
On limestone rocks in forest, Endemic to Hainan (Changjiang, Danxian, San Ya), maybe distribution in the limestone region of Indochina and Malaysia.
25. Tectaria grossedentata Ching et C. H. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 19: 127. 1981.
粗齿叉蕨 cu chi cha jue
Plants terrestrial, 60-90 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect or ascendant, stout, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes; scales linear-lanceaolate, entire, ca. 5 mm long, capillaceous at apex, entire, membranous, dark brown. Fronds clusted; stipes 30-50 cm long, 5-6 mm in diam. at base, stramineous, agrooved above, sparsely covered with light brown and articulate ctenitis hairs, glabrous beneath. Lamina deltoid-ovate, , 35-45×25-40 cm acuminate at apex, slightly cordiform at base, 2-pinnate to 2-pinnatifid at base, pinnate upwards; texture papyraceous; dark green when dried, hairy above and glabrous beneath; rachis, pinna-rachis and costa stramineous, densely hairy; lateral veins slightly flexural, raised beneath, sparsely clothed light brown articulate hairs; pinnae 2-3 pairs, subopposite at base, alternate upwards; basal pinnae largest, petiole 2.5-4 cm long, deltoid, ca. 22×10-12 cm, pinnate with 2-3 separate pinnules, basal basiscopic pinnules to 12 cm, teminal pinnules 13-15× ca. 6 cm, long acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; secandary pinnae broad falcete-lanceolate, 15-20×3-5 cm, petiole 1 cm long, long acuminate at apex, cordiform at base, undunate or obliquely triangular gross-serratus on margin; terminal pinnae hastate, to 20 cm long, long acuminate at apex, cuneate to slightly decurrent at base, pinnatilobed, basal lobes ovate-lanceolate. Veinlets forming subhexagonal areoles with cross-veins, included veinlets forked, unobvious above, slightly raised beneath. Sori small, round, locate at coupling veinlets, in irregular rows between adjacent lateral veins, near the margin of lobes; indusium small, brown, clypeiform, entire, persistent.
In wetland under forest near stream below 400 m, Guizhou and Yunnan.
CTENITOPSIS Ching ex Tard.-Blot et C. Chr. in Lecomte, Not. Syst. 7: 86. Oct. 1938.
轴脉蕨属 zhou mai jue shu (Xing fuwu & Yan yuehong)
Plants terrestrial. Rhizome short, erect, stout, dictyostele, densely scaly at apex and basal stipes. Fronds clustered, stipes stramineous, brown, dark brown or castaneous to dark and glossy, grooved above. Lamina triangular ovate to elliptic, 2-pinnatifid to 4-pinnatifid; basal pinnae largest, basiscopic pinnules elongated, ciliate on the margin of lobes. Texture papyraceous to membranaceous; brown or breen when dried, hairy on upper surface; rachis and pinna rachis raised above, densely clothed articulate hairs; veins free or anastomosing. Sori round, small, separate each other, on the middle or terminal of veinlets, in one or two row beside main veins. Indusium large, round reniform, brown, persistent or caducous, few exindusiate. Spores tetragonal tetrad, ovate or elliptic, opaque, spinate. N=10, (40).
A genus of about 20 species distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, eastwards and southeastwards to Malasia and Polynesia, north to Japan and west to Madagascar in east Africa.
1a . Basiscopic pinnules or lobes of basal pinnae not elongated or shortened.
2a. 2-pinnate at base, veinlets anastomosing and forming obvious areoles··············· 1. C. chinensis
2b. 2-pinnatifid at base, veinlets free or occasionally anstomosing.
3a. Stipes and rachis dark brown, not glossy, basal pinnae shortened, sori on terminal, exindusiate 2. C. subsagenoides
3b. Stipes and rachis deep castaneous to dark, glossy, basal pinnae not shortened, sori on middle, indusiate 3. C. segenoides
1b. Basiscopic pinnules or lobes of basal pinnae obviously elongated.
5a. Plants to 1 m tall; basal lamina 3-pinnatifid to 3-pinnate, 2-pinnatifid upwards
6a. Veinlets anstomosing and forming obvious areoles.
