THELYPTERIDACEAE* [FIRST DRAFT]

金星蕨科 jing xin jue ke

Lin You-xin (林尤興)

Teresterrial pland. Rhizomes strong, dictyostele radio-symmetrical, brach-bearing or not, erect, ascending or long and creeping, bearina cales at apexes; the scales basiflexed, lanceolate, rearly ovate, brown, thick in tenture, luminae elongate, usually bearing grayish-white short seta or ciliate along margin on dorsa. Fronds clustered, approached or remote, stipes slender, stramineous, unarticulated, two sea horse shape stranges on bael transverse sectionsand and forming into ‘U’ shape up, usually scaly at bases, up more or less bearing grayish-white uncellular acicular hairs, rearely multicellular long haors or stellate hairs.Fronds monomorphic, rearly subdimorphic, moreoblongo-lanceolate or oblanceolate, less ovate or ovato-triangular, usually bipinnatifid, less 3-4 pinnatifid, realy1-pinnate, pinnaeof every time symmentrical at bases, costa  a longitudinal-valleculate on upper side but no opening to rachis, or rounded raised and densely bearing grayish acicular hairs, a expeded tuberfer aerophres at basiflexed of pinnae. According to venation, the genus may divided into 3 tribes : 1. tribe. Thelypterisae Ching : veins free, two typical: (1): all lateral veins reached to margins or near margins above sinus, bottom of the sinus without cartilaginous ( example Parathelypteris Ching etc.); (2). basel one pair of lateral veins reached to cartilagical sinus but incombined; or acroscopic one veinlet of basel one pair of lateral veins reached to cartilagical sinus, basiscopic one veinlet reached to margin above the sinus ( example Pseudocyclosorus and Mesopteris); 2. Tribe Goniopterideae Ching: Veins part combined; at least basel one pair of lateral veins of segment combined into a triangular areola and spreadin a long or short excurrent veinlet from joining point, one or multi-pairs of lateral veins of the others connected with the excurrent veinlet by ends, or reached to end of excurrent veinlet and connecte with translucent line of the sinus, formed on both lateral sides of  excurrent veinlet into oblique-square areolae ( venitio goniopteridis) example Cyclosorus, Ampelopteris; or subtetrasquare ( venitio meniscoidis) exmple  Phronephrium, the two typical areolae all without included veinlet; 3. Tribe Dictyoclineae Ching, veinlets between lateral veins all combined into inregular tetrasquare or pentagnous areolae and with single or forked included veinlets or no ( venitio Dictyoclineoidis). Fronds herbaceous or paperaceous, rarely coriaceous, green or darkish-brown green after dry, both sides ( particular rachis, costa and main veins on upper sides) bearing greyisy-white unicellular acicular hairs, very less glabrous; usually decorated with orange or reddish-orange, petiolued or inpetiolued globular or clab-shape glands, occasionally small scaly along rachis and costa on under sides. Sori rounded, oblong or short-thick linear, dorsifixed on veins, indusiated or exindusiate; the indusia roundo-reniform, fixed by deep-notch, most more or less hairy, persistent or hidden in siri, caduceus; or inconcentrated into sori but scattered along reticulate veins and exindusiate. Sporangia typy of Polypodiodis, with long gametangiophore, usually bearing more kinds of hairs and glandular hairs at places of topical cell of thin wall and top of the gametangiophore. Spores bilateral, rearly tetralateral, tuberculate, spinate, granulate or usually winged perispore on surfaces. Prothallia green, cordate or elongato-cordate, usually with broado-wings, symmetrical, usually bearing hairs or glands. Chromosome x 27- 36 ( lacked 28). 

        Wide spread in all tropic and subtropic zone of the world, less producted in temperate zone, particular more in Asia. About 20 genera, ca. 1000 species, more growth in area of the lower altitude. Very few tropic species growth in 4500 m. 18 genera in China, ca. 365 species.  

              The family is of a very natural family, it is different in throughout plant and along rachis and cota bearing grayish-white unicellular needle-like hairs and pubescences with other families on other similar characters. However owing to asexual and sexual organs and multitype of basel number of chromosome, everybody is different viewpoint on the divisional quension of genera of the family since it be set up. R. C. Ching ( 1963) listed 18 genera ( including Hypodematium) in his ( Acta Phytotax.. Sin. 8 (4): 289-335. 1963), soon afterword 1977 [ ] ( ditto 16 (3): 12-13) added 20 genera ( Hypodematium seted up anoth family). 1971 Holttum divided this family into 23 genera ( Blumea 19 (1): 17-52); 1977 Pich Sermolli main followed Holttum resumed and added some genera and reached 32 genera ( Webbia 3 (2): 213-512); 1990 A. R. Smith divided the family into 5 genera in Kramer the first volium of [  ] i.e. Thelypteris ( including 5 subgenera ), Phegopteris, Pseudophegopteris, Macrothelypteris and Cyclosorus ( including 20 subgenera). In the many systems Holttum and Pich Sermolli’s ones is most small in divisions of genera, inconvenient for using, for example Holttum divided Cyclosoru into Cyclosorus, Christella, Sphaerostephanos and Pneumatopteris according to pinnae on laminal lower part shortened or not,  sporangia and gametangiophore bearing or not glandular hairs and its forms; according to rhizomes creeping brought some species from Parathelypteris to set up Coryphopteris etc. Just pointed out by A. R. Smith (1990): Holtuum’ some genera seem to be natural and unitype, but have to limite it by combined on many characters, some characters concerned minute hairs and glands and must use above 20 times magnifying glass for examination and some characters need also completel specimens, although so, it is difficult also for determinetion. But some genera of A. R. Smith are too mixed, for example Cyclosorus even including all species of infree veining, cause reader is difficulat to master concept of the genus. So the question of divisional genus of the family still need further to study, befor obtaining even more satisfied conclusion the book temporary adopt Ching’ system (1978), parts in system of under genera see R. C. Ching 1963 ( Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8 (4): 289-335).* *

*1940 C. R. Ching set up many new failyies in [  ] ( Snyatsenia 5 (4): 237), containing this family including 12 genera, but the new families becomed nominative nuds owing to nolatin for description. 60 years Pichi Sermolli have written to Ching to make them to latonize, but cause of histoty of that time, Ching did not do it, till 1970 only just formally published by Pich Sermilli.

**1. Cause Holttum set up his system (1971), 1978 Ching’ system adopted Amphineuron,character of genus still mixed, 12 species in the genus, say that 3 of them distributed in china, typical species A. opulentum (Kaulf.) is siminlar to limits of Cyclosorus in laminal vein’ picture pattern and laminae bearing lemon-yellow glads on under surfaces and A. immersum (Bl.) is similar to Thelypteris in laminal veins’ picture pattern, anather species A. tonkinensis (C. Chr.) aready was set up by Ching another new genus Mesopteris. So for Amphineuron including Holttum considered the genus temporal handled do not adopt in the book.. Chinese species separetly see every relative genus.

       2. Trichneuron Ching (in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 118. pl. 22. 1967) had only one piec of specimen and without collected location when be set up, recentry Prof. W. M. Zhu in the university of Yunnan, found again the plant in Pingbian, dawei mountain. Was carefully studied by him and considered it belongs to Lastreopsis of Aspidacea. Its typical location should change also Pingbian, dawei mountain. So it did not be included in the book. 

key to geuns (1)        

1a. Veins free.                                                              

2a. Sori exindusiate.                                                          

    3a. Sorirounded.                                                      

      4a. laminae elongato-oblong or lanceolate, 2-pinnatipartite; veins single and reached to margins; throughout bearing unicelularshort hairs.                          

         5a. A tubercl brown aerophore present on rachis of pinnal bases on under side; fronds mor or less brown after dry;  without cartilaginous hump in  bottom of sinus on segments------------------------------------9. Cyclogramm

         5b. Without a brown tubercle aerophore on rachis of pinnal base on under side; fronds green after dry, a cartilaginous hump present in sinus bootom of segments.

            6b. