AZOLLACEAE [FIRST DRAFT]
满江红科
Lin You-xin (林尤興)
Usually small floating ferns. Stems slender, with distinctly erect or tortuous main trunk, easy broken, green, with protostele, lateral-branch axillary or out of axil, pinnatly branching or fals-dichotoous branching, normolly decumbent and floating on surfaces of water, or lotus throne-like when growing in shallow water or in crowded stations and high up 3-5 cm tall from water surface. Leaves sessile, in two rows altnately attached at stem, inbricate, bipartited into dorsal lobe and ventral lobe; dorsal lobes floating on water surface, oblong or ovate, slightly concave in undersides of middle, densely papillose on upper surfaces, green, carnous, with a cavity near bases and containing Anabaena; ventral ones shell-like, membranous, tightly imbricate, transparent, colorless, or redish and slightly incrassate near bases, submersed, sometime ventral lobes changing into and actions same with dosal lobes when plants in erectly growing state; leafy color changed from green to red or yellow depended on temperature changing. Sporocarp usually duble, rare 4 clustered attached at under joint positions of braches; megasporocarps smaller and located undersides of microsprocarps, wraped up by megasporophylls, oblong, contained one megaspore, mouth on top and covered with hat-like, the hap fallen for fertilizin when megaspore matured, outwall of megasprocap with 3-9 colourless sponge-like, i.e. floats; microsprocarps big 4-6 times then megasporocarp, globose or peach-like, a beak-like at top, exine thin and trasparent, containing majority of microsporangia, each microsporangium containing 64 microspores, individualy attached at 5-8 colorless massulae, different things attaching on surfaces according to defferent spicies; megaspores and micrspores rounded, trilete mark.
One genus only in the family.
1.. AZOLLA Lam., Encycl. Meth. 1: 343. 1783.
满江红属
Carpanthus Raf.; Rhizosperma Mayen.
Characters of the family. Basel numbers X = 22. The genus may be devided into follow two subgenera :
1. Subgen. Azolla
三膘满江红亚属 san biao man jiang hon ya shu
Megasporangium with 3 floats, massulae of microsporangium with many anchor-like hairs, lateral branches out of axillary and its numbers less than leaf numbers. 5-6 species, distributed Europe, American and Oceania.
1. Subgen. Rhizosperma ( Meyen) Y. X. Lin in Acta Phytotax. In. 18 (4): 450. 1980.
九膘满江红亚属 jiu biao man jiang hon ya shu
Megasporangium with 9 floats, massulae of microsporangium only with few inregular brach silk-like hairs, or witout any additional thing, lateral branches distinctly axillary and its numbers same with leaf numbers. 2-3 species, distributed Asia and Africa.
1a. Megasporangia with 9 floats on exine, massulae of microsporangia with few single or irregular branch sik-like hairs, lateral brach distinctly axillary and numbers same with leaf numbers------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. A. imbricata
1b. Megasporangia with 3 floats on exine, massulae with numbers of anchor-like hairs, leral brnch out of axils and numbers less than leaf numbers--------------------------------2. A. filiculoides
1. Azolla imbricata (Roxb.) Nakain in Bot. Mag. Tikyo 39: 185. 1925
满江红 man jiang hon
Small floating plants, outline ovate or triangular. stems slender and creeping, lateral braches axillary, false-dichotomy, downwards growing fibrous roots. Leaves small as sesame seed, altnate, sessile, imbricate in two rows, blades biparted into dosal lobe and ventral lobe; dosal lobes oblong or ovate, cornous, green, or usually becomed purplish after autunm, colourless at margin, densely covered with papilloses, a cavity near base and contained ‘Anabaena’ inside; ventaral lobes sell-like, colourless and trasparent, more or less with purplish-red, obliquly subersed. Sprocarps double attached at joint position of branch, megasporocarps small, longly ovate, with a beak-like at top and contained a megasporangium, noly one megaspore in it, 9 floats in two rows attached around megasporangium, upper 3 floats biger, lower 6 floats smaller; microsporocarps much big, globose or pich-like, with one short beak-like at top, exines thin and tasparent, containing majority of long stolked microsparangia and containing 64 micrspres in each one, the microspores individualy immersedly embeded in 5-8 massulae, the massulae with sik-like hairs on surfaces.
In rich fields, ponds and ditches; widely stributing valley and region of Yangtzer- river and Taiwan [Japon and Korea].
Whole plants are used green manure and forage; as medicine for induced perspiration, promote deuresis, expel wind-evil and remote wetness-evil and neurodrr matitis.
1a. Dosal lobes truning colour from green to purplish-red from autumn to winter or during hot summer times.
2a. Plants rarely produced sprocarps and mainly by vegetative reproducing-----1. var. imbricata
2b. Plants usually produced a lot of sporocarps during autumn and mainly by sexeal reproducing------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.. var. prolifera
1b. Dosal lobes untrnning colour from green to reddish and keeped green colour all time------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. var. sempervirens
1a. var. imbricata
满江红(原变种) man jiang hon (yuan bian zhon)
Dosal lobes tunning green colour to reddish colour from autumn to winter or during hot summer time. Plants usually un- or producing few sporocarps and vegitave reproducing in most time.
In rice fields, ponds and ditches; Widely distributing valley and region of Yangtzer-river nad tiwan [Japon and Korea].
2b.var. servirens Y, X. Lin in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18 (4): 454. 1980.
常绿满江红 chang lu man jiang hon
Plants keeped green colour all time, ventral lobes without purplish-red.
In rice fields, ponds and ditches; Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi [Vietnan].
3c. var. prolifera Y. X. Lin in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18 (4): 454. 1980.
多果满江红 duo guo man jiang hon
Plants producing a lot of sporocarps during autumn and dying in winter time and reproducing by spores next year.
In rice field, ponds and ditches; Henan and Shandong.
2. Azolla filiculoides Lam., Enc. 1: 343. 1783.
细叶满江红 xi ye man jiang hon
Plants robuster than above one, lateral brached in out of axillary, numbers of lateral branches less than leaves of stem; when growing in shallw warter to wet places or plants in crowded togather state, the stems of plants truning erectly growing and functions of dosal lobed changing to ventral ones. Sporangium with 3 floats on exines; massulae of microsporangium covered with numbers of anchor hairs.
Cultivated and changed to wild plant. Growing in rice fiels, ponds or ditchec; widely distributed valley and regon of Yangtzer-river and South China. Whole plants are used as green manure and forage ( native American).