7a. Fronds dimorphic, base 2-pinnate; stipes stramineous, scales dark brown with paler margin
8a. Sori on the tip of lobes·························································· 4. C. acrocarpa
8b. Sori throughout lobes······························································· 5. C. fuscipes
7b. Fronds holomorphic, base 3-pinnate; stipes stramineous or brown to castaneous, scales deep brown 6. C. devexa
6b. Veinlets free
9a. Fronds triangular-ovate to ovate; pinnae 6-8 pairs, stipes and rachis glabrous or nearly so, texture thin papery································································································· 7. C. dissecta
9b. Fronds elliptic lanceolate to elliptic; pinnae 9-12 pairs, stipes and rachis densely hairy, texture papery to thick papery
10a. Basal rachis teragonal, fronds thick papery, light involute when dried············· 8. C. Hainanensis
10b. Basal rachis columniform, fronds papery, not involute when dried················ 9. C. kusukusensis
5b. Plants to 2 m tall or taller; basal lamina 4-pinnatifid to 4-pinnate, 2-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid upwards
11a. Fronds dimorphic, stipes and rachis stramineous to light brown, glabrescent on both surfaces of leaf 10. C. ingens
11b. Fronds holomorphic, stipes and rachis dark brown,
12a. densely scaly on stipes and rachis, densely hairy on both surface of leaf···· 11. C. setulosa
12b. few scales on stipes and rachis, few hairs on both surface of leaf··········· 12. C. mathewii
1. Ctenitopsis chinensis Ching et C. H. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 19:124. 1981.
中华轴脉蕨 zhong hua zhou mai jue
Plants terrestrial, 60-80 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect, stout, 1-1.5 cm in diam. Stipes 35-40 cm long, deep brown, grooved above, sparsely scaly; scales entire, 4-6 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate at apex, light brown, membranaceous. Lamina triangular ovate, 35-50×25-30 cm, tip acuminate, base cuneate, bipinnatifid or pinnated upward; texture papyraceous; light brown when dried, sparsely clothed articulate offwhite hairs on upper surface; occasional clothed lanceolate brown scales; rachis and pinna richis stramineous, densely clothed articulate offwhite hairs; separate lateral pinnules 4-6 pairs, subopposite, interval 2-3 cm, upwards; base pinnules ovate lanceolate, cuneate at base and acuminate at apex, rather large, ca. 20 × 7-8 cm, petiole 0.8-1 cm long, pinnatipartite with 1 pairs separate lobes, lobes 8-10 pairs, alternate, slightly oblique, broad lanceolate, 5-8 ×1-1.5 cm, acumination, basal pairs nearly separate, serrate upwards, interval 2-3 cm, conjoint with broad wings; middle pinnules lanceolate, 12-15 ×2.5-3 cm, acuminate at apex, base adnation to rachis, decurrent more or less beneath, pinnatipartite, lobes falcate lanceolate, 1-1.5 ×0.8-1 cm, acumination, entire. Veinlets forming one row areoles along rachis and pinna rachis, free upwards, raised on both surface. Sori round, on the middle of veinlets, in one or two row beside main veins.
In dense forest from 120 to 1200 m, endemic to Yunan (Xichou and Hekou).
2. Ctenitopsis subsagenoides (Christ) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 8: 311. 1938. `
无盖轴脉蕨 wu gai zhou mai jue
Aspidium subsageniacum Christ in Bull. Acad. Géogr. Bot. Mans 240. 1906; Ctenitopsis austrosinensis C. Chr. et Tard.-Blot.; Dryopteris subsageniaca C. Chr.; Heterogonium subsageniaceum Holtt.; Tectaria austrosinensis C. Chr.
Plants terrestrial, 150-200 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect, about 2-2.5 cm in diam., dense scaly at apex and basal stipes, scales broad lanceolate, 10-12 mm long, long acuminate, entire, membranous, dark brown. Fronds clustered; stipes 40-50 cm long, about 1 cm in diam. at base, deep brown, glossy, grooved above, sparsely clothed broad lanceolate brown scales upwards. Lamina angustate oblong, 100-150×30-45 cm; texture herbaceous, brown when dried, glabrous on both surface; ciliate on margin of indenture; rachis deep brown, sparsely clothed linear scales supra, densely clothed articulate brown hairs beneath; pinna-rachis and main veins densely clothed articulate brown hairs supra, glabrescent beneath; tip acuminate, base subcuneate, bipinnatifid; pinnules about 20 pairs, alternate, applanate, subsessile, linear-lanceolate, middle pinnules 18-22×3-4 cm, pinnatipartite to 2/3, basal 2-3 pairs of pinnules light shortened and deflexed; lobes about 20 pairs, nearly applanate, interval 2-3 mm, falcate oblong, 1-1.5 ×7-8 mm, obtuse or mucronation, entire. Veins pinnated, 7-9 pairs, free or connective with veinlets from pinna-rachis. Sori round to elliptic, on the middle of veinlets, in irregular 2 row beside main veins; exindusiate.
In the gap of limestone habitat under dense forest from 120 to 1500 m, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunan; [ north Vietnam].
3. Ctenitopsis segenoides (Mett.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 8: 312. 1938.
轴脉蕨 zhou mai jue
Aspidium sageniodes Mett. Farngatt. Phag. u. Aspid. 133, n. 269. 1985; Ctenitis sagenioides Cop.; Ctenitopsis obscura C. Chr. ex Tard. –Blot. et C. Chr.; Dryopteris laokaiensis C. Chr.; Heterogpnium sagenioides Holtt.; Lastrea melanopus Bedd.; Lastrea sagenioides Moore; Nephrodium sagenioides Bak.; Nephrodium melanopus Hook.
Plants terrestrial, 70-80 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect, about 1 cm in diam., dense scaly at apex, scales broad lanceolate, 4-5 mm long, acuminate, entire, membranous, brown. Fronds clustered; stipes 30-40 cm long, deep castaneous to black, glossy, grooved above, occasional clothed lanceolate brown scales at base, sparsely clothed light brown articulate hairs upwards. Lamina elliptical, 40-50 ×20-25 cm, terminal acuminate, base retuse, bipinnatifid; texture herbaceous, dark brown when dried, sparsely clothed articulate brown hairs on both surface or glabresent on the lower surface and a few hairs upside; ciliate on the margin; rachis deep castaneous to black, glossy, more or less clothed articulate brown hairs; pinna-rachis brown on base, stramineous upwards, clothed articulate brown hairs; lateral pinnae 12-15 pairs, subopposite or alternate upwards, interval 1.5-2.0 cm, applanate, subsessile; basal pinnae not shortened, light wider, reflexed, falcate lanceolate, 10-12×4-4.5 cm, cuneate at base and acuminate at apex, pinnatipartite, nealy to pinna-rachis; lobes 12-15 pairs, undulant or serrate, basal lobes shortened, middle lobes elongate in beneath, ultimate ones acuminate; upper pinnae lanceolate, 10-12 × ca. 3 cm at base, pinnatipartite to 2/3, lobes about 15 pairs, nearly applanate, interval 2-3 mm, ovate, 1.2-1.5 × 4-5 mm, obtuse, entire to undulant; veins free, pinnated, 5-6 pairs, veinlets forked. Sori round, terminal on the veinlets, in one row between main veins and margin; indusium round-reniform, brown.
In wet habitat under dense forest from 120 to 220 m, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunan; [Burma, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].
1a. Clothed articulate brown long hairs on both surface of pinnae······························ 3a. C.segenoides
1b. Glabrous beneath, sparsely clothed articulate brown hairs above··············································· 3b. C.segenoides var. glabresens
3a. Ctenitopsis segenoides
轴脉蕨 (原变种) zhou mai jue (yuan bian zhong)
Plants terrestrial, 70-80 cm tall. Sparsely clothed articulate brown hairs on both surface; rachis pinna-rachis densely clothed articulate brown hairs. Chromosome 2n=80.
In wet habitat under dense forest from 120 to 220 m, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunan; [Burma, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].
3b. Ctenitopsis segenoides var. glabescent Ching et C. H. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 19: 125. 1981.
光叶轴脉蕨 guang ye zhou mai jue
Plants terrestrial, glabrous on the lower surface of leaves and only a few light brown articulate hairs on upper surface.
In wet habitat under dense forest from Guangxi (Jinxiu) and Yunan (Hekou).
