POLYPODIACEAE (part 2) [FIRST DRAFT]

水龙骨科shui long gu ke

Lu Shugang（陆树刚）

    Usually terrestrial or epiphytic, sometimes epilithic, usually small to medium-sized, sometimes large ferns with short to long-creeping rhizoma bearing basifixed, pseudopeltate or peltate, clathrate, opaque or hyaline scales that are marginally entire, toothed, ciliate, or lacerate, and provided with at least a terminal glandular cell. Stele dorsiventral, dictyostelic. Leaves close to remote, usually articulate to phyllopodia, mono- or sometimes dimorphic. Petiole variously developed, sometimes winged, variously scaly or glabrous, with several vascular bundles in a U-arrangement. Lamina simple, lobed to pinnatifid and costete, or simply pinnate, rarely bipinnate, pedate, or dichotomously compound. Pinnae costate, often articulate at base, terminal segment, if present, conform to pinnae or the lamina terminally with gradually reduced and confluent divisions. Laminal hairs glandular, usually 2- or 3-celled, sometimes otherwise. Scales often present, variously shaped. Veins free, simple or forked, or variously anastomosing with or without included free veins. Fertile leaves sometimes with contracted laminal parts. Sori usually rounded, sometimes elongate, linear, or sporangia acrostichoid.

POLYPODIACEAE SUBFAM. POLYPODIOIDEAE Nayar

Lu Shugang（陆树刚）

About 7 genera and 60 species: mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, fewer species in temperate regions. 5 genera  and 20 species in China.

Lu Shugang. 2000. Polypodiaceae Subfam. Polypodioideae Nayar. In Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 6(2): 7-31.

1a. Lateral pinnae articulate to rachis ----------------------------------------------------1. Schellolepis

1b. Lateral pinnae without articulate at base.

   2a. Veins free, without areoles on either side of costa.

     3a. Veinlets pinnate; scales on the rhizome thick, not clathrate ----------------2. Polypodium

3b. Veinlets forked; scales on the rhizome thin, pellucid, clathrate -----------------------------

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Metapolypodium

2b. Veins anastomosing to form areoles on either side of costa or on either side of rachis.

4a. Lamina pinnatisect, lower portion of rachis without wings along both side ----------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Polypodiastrum

     4b. Lamina pinnatipartite, rachis with wings along either side ----------------5. Polypodiodes

1. SCHELLOLEPIS ( J. Sm. ) J. Sm., Ferns Brit. Foreign. 82. 1866.

棱脉蕨属len mai jue shu

  Epiphytic, medium-sized ferns. Rhizome long-creeping, densely scaly; scales lanceolate, brown to dark brown, broad at peltate base, narrowly acuminate at apex, clathrate. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome at phyllopodes, monomorphic. Stipes long, stramineous, glabrous. Lamina imparipinnate, oblong. Lateral pinnae 20-40 pairs, far aparte, articulate to rachis, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, glabrous or pubescent, rarely scaly, toothed or incised at margins. Veins anastomosing to form 2-3 row areoles on either side of costa,each areole with a simple included veinlets which start from basiscopic lateral vein, outer veinlets free. Sori round, in one row on either side of costa, borne on simple included veinlets in costal areoles, more or less immersed on undersurface and raised on the upper surface. Paraphysis present only when young, peltate, clathrate, toothed at margin. Sporangia long-stalked, annulus with 12 indurated cells. Spores yellow, ellipsoidal, with obscure aperture, exospore with tuberculate surface, perispore pellucid . x=37.

  About 20 species: Mainly in Tropical Asia; Two species in China (Yunnan and Hainan ).

1a. Scales on the rhizome ovate-lanceolate, ciliate at margin; lateral pinnae cuneate at base, with 4-5                  

   mm long stalks ------------------------------------------------------------------------1. S. Persicifolia

1b. Scales on the rhizome linear-lanceolate, entire; lateral pinnae sessile, cordate or subcordate at

  base, with auriculate on both sides or on acroscopic side------------------------2. S. subauriculata

1. Schellolepis persicifolia (Desv. ) Pic. Ser. in Webbia 28(2): 470. l973.

棱脉蕨len mai jue

Polypodium persicifolium Desv. in Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. 5: 316. l811; Goniophlebium persicifolium (Desv. ) Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. Suppl. 21. l876; Goniophlebium cuspidatum auct., non (Don) Presl: Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. 79. pl. 79. 1865.

   Rhizome creeping, 5-7 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 x 1.5-2 mm, dark brown, broad at base, acuminate at apex, toothed at margins. Fronds remote, monomorphic. Stipes 30-40 cm long, 3-4 mm in diam., stramineous or brownish, densely covered with scales at base, minutely scaly or glabrescent further up. Lamina broad-lanceolate, imparipinnate, up to 150 x 40 cm. Lateral pinnae 10-30 pairs, ascending, 4-5 cm far apart, more or less falcate, linear-lanceolate, up to 20 x 2.5 cm , cuneate at base, with 5-7 mm long stalks, caudately acuminate at apex, toothed and cartilaginous at margin, pinnae gradually become small upwards, terminal pinna same as the lateral pinnae, up to 15 cm long. Veins anastomosing to form 2-3 rows of areoles at each side of costa, each areole with a free included veinlets. Texture herbaceous or subcoriaceus, green, glabrous. Sori round, borne on simple included veinlets in costal areoles, in one row on each side of costa, medial or costular, distinctly immersed on undersurface and raised on the upper surface.

   Epiphytic on tree-trunks at 700-1000 m. Hainan (Baotin, Jianfeng Ling, Diaoluo Shan). [SE. India, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaya, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea and Isls. of Pacific].

2. Schellolepis subauriculata (Bl. ) J. Sm., Ferns Brit. et  For. 82. 1866.

穴果棱脉蕨xue guo len mai jue

Polypodium subauriculatum Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. 133. 1828; Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Bl.) Presl, Tent. Pterid. 186. 1836; Marginaria subauriculata (Bl.) Nakai ex Ito in Journ. Jap. Bot. 11: 95. 1935; Goniophlebium molle Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. 2: 206. pl. 206. 1868; Polypodium beddomei Bak. in Hook. et Bak., Syn. Fil. (ed. 2) 344. 1883; Polypodiastrum molle (Bedd.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16: 28. 1978.

   Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 6-8mm diam., densely scaly at least at apex; scales narrowly lanceolate, dark brown, toothed at margin, 5 x 0.7 mm, clathrate. Fronds remote. Stipes 25-35 cm long, stramineous or brown, densely scaly at base, minutely scaly or glabrescent upwards. Lamina lanceolate, imparipinnate, ca. 80-100 x 30-40 cm; rachis pale brown, minutely scaly throughout. Lateral pinnae 30-40 pairs, linear, sessile, a few basal pairs usually a little shorter than the next above, deflexed or patent, middle pinnae largest, subopposite, subcordate or truncate at base, roundly auricled on both sides, gradually narrowing from base to long-attenuate apex, serrate at margin, patent or slightly ascending, straight or a little falcate, ca. 14-20 x 2cm, upper pinnae gradually becoming smaller, terminal pinna ca.5-10 cm long, irregularly lobed at basal portion. Veins anastomosing to form 2-3 rows of areoles at each side of costa, more or less visible. Texture herbaceous subcoriaceous, green, glabrous or pubescent when young. Sori rounded, borne on the apex of the simple included veinlets in costal areoles, in one row at each side of costa, distinctly immersed on lower surface and raised on the upper surface.

Epiphytic on tree-trunks at 500-1300 m. Yunnan (Jinhong, Mongla). [Vietnam, Thailand, Malaya, Indonesia, Philipines, New Guinea, NE  Australia

and Isls. of Pacifica].

2. POLYPODIUM L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1081. 1753; emend. Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 17. 1978.

多足蕨属duo zu jue shu

   Epiphytic or epilithic, small to medium-sized ferns. Rhizome long-creeping, covered with scales; scales lanceolate or norrowly lanceolate, brown, clathrate or centrally clathrate. Fronds usually remote, articulate at base, monomorphic. Lamina broad-lanceolate, simple, pinnatifid, truncate at base, pinnatilobed at apex. Lateral segments more than 5 pairs, lanceolate, more or less falcate, entire to incised at margins. Veins free, veinlets forked. Sori round, in one row on either side of costa, borne on the acroscopic branch of a free forked veinlet; sporangia long-stalked, annulus with about 20 indurated cells. Spores yellow, ellipsoidal, surface  verrucate  low-verrucose. x=37.

   About 6 species: Throughout Northern Temperate Zone, ranging from Temperate Europe, Northern Asia to Northern America; Two species in China.

1a. Segments oblique; sori medial -----------------------------------------------------------1. P. vulgare

1b. Segments patent; sori much nearer to the margin than to the costa---------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. P. virginianum

1. Polypodium vulgare L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1085. 1753

欧亚水龙骨ou ya shui long gu

   Rhizome long -creeping, about 3-4 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales lanceolate with ovate peltate base, 4-5 mm long, pale brown, toothed at margin, acuminate at apex. Fronds remote. Stipes straminineous, 5-10 cm long, densely scaly at base, glabrescent upwards. Lamina oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnatisect, 10-20 x 5-7 cm with short caudate apex. Segments 12-15 pairs, oblique, lanceolate, 3-4 cm x 5-8 mm., decurrent to the next lobes by very narrow wings of rachis at base, obtuse or acute at apex, toothed at margin. Veins free , veinlets forked, hardly visible. Texture herbaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, medial or slightly closer to the costa.

Epiphytic on rocks, 1910 m. Xinjiang. [Northern Asia, Europe and Northern America].

2. Polypodium virginianum L., Sp. Pl. 2: l085. l753

东北水龙骨dong bei shui long gu

   Rhizome wide-creeping, ca. 2-3 mm diam., densely covered with scales; scales lanceolate with remotely toothed at margin, brown, 3-4 mm long, acuminate at apex. Fronds remote. Stipes stramineous, 5-8 cm long, glabrous. Laminae oblong-lanceolate, 10-20 x 3-5 cm, deeply pinnatifid or pinnatisect at base, acuminate or caudate at apex. Lateral lobes l2-l6 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, patent, 2-2.5 cm x 5-6 mm, usually decurrent to the next lobes by narrow wings at both sides of rachis, obtuse or acute at apex. Veins free, terminal of veinlets with hydathodes ending near to margin, hardly visible on upper surface and invisible on underside. Texture subcoriaceous, grayish-green at upper surface and yellowish green at beneath, both sides glabrous. Sori round, in a single row along each side of costa, near to margin.

   Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks. Heilongjiang, Jili, Hebei and Nei Mongol. [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, U. S. S. R. and North America].

3. METAPOLYPODIUM Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 28. l978.

篦齿蕨属bi chi jue shu

   Epiphytic, medium-sized ferns. Rhizome long-creeping, densely covered with scales; scales lanceolate, dark brown, base broad with rufo-brown ciliate, acuminate at apex. Fronds remote. Stipes straminineous, articulate to rhizome. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or pinnatisect at lower part. Lateral lobes more than 30 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, patent or slightly deflexed at lower pairs. Veins free, veinlets forked. Sori round, in a single row at each side of costa, paraphyses absent.

   Monotypic genus in Asia, from SW China to Indo-China.

1. Metapolypodium manmeiense (Christ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 29. l978.

篦齿蕨bi chi jue

Polypodium manmeiense Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 870. l898; Goniophlebium manmeiense (Christ) Rodl-Lind. in Blumea 34(2): 394. l990; Polypodium scalare Christ in Bull. Soc. France 52. Mem. l: l4. l905; Polypodium pseudodimidiatum Christ in Bull. Soc. France 52. Mem. l: l4. l905; Polypodium simulans Bak. in Kew Bull. l3. l906; Metapolypodium kingpingense Ching et W. M. Chu in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 29. l978.

    Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 2-3 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales lanceolate,  broadly at base, acuminate at apex, dark brown, remote ciliately at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes stramineous or brown at under surface, 8-l2 cm long, densely scaly at base, glabrous upward. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, 20-30 x 5-7 cm, deeply pinnatifid, usually decurrent to the next lobes by very narrow wings of rachis in the lower part, with rather suddenly narrowing acuminate apex. Lateral lobes 20-30 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, patent except base one pair deflexed and slightly shortened, acute to obtuse at apex, incised undulate at margins. Rachis and costa stramineous. Veins free, veinlets forked, terminal of veinlets ending in elliptic hydathodes inside the margin of lobes. Texture herbaceous, green, glabrous. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, medial, superficial or immersed in cavities on undersurface.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, l000-2500 m.Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan. [Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Upper Burma, NE. India, Sikkim and Kampuchea].

4. POLYPODIASTRUM Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 27. l978.

拟水龙骨属ni shui long gu shu

    Medium-sized ferns, epiphytic. Rhizome long-creeping, densely scaly; scales lanceolate, brown to dark-brown, clathrate. Fronds remote. Stipes articulate to rhizome at base. Lamina pinnate. Pinnae ca. 10 pairs, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, sessile, the upper pinnae usually decurrent at base. Veins anastomosing to form l-3 rows of areoles at each side of costa, each costal areole containing a included free veinlet. Texture herbaceous, glabrous or minutely scaly on underside. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets of costal areoles, in one row on each side of costa; sporangia long-stalked, annulus with about 12-20 indurated cells; receptacular scale-like,  clathrate, fugacious; spores ellipsoidal, surface coarsely verrcate. x=37.

About 8 species: Tropical and Subtropical Asia and Oceania; 3 species in China.

1a. Rhizome densely covered with scales; lateral pinnae deflexed or patent, adnate at base; costa

 stramineous, veinlets invisible ------------------------------------------------------- 1. P. dielseanum

1b. Rhizome covered with sparsely scales and whitish blooms; lateral pinnae ascending, rounde or

 cordate at base; costa brown, veinlets visible.

2a. Lateral pinnae rounded at base, not overlaping rachis ----------------------- 2. P. argutum

2b. Lateral pinnae cordate at base, overlaping rachis ----------------------- 3. P. mengtzeense

1. Polypodiastrum dielseanum (C. Chr. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 28. l978.

川拟水龙骨chuan ni shui long gu

Polypodium dielseanum C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 522. l906; Polypodium leuconeuron Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 203. l900 (non Christ, l900 ); Polypodium wilsonii Christ in Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. l906: l04. l906; Polypodium meyii Christ in Notul. Syst. Paris l: 33. l909; Goniophlebium dielseanum (C. Chr.) Rodl-Linder in Blumea 34(2): 39l. l990.

   Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales ovate-lanceolate, brown,  acuminate at base, minutely denticulate at margins. Fronds remote. Stipes 20-30 cm long, stramineous, densely scaly at base, upward glabrous. Lamina ovate-lanceolate, 40-60 x 15-25 cm, pinnate. Lateral pinnae 20-30 pairs, basal pinna deflexed, upper pinnae patent, linear-lanceolate, l0-l5 x 0.8-l.2 cm, acuminate or obtuse at apex, adnate and somewhat dilated above at base. crenate-serrate at margin. Veins in pinnae anastomosing to form one row of areoles on each side of costa with included veinlet. Texture herbaceous, green, rachis and lower part of costa pubescent on both surfaces, underside of pinnae covered with sparsely brown ovate-lanceolate scales. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, borne on the terminal of included veinlets, medial.

   Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, l500-2010 m. Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan.[NE. India].

2. Polypodiastrum argutum (Wall. ex Hook. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 28. l978.

尖齿拟水龙骨jian chi ni shui long gu

Polypodium argutum Wall., Cat. No. 308. l828 (nom. nud. ); Wall ex Hook. in Hook., Sp. Fil. 5: 32. l864; Goniophlebium argutum (Wall. ex Hook. ) Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. l: 6. pl. 6. l866; Schellolepis arguta (Wall. ex Hook. ) J. Sm., Hist. Fil. 93. l875.

2a. var. argutum

尖齿拟水龙骨jian chi ni shui long gu（原变种）

   Rhizome long-creeping, 3-4 mm diam., covered with sparsely scales and whitish blooms; scales ovate-lanceolate, brown, peltate at broad base, acuminate at apex, sparsely toothed at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes stramineous, 10-15 cm long, scaly at base, glabrous upwards. Lamina ovate lanceolate, pinnate with distinct terminal pinnae, 40-50 x 15-25 cm. Lateral pinnae 15-20 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 10-15 x 1.5-2.5 cm, sessile, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, serrate at margin, serrates toothed. Veins anastomosing to form 2-3 areoles in each side of costa, each costal areole containing a simple free included veinlet, the other free veinlet ending inside the margin of lobes, visible on both surfaces. Texture herbaceous, dark green on upper surface, yellowish green on undersurface, both surfaces glabrous except minutely scales underneath. Sori round, terminal on included veinlets of costal areoles, in one row on each side of costa, medial or slightly closer to costa, superficial.

   Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 2300-2700m. Yunnan, Xizang, Guizhou and Guangxi. [Upper Burma, Thailand, NE. India, Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal].

2b. var. angustum Ching et S. K. Wu in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. l: 299. pl. 73. f. 3-4. l983.

狭羽拟水龙骨xia yu ni shui long gu（变种）

    This variety differs from var. argutuexm in having narrowly and fewer pinnae, denticulately at margin, sori closer to the costa.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks, 2300-2400 m. Xizang.

3. Polypodiastrum mengtzeense (Christ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 28. l978.

蒙自拟水龙骨meng zi ni shui long gu

Polypodium mengtzeense Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 869. l898; Goniophlebium mengtzeense (Christ) Rodl-Linder in Philip. Journ. Sci. ll6: l54. l987; Polypodium argutum Wall. ex Hook. var. mengtzeense (Christ) Christ in Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. l909: l77. l909; Polypodium argutum Wall. ex Hook. forma khasianum Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. London Bot. 24: 417. l888; Polypodium aspersum Bak. in Kew Bull. 231. l898 (nom. illeg. ); Polypodium taiwanianum Hayata in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 23: 80. l909; Marginaria taiwaniana (Hayata) Nakai ex H.Ito in Journ. Jap. Bot. ll: 95. l935; Polypodiastrum taiwanianum (Hayata) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 28. l978; Polypodium argutum auct. non Wall. ex Hook.: Wu in Sunyatsenia 3: 266. pl. 124. l932.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 4-5 mm diam., covered whitish blooms and sparsely scales; scales ovate-lanceolate, dark brown, peltate at broad base, acuminate at apex, irregularly toothed at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes pale stramineous, 10-20 cm long, scaly at base, glabrous upwards. Lamina ovate-lanceolate, pinnate with distinct terminal pinna, 50-70 x 15-20 cm. Lateral pinnae l5-25 pairs, subopposite, lanceolate, 10-15 x 1.5-2 cm, acuminate at apex, serrate at margin, sessile, obliquely cordate at base, more or less with roundly auriculate, overlaping rachis. Veins anastomosing to form 1-2 rows of areoles at each side of costa, each costal areole containing a simple free veinlet, the other veinlets free, ending inside the margin of teeth. Texture herbaceous, yellowish green, glabrous on both surfaces except sparsely scales on underside of rachis and costa. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, terminal on  included veinlets, medial or slightly closer to costa.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, l500-2500 m. Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and Taiwan.[Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Philippines, NE. India and Nepal].

5. POLYPODIODES Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 26. l978.

水龙骨属shui long gu shu

    Medium sized ferns. Rhizome long-creeping, densly covered with scales or with blooms; scales lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, brown to dark brown, clathrate, peltate at broad base, acuminate or hair-shaped at apex, entire, denticulate or ciliate at margin, Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome. Stipes stramineous or brown, scaly at base. Laminae deeply pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate. Segments more than 10 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at apex, toothed or serrate at margin, base continuous to each other by narrow wings of rachis. Veins anastomosing to form one narrowly areoles on either side of rachis and to form l-2 row of areoles on each side of costa, in the costal areoles, each one including a free veinlet, out the areoles, the veinlets free. Texture herbaceous, glabrous or pubescent, usually with minutely scales on underside. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, borne on the terminal of included veilets, superficial or immersed, paraphyses fugacious; sporangia long-stalked, annulus with about l2-l9 indurated cells; spores ellipsoidal, surface coasely verrucate. x=37.

    About l7 species, mostly confined to the Tropical and Subtropical Asia. 12 species in China.

1a. Rhizome covered with whitish bloom and sparsely scales or scales only present on very young                                           

  part; segments entire at margin.

2a. Lamine pubescent on uppersurface, glabrous on lowersurface; scales on the rhizome fugacious, rhizome subglabrous.

  3a. Rhizome usually without scales; upper surface only pubescent along rachis and costae----

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l. P. formosana

3b. Rhizome scales black, linear-subulate and with a broad brown base; upper surface of

lamina pubescent-------------------------------------------------------------- 2. P. raishanensis

2b. Lamine pubescent on both surfaces; rhizome covered with sparsely scales or scales only

  present on young parts.

4a. Rhizome covered with sparsely scales throughtout; rachis with narrowly wings-----------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. P. niponica

  4b. Rhizome covered with whitish bloom, scales only present on young part; rachis with

   broadly wings ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. P. wattii

1b. Rhizome densely covered with scales, without whitish bloom; segments incised to serrate

at margin.                    

5a. Scales on the rhizome light brown, linear-lanceolate, 8-9 mm long----------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. P. bourretii

5b. Scales on the rhizome brown, dark brown black, 2-5 mm long.

6a. Veinlets on either side of rachis free; upper stipes and rachis castaneous-------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. P. microrhizoma

6b. Veinlets on either side of rachis anastomosing to form one row narrowly areoles; stipes

   and rachis mostly stramineous.

7a. Lamina linear-lanceolate; lateral segments up to 4o-6o pairs.

8a. Scales black and subulate at upper part, brown at broad base with ciliate at margin;

fronds subglabrous -------------------------------------------------------- 7. P. lachnopus

8b. Scales brown, lanceolate with irregularly denticulate at margin; fronds pubescent

on both sides ----------------------------------------------------- 8. P. pseudolachnopus

7b. Lamina ovate-lanceolate; lateral segments usually l0-20 pairs.

9a. Segments with densely duplicato-serrate at margin.

  10a. Scales on the rhizome ovate-lanceolate, brown, entire at margin----------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------- 9. P. subamoena

  10b. Scales on the rhizome narrowly lanceolate, black, hair-like at apex, dendiculate at

     margin --------------------------------------------------------------- 10. P. hendersonii

9b. Segments with incised or incised-serrate at margin.

  l1a. Scales on the rhizome black; segments narrowly (4-8 mm); sori close to costa ---

     --------------------------------------------------------------------------- l1. P. chinensis

  l1b. Scales on the rhizome brown, segments broadly (l5-l8 mm); sori medial ----------

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------------12. P. amoena

1. Polypodiodes formosana (Bak. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 27. l978.

台湾水龙骨tai wan shui long gu

Polypodium formosanum Bak. in Journ. Bot. 23: l05. l885; Marginaria formosana (Bak. ) Nakai ex H. Ito in Journ. Jap. Bot. ll: 94. l935; Goniophlebium formosanum (Bak. ) Rodl-Linder in Blumea 34(2): 406. l990; Polypodium liukiu-ense Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1: 1014. 1901.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 4 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom, scales fugacious, only present on very young parts; scales ovate-lanceolate, brown, acuminate at apex, entire at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes l5-20 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae oblong, 30-50 x 10-15 cm, pinnatipartite, cordate at base, acuminate or caudate at apex. Segments 20-30 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, 5-8 x 0.8-1 cm, acuminate at apex, entire at margin, lowest segments usually deflexed. Veins anastomosing to form 1-2 rows areoles on each side of costa with included veinlets. Texture herbaceous, green, undersurface glabrous or subglabrous, uppersurface pubescent, hairs on rachis and costa more densely. Sori round, borne on terminal of included veinlets, in one row on each side of costa, medial.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 200-1200 m. Taiwan and Fujian. [Japan].

2. Polypodiodes raishanensis (Rosenst.) S. G. Lu in Taiwania 50(2): 140. 2005.

大叶水龙骨da ye shui long gu

Polypodium raishanense Rosenst. in Hedwigia 56: 346. 1915; Marginaria raishanensis (Rosenst.) Nakai ex H. Ito in Journ. Jap. Bot. ll: 95. l935; Marginaria pseudoformosana Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 94. l934.

Rhizome long-creeping, 3 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom, scales sparse, black, linear-subulate and with a broad brown base. Fronds remote. Stipe and rachis glossy, turning brown when mature. Laminae oblong, 30-55 x 10-15 cm, pinnatipartite. Segments 4.5-8 cm long, patent, adnate to rachis by a narrow wing, margin entire, pubescent on margin and on upper side, lower surface glabrous, lower segments shortened and deflexed. Veins anastomosing to form 1-2 rows areoles on each side of costa with included veinlets. Texture herbaceous. Sori round, small, closely spaced, borne near costa in the costal areolae at the end of free veinlets.

Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 200-1200 m. Endemic to Taiwan.

3. Polypodiodes niponica (Mett. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 27. 1978

日本水龙骨ri ben shui long gu

Polypodium niponicum Mett. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Batav. 2: 222. l866; Marginaria niponica (Mett.) Nakai ex H. Ito in Journ. Jap. Bot. 11: l935; Goniophlebium niponicum (Mett.) Bedd., Handb. Suppl. 90. l892; Polypodium transpianense Yamamoto in Journ. Soc. Trop. Agric. Form. 3: 236. l931; Marginaria transpianensis (Yamamoto) H. Ito in Journ. Jap. Bot. 11: 1935; Polypodiodes transpianensis (Yamamoto) Saiki in Journ. Phytogeogr. Tax. 35: 80. l987; Polypodium bodinieri Christ in Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. 1902: 203. 1902; Polypodium silvestrii Christ in Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. 1909: l77. l909; Polypodium longkyense Rosenst. in Feddes Repert. Sp. Nov. 13: 134. 1914.

    Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 5 mm in diam., gray-green, sparsely covered with whitish blooms and scales; scales narrowly lanceolate, fusco-brown, ovate at base, acuminate at apex, denticulate atmargin. Stipes 5-15 cm long, stramineous, pubescent. Laminae oblong-lanceolate, 30-40 x 10-13cm, pinnatipartite, cordate at base, pinnatilobate-acuminate at apex. Segments 15-25 pairs, 3-5 x 0.5-1cm, linear-oblong, acute or obtuse at apex, entire at margin, the lowest ones often subfree, slightly shorten and deflexed. Veins anastomosing to form one row of areoles in each side of rachis and each side of costa, veinlets invisible. Texture herbaceous, gray-green, pubescent on both surfaces or more densely on beneath with short, whitish, 2-3 celled, soft hairs. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, borne on terminal of included veinlets in costal areoles, nearer to the costa than to the margin.

   Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 300-1600m. Taiwan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang, Gansu and Shanxi. [Japan, Veitnam, NE India].

4. Polypodiodes wattii (Bedd. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 27. l978

光茎水龙骨guang jing shui long gu

Polypodium niponicum Mett. var. wattii Bedd. in Journ. Bot. 26: 235. 1888; Goniophlebium niponicum (Mett. ) Bedd. var. wattii (Bedd. ) Bedd., Handb. Suppl. 90. 1892; Polypodium wattii (Bedd. ) Tagawa in Journ. Jap. Bot. 22: 163. 1949; Polypodium niponicum Mett. var. laevipes Franch. ex Christ in Bull. Soc. France 52. Mem. 1: 13. 1905; Polypodiodes niponica (Mett. ) Ching var. wattii (Bedd. )W. M. Chu et S. G. Lu in Acta Bot. Yunnan 1992, Suppl. 5: 58. 1992.

    Rhizome fleshy, long-creeping, 5-7 mm in diam., covered with whitish blooms, scales only present on the growing tip or at the base of stipes; scales lanceolate, fusco-brown, acuminate at apex, minutely serrate at margin. Stipes 5-15 cm long, dark stramineous, pubescent. Laminae oblong, 20-30 x  8-10 cm, pinnatipartite, wings of rachis ca. 5 mm in each side, truncate to cordate at base, caudate at apex. Segments 15-20 pairs, 4-5 x 1.2-1.4 cm, obtuse at apex, entire at margin, the lowest ones subpatent to slightly deflexed. Veins anastomosing to form 2-3 rows of areoles on each side of costa and to form one row of areoles on each side of the rachis, the costal areoles included free veinlets. Texture herbaceous, yellowish green or gray-green, pubescent with whitish short hairy on both surfaces or more densely on underside. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, borne on the terminal of included veinlets, slightly close to midrib.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 1300-3000m. Yunnan, Sichuan and Xizang. [Veitnam, Upper Burma, NE. India and Sikkim].

5. Polypodiodes bourretii (C. Chr. et Tard. ) W. M. Chu apud P. S. Wang in Guizhou Sci. 2: 12. 1985.

滇越水龙骨dian yue shui long gu

Polypodium bourretii C. Chr. et Tard. in Not. Syst. 8: 183. 1939; Polypodium wangii Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. ser. 2. 1: 307. 1949.

    Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 4 mm diam., densely covered with scales; scales linear-subulate, light brown , clathrate, ca. 10 mm long, upper part acuminate with entire margin, hairy-like at apex, broad at base with minutely serrate at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 10-15 cm long, slender, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae oblong-lanceolate, 20-40 x 8-14 cm, pinnatipartite, pinnatifid-acuminate at apex, cordate and slightly narrowed at base. Segments 20-30 pairs, linear-lanceolate, 4-7 cm x 6-8 mm, acute at apex, remotely incised at margin, base broad and connected by narrow wings along the midrib, the basal pair subdeflexed and slightly shorter than upper next pairs. Veins anastomosing to form one row areoles on each side of costa and of rachis. Texture herbaceous, grayish green, under side densely pubescent with shorted hairs, upper side sparsely clothed in long, appressed, septate, whitish hairs. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, close to the costa.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 600-1500m. SE. Yunnan and S. Guizhou. [Vietnam].

6. Polypodiodes microrhizoma (Clarke ex Bak. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 27. 1978.

栗柄水龙骨li bing shui long gu

Polypodium microrhizoma Clarke ex Bak. in Hook. et Bak., Syn. Fil. ed. 2. 511. 1874; Goniophlebium microrhizoma (Clarke ex Bak. ) Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. Suppl. 21. pl. 384. 1876; Polypodium taliense Christ in Bull. Soc. Bot. France Mem. 1: 13. 1905; Polypodium deorsipinnatum Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 38: 152. 1929; Polypodium fieldingianum Kunze ex Mett., Farngatt. Polypod. 75. 1857; Goniophlebium fieldingianum (Kunze ex Mett. ) Moore, Ind. Fil. 389. 1862; Polypodium atkinsonii auct. non C. Chr.: DeVol et Kuo in H. L. Li, Fl. Taiwan 1: 202. 1975; Polypodium microrhizoma Clarke ex Bak. var. xerophyticum Mehra in Panjab. Univ. Bot. Publ. 7: 22. 1939.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 2-3 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales ovate-lanceolate, fusco-brown, broad at base, peltate, acuminate at apex, denticulate at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 8-12 cm long, slender, glabrous, stramineous at base, shining castaneous on the lower side and so is the rachis. Laminae lanceolate, 20-30 x 5-8 cm, deeply pinnatifid or pinnatisect at lower portion, base slightly shortened, apex pinnatilobate-acuminate. Segments/pinnae 15-30 pairs, patent, lanceolate, 4-5 cm x 6-8 mm, acute or obtuse at apex, distantly inciso-serrate at margin, base connected by a narrowly wing along the rachis, basal ones not or very slightly deflexed, a little shorter than the next above. Veins visible, anastomosing to form one row areoles at each side of costa , each containing a simple included veinlet, areoleless at both sides of rachis. Texture thinly papyraceous or membranaceous, green, glabrous on both surfaces, rachis stramineous and grooved on upper surface, castaneous beneath, glabrous, nearly wingless in the lowest portion. Sori round or oblong, borne on terminal of the included veinlets, in one row on each side of costa, medial, more or less immersed.

    Terrestrial under forest or epiphytic on tree-trunks, 2300-3300m.Yunnan, Sichuan, Xizang and Taiwan. [Northern Thailand, Upper Burma, N. India , Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal and Kashmir].

7. Polypodiodes lachnopus (Wall. ex Hook. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. l6(4): 27. l978.

濑水龙骨lai shui long gu

Polypodium lachnopum Wall.ex Hook., Ic. Pl. t. 952. 1854; Goniophlebium lachnopum (Wall. ex Hook. ) J. Sm. in Hook., Gen. Fil. ad. t. 51. 1840; Schellolepis lachnopa (Wall. ex Hook. ) J. Sm., Hist. Fil. 93. 1875; Polypodium yunnanense Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 869. 1898 (non Franchet, 1885); Polypodium lachnopum Wall. ex Hook. var. xerophyticum Mehra in Panjab. Univ. Bot. Publ. 7: 22. 1939.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 5-6mm in diam, densely covered scales; scales broad and brown at base, with ciliate at margin, upper part black, subulate, entire at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 5-8 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae linear-lanceolate, 40-60 x 5-7 cm, pinnatipartite, cordate at base, acuminate at apex. Segments 40-50 pairs, laceolate, 2-3 cm x 5-7 mm, acute or obtuse at apex, toothed at margin, tha basal one or two pairs slightly shortened and deflexed. Veins reticulate to form one row narrowly areoles along each side of rachis and to form one row largely areoles along each side of costa, each areole containing a simple included veinlet, the other veins free. Texture papyraceous or herbaceous, green, glabrous or subglabrous except rachis covered with hairs, sparsely scaly on undersurface. Sori round, borne on the terminal of the included veinlets, in one row on each side of costa, medial.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks, 1700-2000 m. Xizang, Yunnan, Sichuan. [NE. India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal and Kashmir].

8. Polypodiodes pseudolachnopus S. G. Lu in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37(3): 294. l999.

假毛柄水龙骨jia mao bing shui long gu

Polypodium lachnopum auct. non Wall. ex Hook.: Ching, Ic. Fil. Sin. 2: ad pl. 95. 1934; Shing in W. T. Wang, Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mt. 1: 161. 1993.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 5-6 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales lanceolate, brown, acuminate at apex, peltate at base, irregularly denticulate at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 10-15 cm long, sparsely pubescent, stramineous. Laminae linear-lanceolate, 40-50(-70) x 6-8 cm, pinnatipartite, cordate at base, acuminate at apex. Segments 40-60 pairs, lanceolate, 4-5 cm x 5-10 mm, acute or obtuse at apex, toothed at margin. Veins anastomosing to form one row narrowly areoles along each side of rachis and to form one row largely areoles along each side of costa, in each costal areole containing a simple included veinlet. Texture papyraceous, green, pubescent on both surfaces and scaly beneath, rachis stramineous, hairy more densely. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, slightly close to the costa.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 1800-3000 m. Yunnan, Sichuan, Xizang. [Endemic to China].

9. Polypodiodes subamoena (Clarke) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 27. 1978.

假友水龙骨jia you shui long gu

Polypodium subamoenum Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2. 1: 550. pl. 82. f. 2. 1880; Goniophlebium subamoenum (Clarke) Bedd., Handb. 317. 1883.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 2-3 mm in diam., densely covered scales; scales ovate-lanceolate, brown or dark-brown, broad at base, peltate, acuminate at apex, entire at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 5-10 cm long, stramineus, glabrous. Laminae ovate-lanceolate, 15-20 x 5-8 cm, pinnatipartite, cordate at base, caudate at apex. Segments 10-15(-20) pairs, linear, 3-4 cm x 8-10 mm, obtuse or acute at apex, duplicato-serrate at margin, the lowest pairs shortened and deflexed. Veins visible, anastomosing to form one row areols along rachis and to form 1-2 rows of areoles on each side of costa, the costal areoles containing a simple included veinlet. Texture herbaceous, green, glabrous on upper surface, scaly on underside. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, borne on the terminal of the included veinlets, close to the costa.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 2400-3300 m. Yunnan and Xizang. [Nepal and Sikkim].

10. Polypodiodes hendersonii (Bedd. ) S. G. Lu in Acta Bot. Yunn. 21(1): 24. 1999.

喜马拉雅水龙骨xi ma la ya shui long gu

Goniophlebium hendersonii Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. Suppl. 21. pl. 383. 1876; Polypodium hendersonii Atkinson ex Bak. in Hook. et Bak., Syn. Fil. 511. 1874(non Lowe, 1858); Polypodium atkinsonii C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 511. 1906; Polypodiodes atkinsonii (C.Chr.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 27. 1978 (nom. illeg., ICBN art. 72).

    Rhizome long-creeping, 3-4 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales linear-lanceolate, black, broad at base, peltate, toothed at margin, hairy-like at apex. Fronds remote. Stipes 8-12 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae lanceolate, 20-25 x 5-8 cm, pinnatipartite or pinnatisect at lower portion, cordate at base, acuminate at apex. Segments 20-25 pairs, lanceolate, 3-4 x 1 cm, acuminate at apex, serrate at margin, patent or oblique at upper portion, the lowest pair deflexed. Veins visible, anastomosing to form one row areoles along rachis and costa, the costal areoles containing a simple included veinlet. Texture papyraceous, green, glabrous on upper surface, scaly on lower surface. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, borne on the terminal of the included veinlets, medial.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 2000-3300 m. Xizang. [Nepal and Sikkim].

11. Polypodiodes chinensis (Christ) S. G. Lu in Acta Bot. Yunn. 21(1): 24. 1999.

中华水龙骨zhong hua shui long gu

Polypodium subamoenum Clarke var. chinense Christ in Nuov. Giom. Bot. Ital. 4: 99. 1897; Polypodium amoenum Wall. ex Mett. var. chinense (Christ) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 45. 1933; Polypodium subamoenum Chist in Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1901: 293. 1901; Polypodium pseudo-amoenum Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 45. 1933 (nom.illeg.); Polypodiodes pseudo-amoena (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 27. 1978 (nom. illeg.); Polypodium pseudoamoenum Ching var. pilosum Ching in Fl. Tsinling 2: 177. 231. 1974.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 2-3 mm in diam., densely covered with scales; scales ovate-lanceolate, black, acuminate at apex, sparsely toothed at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 10-20 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae ovate-lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 15-25 x 7-10 cm, pinnatipartite  or pinnatisect at lower portion, cordate at base, caudate at apex. Segments 15-25 pairs, linear-lanceolate, 3-5 cm x 5-7 mm, acuminate at apex, serrate at margin, the basal pairs slightly shortened and deflexed. Veins reticulate, costa visible, stramineous, veinlets invisible. Texture herbaceous, subglabrous on both surfaces, scaly beneath. Sori small, round, borne on the terminal of the included veinlets, close to the costa.

    Epiphytic on rocks or on tree-trunks, 900-2800 m. Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Taiwan. [Endemic to China].

12. Polypodiodes amoena (Wall. ex Mett. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 27. 1978.

友水龙骨you shui long gu

Polypodium amoenum Wall.ex Mett., Farngatt. Polypod. 80. 131. 1857; Goniophlebium amoenum (Wall. ex Mett. ) Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. 1: ad pl. 5. 1866; Polypodium arisanense Hayata, Ic. Pl. Formos. 4: 243. f. 170. 1914; Polypodium valdealatum Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 4. 1899; Polypodium amoenum Wall. ex Mett. var. latedetoideum Christ in Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. 1907: 1421. 1907; Polypodium aureum Don, Prod. Fl. Nepal. 3. 1825 (non Linn., 1753); Polypodium bonatianum Brause in Hedwigia 54: 207. pl. 3. f. 1. 1914; Polypodium yunnanense Francht in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 32: 29. 1885; Goniophlebium yunnanense (Franch.) Bedd., Handb. Suppl. 88. 1892.

12a. var. amoena

友水龙骨you shui long gu（原变种）

Rhizome long-creeping, 5-7 mm diam., densely covered with scales; scales lanceolate, dark-brown, broad at base, peltate, acuminate at apex, denticulate at margin. Fronds Stipes 30-40 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae ovate-lanceolate, 40-50 x 20-25 cm, pinnatipartite, slightly shortened at base, acuminate at apex. Segments 20-25 pairs, lanceolate, 10-13 x 1.5-2 cm, acuminate at apex, serrate at margin, basal 1-2 pairs deflexed. Veins visible, anastomosing to form one row narrowly areoles along rachis and to form 1-2 rows areoles along each side of costa, each costal areoles containing a simple veinlets. Texture thick papyraceous, green, glabrous on both surfaces, scaly beneath. Sori round, one row at each side of costa, borne on the terminal of the included veinlets, medial.

    Epiphytic on rocks or on tree-trunks, 1000-2500 m.Yunnan, Xizang, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shanxi and Taiwan. [Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Burma, India, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan].

12b. var. duclouxi (Christ) Ching in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 6(2): 25. 2000.

红秆水龙骨hong gan shui long gu（变种）

Polypodium duclouxi Christ apud Lecomte in Not. Syst. 1: 34. 1909; Polypodium amoenum Wall. ex Mett. var. duclouxi (Christ) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 46. 1933.

    Differ from var. amoena in having castaneous stipes and usualy beneath the costa, laminae narrowly lanceolate, basal segments patent, veinlets slender invisible.

    Epiphytic on rocks or on tree-trunks, 2000-2500 m. Yunnan and Sichuan. [Endemic to China].

12c. var. pilosa (Clarke) Ching in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 294. 1983

柔毛水龙骨rou mao shui long gu（变种）

Polypodium amoenum Wall. ex Mett. var. pilosum Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. 24: 417. 1888; Polypodium amoenum Wall. ex Mett. var. pilosum Rosenst. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 13: 134. 1914.

Differ from var. amoena in having hairy on both surfaces or at lest pubescent on rachis and costa.

    Epiphytic on rocks or on tree-trunks, 1500-2500 m. Yunnan, Sichuan, Xizang, Guizhou, Hubei and Zhejiang. [NE. India, Nepal and Sikkim].

POLYPODIACEAE SUBFAM. CRYPSINOIDEAE Nayar

Lu Shugang（陆树刚）

About 7 genera and 110 species: mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, fewer species in temperate regions. 5 genera and 70 species in China.

Lu Shugang. 2000. Polypodiaceae Subfam.Crypsinoideae Nayar. In Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 6(2): 7-31.

1a. Sori round or elongate.

2a. Fronds pinnate with pinnae jointed to rachis-------------------------------------1. Arthromeris

2b. Fronds simple without pinnae jointed to rachis.

3a. Rhizome fleshy; scales distinctly clathrate, brown, dark brown or nearly black------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Phymatosorus

3b. Rhizome woody; scales not clathrate throughout, brown, dark brown, glaucous or whitish

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Phymatopteris

1b. Sori lines or scattered on the under surface of lamina (sporangia with acrostichoid disposition).

4a. Fronds simple, monomorphic or slightly dimorphic; sori lines--------------------4. Selliguea

4b. Fronds trilobate or pinnatifid, dimorphic; sori covering the whole lower surface of fertile

 fronds-----------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Christiopteris

1. ARTHROMERIS (Moore) J. Sm., Hist. Fil. 110. 1875

节肢蕨属jie zhi jue shu

    Epiphytic or terrestrial, medium-sized ferns. Rhizome long-creeping, densely scaly or covered with whitish bloom and sparsely scales; scales peltate, lanceolate-attenuate, entire to shallowly toothed or ciliate at margin, whitish, brown or black. Fronds remote, monomorphic, articulate to rhizome on short scaly phyllopodes. Stipes stramineous or brown, glabrous or pubescent. Laminae imparipinnate or simple. Lateral pinnae articulate to rachis, usually oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, entire and cartilaginous at margin. Veins reticulate to form irregularly areoles, lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure, areoles with simple or forked included veinlets. Texture herbaceous or coriaceous, glabrous  or pubescent, rare scaly on underside. Sori round, in one regularly row on each side of costa or scattered on the lower surface of pinnae, naked, superficial, without paraphyses. Sporangia with long  stalks, annulus with 14-16 indurate celled. Spores brown, ellipsoidal, surfaces verrucate with often constricted, acuminate or echinate elements. x=12, n=36.

    About 20 species, distributed in tropic and subtropic Asia. 15 species, 2 varieties and 2 forms in China.

1a. Sori large, solitary between adjacent lateral veins, thus arranging in one row on either side of

costa.

  2a. Lateral pinnae with distinct stalks ----------------------------------------------- 1. A. tenuicauda

  2b. Lateral pinnae sessile, adnate at base.

    3a.Scales brown, lanceolate,acuminate at apex.

      4a. Sori rounded, solitary ------------------------------------------------------- 2. A. wallichiana

      4b. Sori elliptic or two adnate together -----------------------------------------3. A. intermedia

    3b. Scales brown, dark brown or black, broad at base, subulate at apex.

      5a. Rhizome densely scaly throughout; scales brown, narrowly subulate with long tails;

         terrestrial ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. A. tatsienensis

      5b. Rhizome covered with whitish bloom and sparsely scales; scales dark brown to black,

         rounded at peltate base, subulate at upper part; epiphytic -----------------------------------

         ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. A. nigropaleacea

1b. Sori smalle, more than two between adjacent lateral veins, thus scattered on either side of costa.

  6a. Rhizome 3-6 mm in diam.; fronds glabrous or pubescent .

    7a. Pinnae ovate with broadly cartilaginous membrane at margin.

      8a. Rhizome covered with whitish bloom and sparsely scales; scales brown.

        9a. Lamina pubescent on both surfaces ------------ 6a. A. himalayensis var. himalayensis

        9b. Lamina tomentose on lower surfce and glabrous on upper surface ---------------------

           ----------------------------------------------------6b. A. himalayensis var. niphoboloides

      8b. Rhizome densely covered with scales; scales whitish; fronds tomentose on lower surface

and glabrous on upper surface ------------------------------------------------ 7. A. tomentosa

    7b. Pinnae lanceolate with narrowly cartilaginous membrane at margin.

      10a. Pinnae caudate at apex.

       11a. Lamina glabrous on both surfaces--------------------------8a. A. elegans form. elegans

       11b. Lamina densely pubescent on lower surface and glabrous on upper surface------------

          ------------------------------------------------------------8b. A. elegans form. pianmaensis

      10b. Pinnae acuminate at apex.

       12a. Lamina glabrous on both surfaces; terrestrial ------------------------------- 9. A. mairei

       12b. Lamina more or less pubescent; epiphytic.

         13a. Scales broad at base, subulate at apex; lamina sparsely pubescent or subglabrous

           -------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. A. lehmanni

         13b. Scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex; lamina densely pubescent on both

surfaces---------------------------------------------------------------11. A. lungtauensis

  6b. Rhizome 10-12 mm in diam.; fronds usually covered with whitish bloom on lower surface .

    14a. Lateral pinnae adnate at bases ------------------------------------------------ 12. A. wardii

    14b. Lateral pinnae with stalks.

      15a. Lateral pinnae opposite ------------------------------------------------ 13. A. medogensis

      15b. Lateral pinnae alternate.

         16a. Lamina with glandular hairs on underside ----------------------------14. A. caudata

         16b. Lamina without glandular hairs ------------------------------------ 15. A. salicifolia

1. Arthromeris tenuicauda (Hook. ) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 91. 1933.

狭羽节肢蕨xia yu jie zhi jue

Polypodium tenuicauda Hook., Sp. Fil. 5: 90. 1863; Polypodium wallichianum Spreng. var. tenuicaudum (Hook. ) Hook., Syn. Fil. 368. 1867; Pleopeltis juglandifolia (Don) Moore var. tenuicauda (Hook.) Bedd., Handb. 370. 1883; Arthromeris notabilis Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 11(2): 72. 1941.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 6-8 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales lanceolate, brown, acuminate at apex, ciliate at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 15-25 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, 35-45 x 15-25 cm. Lateral pinnae 8-12 pairs, subopposite, oblique, ovate-lanceolate, 15-25 x 2-4 cm, long-acuminate at apex, cuneate and stalked at base, entire at margin. Veins anastomosing to form areoles with many included veinlets. Texture herbaceous, glabrous on  both surfaces. Lamina usually fertile at upper part, fertile pinnae usually a little contracted. Sori round, in a single row at each side of costa, medial or a little near to costa, superficial.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 1200-2800 m. Yunnan and Xizang. [Upper Burma and NE. India].

2. Arthromeris wallichiana (Spreng. ) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 92. 1933.

单行节肢蕨dan hang jie zhi jue

Polypodium wallichianum Spreng. in Linn. Syst. Veget. 16 ed. 4: 53. 1827; Polypodium juglandifolium Don, Fl. Nepal. 3. 1825; Pleopeltis juglandifolia (Don) Moore, Ind. Fil. 77. 1857; Polypodium capitellatum Wall. ex Mett., Polyp. 229. 1857; Pleopeltis capitellata (Wall. ex Mett. ) Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. 12. pl. 12. 1865; Arthromeris juglandifolia (Don) J. Sm., Hist. 3. 1875.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 1-1.5 cm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales lanceolate, brown, 1-1.5 cm x 2-3mm, acuminate at apex, sparsely toothed at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 15-30 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, oblong, 40-70 x 30-40 cm. Lateral pinnae usually 5-10 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 10-20 x 2-4 cm, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, sessile, adnate to rachis, entire or undulate at margin. Veins anastomosing to form areoles with many included veinlets, lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Texture herbaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori large, round, in one row on each side of costa, medial or a little near to costa. Spores with verrucate on surface.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 1500-2500 m. Yunnan, Xizang, Sichuan and Guizhou. [N. Vietnam, Upper Burma, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and N. India].

3. Arthromeris intermedia Ching in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 331. 1983.

中间节肢蕨zhong jian jie zhi jue

    Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 1 cm in diam., densely scaly; scales lanceolate, brown, 1cm long, acuminate at apex, entire at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes ca. 20 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, oblong or broad-lanceolate, 30-40 x 20-25 cm. Lateral pinnae 6-8 pairs, subopposite, ovate-lanceolate, 15-20 x 5-4 cm, fertile pinnae a little contracted, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, entire at margin. Veins anastomosing to form areoles with many included veinlets, lateral veinlets slender, obscure. Texture herbaceous, green on upper surface, pale or glaucous beneath, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori round or elliptic, in one row at each side of costa, medial, but usually two adnate together.

   Epiphytic on rocks, 2000 m. Xizang. [Endemic].

4. Arthromeris tatsienensis (Franch. et Bureau. ) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 93. 1933.

康定节肢蕨kang din jie zhi jue

Polypodium tatsienense Franch. et Bureau. apud Christ in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52: Mem. 1: 19. 1905.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 4-7 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, narrowly subulate with long tails, 6 x 1.2 mm, irregularly toothed at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 20-30 cm long, stramineous to castaneous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, oblong, 30-40 x 20-25 cm or simple, ovate-lanceolate. Lateral pinnae usually 3-8 pairs, rare 1-2 pairs, subopposite, oblique, ovate-lanceolate, 15-18 x 3-4 cm, caudately acute at apex, broadly cuneate to round or rarely subcordate at base, sessile, entire at margin with cartilaginous membranes, terminal pinna larger, usually narrowing from base to apex. Veins anastomosing to form areoles with many included veinlets. Texture herbaceous or subcoriaceous, green on upper surface, pale green or glaucous beneath, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori round, in one row at each side of costa, medial or a little near to costa, superficial.

    Terrestrial on dry slopes or on rocks, 1000-1600 m.Yunnan and Sichuan. [Nepal and N. Thailand].

5. Arthromeris nigropaleacea S. G. Lu in Indian Fern Journ. 14: 144. 1997.

黑鳞节肢蕨hei lin jie zhi jue

    Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 8 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom and sparsely scales; scales  stiff, broad at base, subulate upwards, straight, nearly black or black, ca. 10 mm long, irregularly toothed at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 20-25 cm long, dark stramineous or brown, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, oblong, 50-60 x 25-30 cm. Lateral pinnae 5-6 pairs, broad-lanceolate, 15-20   x 3-4 cm, round or subcordate at base, sessile, caudately acute at apex, entire with cartilaginous membranes at margin, terminal pinna stalked. Veins anastomosing to form areoles with included veinlets, lateral veins distinct, ca.30 pairs, veinlets obscure. Texture papyraceous or herbaceous,  green on upper surface, glaucous beneath, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori large, round, in one row at each side of costa, medial or a little close to costa.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks in evergreen broad-leaf forest, 1800 m. Xizang. [Endemic].

6. Arthromeris himalayensis (Hook. ) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 99. 1933.

琉璃节肢蕨liu li jie zhi jue

Polypodium himalayense Hook., Sp. Fil. 5: 91. 1864; Pleopeltis himalayensis (Hook. ) Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. 318. pl. 318. 1869; Polypodium venustum Wall. ex Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: Bot. 1: 565. 1880 (non Desv. 1811).

6a. Arthromeris himalayensis var. himalayensis

琉璃节肢蕨liu li jie zhi jue（原变种）

    Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 5 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom and sparsely scales; scales ca.4 mm long, brown, broad at base, ciliate at margin, subulate at apex. Fronds remote. Stipes 10-20 cm long, stramineous or dark stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, 20-40 x 10-20 cm, or simple, ovate-lanceolate. Lateral pinnae 1-4 pairs, sessile, articulated to rachis, opposite, far apart, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 10-15 x 3-4 cm, caudate at apex, rounded or subcordate at base, margin entire with broad cartilaginous membranes. Veins anastomosing to form areoles with many included veinlets, lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Texture herbaceous, pubescent on both surfaces. Sori large, round, scattered on either side of costa on underside of pinnae.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks, 1700-2800m. Yunnan, Xizang and Sichuan. [Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, NE. India and Upper Burma].

6b. Arthromeris himalayensis var. niphoboloides (C. B. Clarke) S. G. Lu in Acta Bot. Yunn. 20(4): 405. 1998.

灰茎节肢蕨hui jing jie zhi jue（变种）

Polypodium venustum Wall. ex Clarke var. niphoboloides C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. II. Bot. 1: 1880.

    Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 5 mm in diam., covered with whitish bloom and sparsely scales; scales brown, narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, toothed at margin. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome. Stipes 5-15 cm long, dark stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, 15-25 x 10-15 cm, or simple, ovate-lanceolate. Lateral pinnae 1-2 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 8-12 x 4-5 cm, caudate at apex, round at base, sessile, articulate to rachis, margin entire with broad cartilaginous membranes. Veins reticulate, visible on upper surface, invisible on lower surface. Texture herbaceous or papyraceous, glabrous on upper surface, tomentose on underside. Sori scattered on the lower surface of the pinnae, buried in the tomentum, hardly visible.

    Epiphytic on rocks, 2000-2600 m. Yunnan. [Bhutan].

7. Arthromeris tomentosa W. M. Chu in Acta Bot. Yunnan. Suppl. V: 53. f. 34. 1992.

厚毛节肢蕨hou mao jie zhi jue

    Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 4 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales lanceolate, 6-7 mm long, broad at base, brown in the centre, pale or whitish on margins, acuminate with a long tail at  apex, toothed at margin. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome. Stipes 15-20 cm long, dark stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, 20-30 x 10-15 cm, or simple, ovate to oblong. Lateral pinnae usually 1-2 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 10-12 x 3-4 cm, round or cordate at base, sessile, overlaping the rachis, margin entire with cartilaginous membranes, caudately acute or rarely laciniate at apex. Veins distinct on upper surface, obscure beneath, veinlets obscure on both surfaces. Texture herbaceous, glabrous on upper surface, tomentose on lower surface. Sori scattered on the lower surface of pinnae, buried in the tomentum.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks, 2630 m. Yunnan. [Endemic.]

8. Arthromeris elegans Ching in Sunyatsenia 6: 8. 1941

美丽节肢蕨mei li jie zhi jue（原变型）

8a. Arthromeris elegans form. elegans

美丽节肢蕨mei li jie zhi jue

    Rhizome long-creeping, 4-5 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales ovate-lanceolate, 8-10 mm long, broad at base, acuminate at apex, toothed at margin, brown on centre, pale or whitish on margins. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome. Stipes 15-25 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, 25-35 x 15-20 cm. Lateral pinnae 5-8 pairs, lanceolate, 12-15 x 1.5-2 cm, long caudate at apex, round or cordate at base, sessile, margin entire with cartilaginous membranes. Veins reticulate, lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Texture herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori scattered on lower surface of pinnae, close to costa.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks, 2000-2600 m. Yunnan. [Upper Burma].

8b. Arthromeris elegans form. pianmaensis S. G. Lu in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 20(4): 406. 1998.

片马节肢蕨pian ma jie zhi jue（变型）

    Rhizome long-creeping, 5-6 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales lanceolate, 8-12 mm long, brown on centre, pale or whitish on margins, acuminate at apex, ciliate at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 15-20 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, 25-35 x 15-20 cm. Lateral pinnae 6-8 pairs, lanceolate, 12-16 x 1.6-2 cm, long caudate at apex, round or cordate at base, sessile, margin entire with cartilaginous membranes. Veins reticulate, lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Texture herbaceous, glabrous on upper surface, pubescent on lower surface. Sori scattered on lower surface of pinnae, close to costa.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks, 2100-2300 m. Yunnan. [Endemic].

9. Arthromeris mairei (Brause) Ching in Sunyatsenia 6(1): 5. 1941.

多羽节肢蕨duo yu jie zhi jue

Polypodium mairei Brause in Hedwigia 54: 208. pl. 4. f. m. 1914; Polypodium lehmanni (Mett.) Ching var. mairei (Brause) C. Chr. in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 333. 1931; Arthromeris tsayuensis Ching et Y. X. Ling in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22(5): 405. 1984; Arthromeris lehmanni (Mett. ) Ching var. auriculata Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 97. 1933.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 5-6 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales ovate-lanceolate, light brown or glaucous, acuminate at apex, ciliate at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 15-25 cm long, stramineous or castaneous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, ovate-lanceolate, 30-50 x 15-25 cm. Lateral pinnae 8-12 pairs, ascending, ovate-lanceolate, 10-15 x 2-3 cm, acuminate at apex, entire or undulate at margin, round at base, sessile. Veins reticulate, lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure, Texture herbaceous, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori irregularly scattered on lower surface of pinnae. Spores with echinate or verrucate on surface.

    Terrestrial on slopes in forests, 1000-2700 m.Yunnan, Xizang, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hubei, Shanxi and Jiangxi. [Burma and N. India].

10. Arthromeris lehmanni (Mett. ) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 96. 1933.

节肢蕨jie zhi jue

Polypodium lehmanni Mett. in Fargatt., Polyp. 117. pl. 3. f. 35. 1857; Pleopeltis lehmanni (Mett. ) Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. 260. t. 260. 1868; Polypodium pinnatum Hayata, Mat. Fl. Form. 447. 1911; Arthromeris pinnata (Hayata) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 95. 1933; Polypodium quqsipinnatum Hayata, Mat. Fl. Formos. 447. 1911; Arthromeris tibetana Ching in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 333. pl. 84. 1-6. 1983; Arthromeris tibetana Ching var. glabrescens Ching et S. K. Wu in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 334. 1983.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 4-5 mm in diam., densely or sparsely scaly and covered with whitish bloom; scales broad at peltate base, subulate or with a long tails at apex, 4-6 mm long including tails, brown on center, paler towards margin, minutely toothed at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 10-20 cm long, stramineous or light castaneous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, oblong, 30-40 x 15-20 cm. Lateral pinnae usually 5-8 pairs, subopposite, patent or slightly ascending, straight, lanceolate, acuminate at apex, round or subcordate at base, sessile, overlaping the rachis, entire undulate at margin with cartilaginous membrane, terminal pinna same as the lateral pinnae. Rachis stramineous, glabrous. Veins reticulate with included veinlets, lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Texture papyraceous or herbaceous, green, usually glabrous on both surfaces, rare sparsely pubescent on lower surface. Sori round or elliptic, irregularly scattered on lower surface of pinnae. Spores with sparsely echinate and verrucate on surface.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 1000-2900 m. Yunnan, Xizang, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Taiwan. [Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, N. India, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China to Philippines].

11. Arthromeris lungtauensis Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 98. 1933.

龙头节肢蕨long tou jie zhi jue

Polypodium lungtauense (Ching) Ching apud C. Chr., Ind. Fil. Suppl. 3: 152. 1934; Polypodium himalayense auct., non Hook. 1864: Christ in Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. 1902: 218, 1902; Wu, Wang et Pong in Bull. Dept. Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 3: 306. pl. 144. 1932.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 4-5 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales ovate-lanceolate, dark brown on centre, paler towards margin, acuminate at apex, toothed at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 10-20 cm long, dark stramineous or light castaneous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, oblong or deltoid-lanceolate, 30-40 x 25-30 cm. Lateral pinnae 5-7 pairs, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 10-12 x 2-3 cm, acuminate at apex, margin entire with cartilaginous membrane, round or cordate at base, sessile. Rachis and costa stramineous, pubescent. Veins reticulate with included veinlets, lateral veins distinct, veinlets obscure. Texture chartaceous, pubescent on both surfaces. Sori irregularly scattered on lower surface of pinnae.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks or on rocks, 500-2500 m. Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi. [Nepal, Vietnam and Laos].

12. Arthromeris wardii (Clarke) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 94. 1933.

灰背节肢蕨hui bei jie zhi jue

Polypodium wardii Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 25: 99. t. 43. 1889; Pleopeltis wardii (Clarke) Bedd., Handb. Suppl. 98. 1892; Arthromeris longipinna Ching et Y. X. Ling in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22(5): 405. pl. 3. f. 3. 1984.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 10-12 mm in diam., densely scaly throughout; scales narrowly lanceolate, 6-10 mm long, brown, ovate at peltate base, acuminate at apex, subentire at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 30-40 cm long, stramineous or dark stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, ovate-lanceolate, 40-80(120) x 30-50 cm. Lateral pinnae usually 5-8 pairs, rare up to 16 pairs, subopposite, ovate-lanceolate, patent or ascending, 15-20(30) x 4-6(8) cm, caudate at apex, round or truncate at base, sessile, entire at margin with cartilaginous membrane. Veins anastomosing to form areoles with included veinlets, distinct. Texture chartaceous, green on upper surface, usually glaucous on lower surface, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori large, irregularly scattered on lower surface of pinnae.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks, 1800-2500 m. Yunnan and Xizang. [Burma, N. India, Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim].

13. Arthromeris medogensis Ching et Y. X. Ling in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22(5): 403. pl. 2. f. 4. 1984.

墨脱节肢蕨mo tuo jie zhi jue

    Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 6 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, ovate at base, subulate at apex, ciliate at mrgin. Fronds remote. Stipes 20-30 cm long, stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, 20-30 x 14-16 cm. Lateral pinnae usually 2-3 pairs, opposite, ascending, ovate or oblong, 11-13 x 3-4 cm, caudate at apex, cuneate at base, with short stalks, margin entire with cartilaginous membrane. Veins reticulate with included veinlets, lateral veins distinct, raised on both surfaces. Texture chartaceous, green on upper surface, glaucous beneath, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori rounded, irregularly scattered on lower surface of pinnae.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks, 1600 m. Xizang. [Endemic].

14. Arthromeris caudata Ching et Y. X. Ling in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22(5): 406. pl. 3. f. 4. 1984.

尾状节肢蕨wei zhuang jie zhi jue

    Rhizome long-creeping, ca. 10 mm in diam., densely scaly; scales brown, broad at peltate base, subulate at apex, ciliate at margin. Stipes 25-35 cm long, stramineous at base, castaneous at upper part, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, 50-60 x 20-25 cm. Lateral pinnae usually 6-8 pairs, alternate, ascending, oblong-lanceolate, 18-22 x 4-5 cm, caudate at apex, cuneate at base, with stalks, margin entire with cartilaginous membranes. Veins reticulate with included veinlets, distinct on both surfaces. Texture chartaceous, green on upper surface, glaucous on lower surface with sparsely glandular hairs. Sori round, irregularly scattered on lower surface of pinnae.

    In the evergreen broad-leaf forest, 1530 m. Xizang. [Endemic].

15. Arthromeris salicifolia Ching et Y. X. Ling in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22(5): 404. pl. 3. f. 1. 1984.

柳叶节肢蕨liu ye jie zhi jue

    Rhizome long-creeping,ca.10 mm diam.,densely scaly;scales brown,5-7 mm long,ovate at base, subulate at upper part, short ciliate at margin. Stipes 25-30 cm long, ca. 3 mm in diam., dark stramineous, glabrous. Laminae imparipinnate, 40-50 x 15-20 cm. Lateral pinnae usually 5-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, alternate, ascending, 15-20 x 3-5 cm, long caudate at apex, cuneate at base, with short stalks, margin entire with cartilaginous membranes. Veins reticulate, distinct on both surfaces. Texture chartaceous, dark green on upper surface, light green or glaucous beneath. Sori round, irregularly scattered on lower surface of pinnae.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks, 1600-1900 m. Xizang. [Endemic].

2. PHYMATOSORUS Pichi Serm. in Webbia 28(2): 457. 1973

瘤蕨属liu jue shu

Phymatodes Presl, Tent. Pterid. 195. 1836 (nom. illegit. ); Phymatodes sect. Euphymatodes Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 56. 1933.

    Epiphytic or terrestrial. Rhizome long-creeping, fleshy, densely scaly or sparsely scaly; scales round, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, brown, dark brown or nearly black, usually thin, peltate, distinctly clathrate. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome at base. Stipes usually stramineous, scaly at base, glabrous further up. Laminae deeply pinnatipartite or pinnate, rare simple, margin entire. Lobes broad-lanceolate, acuminate or obtuse at apex. Veins anastomosing to form areoles with simple or forked included veinlets. Texture herbaceous or coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori round or oblong, in one row on each side of midrib or irregularly scattered on either side of midrib, superficial or immersed on lower surface and raised on upper surface, without paraphyses. Spores yellow, ellipsoidal, with  shallowly and coarsely rugose on surfaces. N = 36, 37; 2n = 72, 74.

    About 13 species, distributed in the Old World tropical and as a neophyte in tropical America. 6 species in China.

1a. Lamina pinnate; pinnae with distinct stalks --------------------------------------- 1. P. cuspidatus

1b. Lamina simple, pinnatipartite or pinnatisect; lateral pinnae/lobes adnate at base.

2a. Lamina simple, ovate; stipes slender (ca.1 mm in diam.)----------------------------2. P. lanceus

2b. Lamina pinnatipartite or pinnatisect.

3a. Lamina usually pinnately divided; lateral pinnae usually 20-30 (38) pairs -------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. P. longissimus

   3b. Lamina pinnately parted; lateral lobes usually 3-10 pairs.

4a. Texture papyraceous, dark green; veins distinctly on both surfaces-------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. P. membranifolius

    4b. Texture coriaceous, yellowish green; veins obscure on both surfaces.

5a. Rhizome 3-5 mm in diam.; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, toothed at

 margin; sori uniseriate or irregularly biseriate on each side of costa------------------

 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. P. scolopendria

5b. Rhizome 6-10 mm in diam.; scales rounded, margin entire; sori in one row on each

side of midrib --------------------------------------------------------- 6. P. hainanensis

1. Phymatosorus cuspidatus (D. Don ) Pichi Serm. in Love et Love, Cytotax. Atl. Pterid. 83. 1977.

光亮瘤蕨guang liang liu jue

Polypodium cuspidatum D. Don, Prod. Fl. Nepal. 2. 1825; Phymatodes cuspidata (D. Don) J. Sm., Cat. Cult. Ferns 10. 1857; Microsorium cuspidatum (D. Don) Tagawa in Hara, Fl. East. Himal. 495. 1966; Polypodium lucidum Roxb. in Calcut. Journ. Nat. Hist. 4: 486. 1844; Phymatodes lucida (Roxb. ) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 61. 1933; Phymatosorus lucidus (Roxb. ) Pic. Ser. in Webbia 28(2): 459. 1973; Microsorium lucidum (Roxb.) Copel., Gen. Fil. 196. 1947.

    Rhizome long-creeping, fleshy, 1-2 cm diam., pale green, sparsely scaly; scales circular, dark brown on centre, paler towards margin, peltate, entire, clathrate. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome. Stipes 30-50 cm long, stramineous, glabrous except scaly at base. Laminae imparipinnate, 30-50 x 20-25 cm. Lateral pinnae 8-15 pairs, more or less ascending, linear-lanceolate, 15-20(25) x 2-3.5 cm, acuminate at apex, entire at margin, cuneate at base, with 5-10 mm long stalks. Rachis like the stipes, costa raised, stramineous, veins anastomosing to form areoles with included veinlets, veinlets obscure. Texture herbaceous or coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, medial, nearly superficial. Spores with minutely spherical on surface.

    Epiphytic on dry rocks or on tree-trunks, 230-1600 m. Yunnan, Xizang, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan. [Veitnam, Laos, Burma, Thailand, India and Nepal].

2. Phymatosorus lanceus (Ching et C. H. Wang ) S. G. Lu in Guihaia 19(1): 28. 1999.

矛叶瘤蕨mao ye liu jue

Phymatodes lancea Ching et C. H. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8(2): 153. pl. 23. f. 29. 1959.

    Rhizome long-creeping, fleshy, 5-8 mm diam., dark brown, sparsely scaly; scales ovate, 2-2.5 mm long, peltate, clathrate, cordate at base, obtuse at apex. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome. Stipes 4.5-7cm long, 1 mm across, slender, brown. Laminae simple, oblong, 10-12 x 2-2.2 cm, obtuse at apex, entire  at margin, broad-cuneate at base. Costa raised on both surfaces, lateral veins slender, obscure, veinlets reticulate, obscure. Texture coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori round, in one row on each side of costa, immersed on lower surface and raised on upper surface.

    Epiphytic on tree-trunks. Hainan. [Endemic].

3. Phymatosorus longissimus (Bl. ) Pichi Serm. in Webbia 28(2): 459. 1973.

多羽瘤蕨duo yu liu jue

Polypodium longissimum Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. 127. 1828; Phymatodes longissima (Bl. ) J. Sm., Cat. Cult. Ferns 10. 1857; Pleopeltis longissima (Bl. ) Moore, Ind. Fil. 78. 1857; Colysis longissima (Bl. ) J. Sm., Hist. Fil. 101. 1875; Polypodium rubidum Kunze in Bot. Zeit. 1848: 117. 1848; Microsorium rubidum (Kunze) Copel., Gen. Fil. 197. 1947; Polypodium suisha-stagnale Hayata, Ic. Pl. Formos. 6: 160. 1916; Phymatosorus suisha-stagnalis (Hayata) Pichi Serm. in Webbia 28(2): 460. 1973.  

    Rhizome long-creeping, fleshy, ca. 8-10 mm in diam., covered with sparsely scaly and bearing phyllopodes remotely; scales ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm long, peltate, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, clathrate, irregularly toothed at margin. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome. Stipes 35-100 cm long, up to 10 mm across near base, stramineous, glabrous, with wings on upper portion. Laminae oblong, pinnately parted or pinnately divided at lower portion, 40-100(130) x 25-30(50) cm. Lateral pinnae/lobes 20-30(38) pairs, linear-lanceolate, ascending, usually 8-12 x 1-2.5 cm, acuminate or obtuse at apex, entire or crisped at margin, a little narrowing at base and decurrent to rachis. Veins reticulate with included veinlets, lateral veins and veinlets obscure. Texture herbaceous or coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori round to ellipsoidal, in one row on each side of midrib, a little near to midrib, immersed on lower surface and raised on upper surface.

    On rather wet place at low altitudes. Yunnan, Hainan, Hongkong and Taiwan. [Veitnam, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia , Japan and Polynesia].

4. Phymatosorus membranifolius (R. Br.) S. G. Lu Guihaia 19(1): 27. 1999.

显脉瘤蕨xian mai liu jue

Polypodium membranifolium R. Br. , Prodr. 147. 1810; Microsorum membranifolium (R. Br.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 10: 239. 1941; Polypodium nigrescens Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. 126. 1828; Phymatodes nigrescens (Bl. ) J. Sm., Ferns Br. For. 94. 1866; Pleopeltis nigrescens (Bl. ) Carr. in Seem., Fl. Vit. 368. 1873; Microsorium nigrescens (Bl. ) Copel., Occ. Pap. B. P. Bishop Mus. 14: 74. 1938; Phymatosorus nigrescens (Bl. ) Pichi Serm. in Webbia 28(2): 459. 1973; Phymatodes variabilis Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 64. pl. 3. 1933; Phymatodes nigrescens var. variabilis (Ching) C. Chr. et Tard.-Blot. in Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 7(2): 473. 1941; Phymatosorus variabilis (Ching) Pichi Serm. in Webbia 28(2): 460. 1973; Pleopeltis longissima (Bl. ) Moore in Bedd., Ferns S. Ind. pl. 176. 1864 (excl. nom.).

    Rhizome long-creeping, thick, about 1-1.5 cm in diam., scaly; scales circular or oblong, brown, peltate, thin, round at apex, irregularly toothed at margin. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome. Stipes 30-40(50) cm long, stramineous, ca. 5 mm across, glabrous. Laminae usually pinnately parted, rarely pinnately ternate, 50-80 x 30-40 cm, or simple, 15-25 x 4-5 cm. Lobes ascending, usually (2)3-10(12) pairs, broad-lanceolate, 15-20 x 3-4 cm, caudately acuminate at apex, subentire at margin, somewhat narrowing towards at base. Veins all distinct, anastomosing to form areoles with forked included veinlets. Texture papyraceous, dark green, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori round, large, about 4 mm in diam., in one row on each side of costa, medrial, borne on distinctly hollow on lower surface and distinctly raised on upper surface.`

    Terrestrial or on rocks in tropical rain forests, 200-1200 m. Yunnan, Hainan and Taiwan. [Veitnam, Kampuchea, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Malaya, Malesia, Indonesia and Polynesia].

5. Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. ) Pichi Serm. in Webbia 28(2): 460. 1973.

瘤蕨liu jue

Polypodium scolopendria Burm., Fl. Ind. 232. 1768; Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm. ) Ching in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 2(3): 63. 1933; Microsorium scolopendria (Burm. ) Copel. in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 16: 112. 1929; Polypodium phymatodes L., Mant. 306. 1771; Chrysopteris phymatodes (L. ) Link, Fil. Sp. 122. 1841; Drynaria phymatodes (L. ) Fee, Gen. Fil. 270. 1852; Pleopeltis phymatodes (L. ) Moore, Ind. Fil. 78. 1857; Phymatodes phymatodes (L. ) Maxon in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9: 352. t. 63. 1905; Phymatodes vulgaris Presl, Tent. Pterid. 196. 1836; Drynaria vulgaris (Presl) J. Sm. in Journ. Bot. 3: 397. 1841.