4. Ctenitopsis acrocarpa Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 19: 124. 1981.
顶囊轴脉蕨 ding nang zhou mai jue
Plants terrestrial, about 50 cm tall. Rhizome short, erect, 1-1.5 cm in diam., dense scaly at apex; scales angustate lanceolate, about 5 mm long, acuminate, entire, membranous, darkly brown with narrow paler margin. Fronds clustered; stipes about 20 cm long, about 3 mm diam. at base, deep stramineous, grooved above, sparsely clothed scales at base, glabrous upwards. Lamina subdimorphic, elliptic lanceolate, ca.30×20 cm, terminal acuminate, base tripinnatifid, bipinnatipartite upwards; texture herbaceous, sage green when dried, pubescent on upper surface, glabrous beneath; rachis stramineous, sparsely clothed dark brown linear scales, rachis and pinna-rachis densely clothed articulate brown hairs. pinnae 7-10 pairs, subopposite, upward, interval 2-3 cm; basal pair of pinnae largest, oblique triangular, 13-15×8-10 cm, acuminate, petiole ca. 1 cm long, pinnatipartite to 3/4 way towards costa, bearing a pair of separate largepinnules; middle pinnae lanceolate, ca. 12×4 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 3/4 way towards costa; basal basiscopic pinnules lanceolate, about 8 cm long, 2 cm wide, auminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 2/3 to costa; lobes 8-10 pairs, interval 1-1.5 mm, upward, falcate oblong, 8-10×6-7 mm, mucronation, entire. Veins pinnated, 8-9 pairs, single or forked, free or forming angular areoles, conspicuous on both sides. Sori round, 3-4 pairs terminal on the veinlets at apical lobes; indusium round-reniform, membranous, brown, caducous.
In valley of limestone habitat under dense forest from 300-500 m, endemic to Yunan; [Jinping, Hekou, Mengzi].
5. Ctenitopsis fuscipes (Bedd.) Tard.-Blot et C. Chr. In Lecomte, Not. Syst. 7: 87. Oct. 1938, pro parte.
黑鳞轴脉蕨 hei lin zhou mai jue
Aspidium fuscipes Bedd. Fern brit. Ind. Suppl. 15, t. 366. 1876; Aspidium membranifolium Bedd.; Aspidium membranifolium var. dimorphum Christ; Ctenitopsis glabra Ching et C. H. Wang; Nephrodium fuscipes Clarke; Nephrodium membranifolium var. typical Clarke; Nephrodium membranifolium var. dimorpha Clarke.
Plants terrestrial, ca. 40-70 cm tall. Rhizome short, suberect or ascending, 1-1.5 cm diam., dense scaly at apex; scales lanceolate, fibriform at apex, 7-8 mm long, entire, membranous, dark brown with narrow paler margin, glossy. Fronds clustered, dimorphic or subdimorphic, fertile fronds taller and narrower; stipes about 20-30 cm long, about 3 mm diam. at base, deep stramineous, grooved above, sparsely clothed articulate light brown hairs, lower part clothed dark brown scales like on rhizome, shortening and narrowing upwards. Lamina elliptic ovate, 25-40×15-20 cm, terminal acuminate, base tripinnatifid, bipinnatipartite upwards; texture herbaceous, dark green when dried, glabrous or pubescent, ciliate on margin; rachis stramineous, sparsely clothed linear dark brown scales, rachis and pinna-rachis densely clothed articulate brown hairs or glabrescent beneath; pinnae 3-10 pairs, subopposite on lower part and alternate upwards, oblique, interval 2-5 cm; basal pair of pinnae largest, obliquely triangular, 8-15×6-10 cm, acuminate, petiole ca. 1 cm long, pinnatipartite to 3/4 way towards costa, bearing a pair of separate large pinnules; middle pinnae lanceolate, 6-10×3-4 cm, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 3/4 way towards costa, occasionally with subseparate pinnules; basal basiscopic pinnules lanceolate, 6-8×1.5-2 cm, auminate at apex, cuneate at base, pinnatipartite to 1/2 to costa; lobes 8-12 pairs, interval 1-2 mm, upward, falcate oblong, 7-8×5-6 mm, mucronation, entire. Veins pinnated, 8-9 pairs, forked, free or forming angular areoles, conspicuous on both sides. Sori round, 5-7 pairs terminal on the veinlets; indusium round reniform, entire, membranous, brown, persistent.
Under forest from 150 to 380 m, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Burma, N. India, N. Vietnam]
6. Ctenitopsis devexa （Kunze）Ching et C. H. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 9:369. 1964.
毛叶轴脉蕨 mao ye zhou mai jue
Aspidium devexum Kunze in Bot. Zeit. 259. 1848; Aspidium membranaceum Hook.; Pleocnemia devexa v. A. v. R.; Pleocnemia membranacea Bedd.; Sagenia gigantean var. minor Bedd.; Tectaria devexa Cop.