    Rhizome long-creeping, 3-5 mm in diam., fleshy, covered with sparsely scales and bearing stipes; scales ovate-lanceolate, dark brown, ovate at peltate base, narrowing from centre towards long-acuminate apex, clathrate, toothed at margin. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome. Stipes usually 20-30 cm long, stramineous or light castaneous, glabrous. Laminae usually pinnately parted with broadly winged along the rachis, 35-45 x 30-35 cm, rarely simple or pinnately ternate (trilobed). Lateral lobes usually 3-5 pairs, lanceolate, 12-20 x 2-3 cm, acuminate at apex, entire at margin, the wings of rachis about the same as the lobes in breadth. Costa raised on both surfaces, veins hardly to see, anastomosing to form areoles with many included veinlets ending in raised point. Texture coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori round, uniseriate or irregularly biseriate on each side of costa, borne on a deep hollows on lower surface and raised on upper surface. Sopres with minutely echinate on surfaces.

    Epiphytic on rocks or on tree-trunks at low altitudes. Hainan, Guangdong and Taiwan. [Japan (Ryukyus), Indo-China, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Philippes, Malesia, Australia, New Guinea, Polynesia and Africa].

6. Phymatosorus hainanensis (Noot.) S. G. Lu in Bul. Nat. Mus. Nat. Sci. 11: 147. f. 1. A-E. 1998.

阔鳞瘤蕨kuo lin liu jue

Microsorum hainanense Noot. in Blumea 42(2): 325-327. Pl. 3. F. 20-21. 1997.

Rhizome long-creeping, 6-10 mm in diam., fleshy, sparsely covered with scales; scales circular, 4 x 4 mm, dark brown, peltate, clathrate, irregularly at margin. Fronds remote. Stipes 20-30 cm long, stramineous, glabrous, articulate at base. Laminae pinnately parted with broadly winged along the rachis, 30-40 x 15-20 cm, or trilobed, broad cuneate at base. Lateral lobes usually 2-5 pairs, lanceolate, 10-15 x 2-3 cm, acute or obtuse at apex, margin entire, the wings of rachis about the same as the lobes in breadth. Costa raised on both surfaces, without lateral veins, veinlets anastomosing to form areoles with included veinlets. Texture coriaceous, glabrous on upper surfaces, clothed with very rare and very small black scales on lower surface. Sori round, large, in one row on either side of costa, slightly near to costa, sunken on lower surfce and pustulate on upper surface.

     Epiphytic on tree-trunks, 20-900 m. Hainan. [Vietnam and India].

3. PHYMATOPTERIS Pichi Serm. in Webbia 28(2): 460. 1973

假瘤蕨属jia liu jue shu

Phymatopsis J. Smith, Hist. Fil. 104. 1875 (non Phymatopsis Tulasne ex Trev. in Linnaea 28: 296. 1857) (nom. illeg. ).

    Rhizome long-creeping, slender, woody, densely scaly; scales lanceolate, attenuate or setaceous, brown, dark brown or nearly black, rarely glaucous or whitish, opaque, entire, toothed or ciliate at margin. Fronds remote, articulate to rhizome, usually monomorphic, rarely dimorphic. Stipes usually glabrous, rarely pubescent, scaly at base. Laminae simple, hastately divided (trilobed), palmately parted or pinnately parted, sometimes pinnatisect with adnate pinnae. Lobes usually lanceolate, acuminate or obtuse at apex, entire, notched or serrate at margin with cartilaginou. Veins anastomosing to form areoles with included veinlets. Texture herbaceous or coriaceous, glabrous or pubescent, rarely scaly on underside. Sori round, in one row on either side of the costa, usually superficial, rarely sunken on lower surface and raised on upper surface. Sporangia with long pedicel, annulus with 14 indurated cells. Spores brown, ellipsoidal, with tuberculate or verrucate on surface. X = 12, n = 36, 2n = 72.

    About 60 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia. 49 species in China.

1a. Fronds simple, linear, lanceolate or ovate.

2a.Fronds moderately dimorphic, sterile lamina ovate, fertile lamina linear or ovate-lanceolate.

3a. Fertile lamina linear; soriferous portion slightly contracted -------- 1. P. rhynchophylla

   3b. Fertile lamina ovate-lanceolate; soriferous portion much contracted, linear in shape

      -----------------------------------------------------------------------------2. P. wuliangshanensis

2b.Fronds monomorphic, lamina oblong, ovate or linear.

4a.Lamina oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate with entire margin; sori large.

 5a. Rhizome covered with whitish bloom and sparsely scales; lamina cordately at base-----

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. P. chrysotricha

     5b. Rhizome densely covered with scales; lamina rounded or cuneate at base.

6a. Lamina ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute at apices.

7a. Lamina ovate, obtuse at apex; sori close to midrib ----------------- 4. P. obtusa

7b. Lamina oblong, acute at apex; sori medial--------------------- 5. P. oblongifolia

      6b. Lamina lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or caudately acuminate at apices.

      8a. Lamina gradually narrowing towards both base and apex; sori medial-------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. P. hainanensis

8b. Lamina truncate or round at base, caudately acuminate at apex; sori close to

 midrib.

      9a. Lamina truncate or subtruncate at base; glaucous on lower surface ----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. P. majoensis

9b. Lamina rounded or broad cuneate at base; yellowish green on lower surface

---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. P. griffithiana

   4b.Lamina linear with notched at margin; sori small.

10a. Sori sunken on lower surface and raised on upper surface-------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9. P. yakushimensis

     10b. Sori superficial.

11a.Lamina 20-30 cm long, acuminate at apex, narrowly cuneate at base.

12a. Lamina thin, pellucid, veinlets distinct----------------------- 10. P. pellucidifolia

12b. Lamina thick, opaque, veinlets obscure ------------------------------ 11. P. engler

    11b. Lamina 5-10 cm long, obtuse at apex, broadly cuneate at base.

13a. Lamina papyraceous, stipes slender ---------------------------------- 12. P. tenuipes

13b. Lamina coriaceous, stipes thick ------------------------------------- 13. P. omeiensis

1b. Fronds deeply lobed, hastately divided, palmately parted, pinnately parted or pinnatisect.

14a. Fronds hastately divided, or simple lamina exist simultaneously.

15a. Lamina entire at margin; sori sunken on lower surface; scales yellowish-brown --------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14. P. taiwanensis

15b. Lamina with notches at margin; sori superficial; scales reddish-brown ------------------

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15. P. hastata

14b. Fronds usually palmately parted, pinnately parted or pinnatisect, or trilobed lamina exist

 simultaneously.

    16a. Fronds palmately parted with 4-6 lobes.

    17a. Stipes castaneous; lobes obtuse at apex; sori close to margin; plant 5-10 cm high ---

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16. P. digitata

    17b. Stipes stramineous; lobes acuminate at apex; sori medial; plant 20-30 cm high.

   18a. Scales narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowing from peltate base to acuminate

apex, yellowish-brown --------------------------------------------- 17. P. dactylina

   18b. Scales ovate at peltate base, gradually or sometimes abruptly narrowing upwards

       with long hair-like apex, dark brown ------------------------------- 18. P. chenopus

    16b. Fronds pinnately parted or pinnatisect, lateral lobes/pinnae 1-10 pairs.

   19a. Lamina entire at margin.

   20a. Fronds pubescent; lateral lobes 1-3 pairs, apical lobes distinctly larger than lateral

lobes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19. P. trisecta

   20b. Fronds glabrous; lateral lobes 1-5(8) pairs, apical lobes same as the lateral lobes.

   21a. Fronds pinnatifida, lobes triangular or broadly lanceolate ----------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20. P. oxyloba

   21b.Fronds pinnately divided or pinnatisect, pinnae lanceolate -----------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- 21. P. likiangensis

   19b. Lamina with notches or serrates at margin.

    22a. Fronds with notches at margin.

23a. Fronds distinctly dimorphic; sori sunken on lower surface ---------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22. P. triloba

23b. Fronds monomorphic; sori superficial.

24a. Lateral lobes 1-2 pairs, deltoid or subdeltoid, basal lobes patent in trilobed

lamina ------------------------------------------------------- 23. P. cruciformis

24b. Lateral lobes 2-8 pairs, lanceolate, basal lobes ascending or deflexed.

                25a. Lateral lobes all ascending, lamina cuneate or round at base.

26a. Fronds hairy throughout; terrestrial ------------------ 24. P. hirtella

                 26b. Fronds glabrous; epiphytic.

27a. Fronds 25-50 cm long; stipe usually longer than lamina; lobes

falcate at apex ---------------------------- 25. P. falcatopinnata

27b. Fronds 10-20 cm long; lamina longer than stipes; lobes

 ascending and strict at apex.

28a. Scales black with whitish-ciliate at margin ------------------

                            ---------------------------------------------- 26. P. kingpingensis

28b. Scales yellowish-brown or glaucous.

                      29a. Scales yellowish-brown, entire at margin; sori medial---

                      ----------------------------------------------- 27. P. connexa

29b. Scales glaucous with ciliate at margin; sori close to

 margin----------------------------------- 28. P. daweishanensis

  25b. Lowest lobes deflexed or slightly deflexed, laminae cordate or truncate at base.

30a. Scales ovate, nearly black or castaneous; usually scaly on underside of lamina.

31a. Scales castaneous; lobes obtuse at apex ---------------------------- 29. P. subebenipes

31b. Scales black or nearly black; lobes acuminate at apex --------------- 30. P. ebenipes

  30b. Scales lanceolate, brown or glaucous; lamina without scales on underside.

  32a. Scales brown or dark brown.

 33a. Rhizome 8-12 mm in diam.; scales entire at margin; sori sunken and close to margin

------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31.P. echinospora

 33b. Rhizome 3-4 mm diam.; scales with ciliate at margin; sori superficial, close to costa

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 32. P. quasidivaricata

  32b. Scales glaucous or whitish.

 34a. Lamina glabrous on both surfaces; lobes acuminate at apex ---------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33. P. albopes

 34b. Lamina pubescent on both surfaces; lobes obtuse at apex -----------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34. P. pianmaensis

22a. Fronds with serrates at margin.

35a.Fronds pubescent on one surface or both surfaces.

36a. Fronds densely hairy throughout------------------------------------- 35. P. erythrocarpa

36b. Fronds pubescent on upper surface, lower surface glabrous.

37a. Lobes ca.1 cm in breadth; 2-3 rows of areoles on either side of costa; serrulate at

       margin ---------------------------------------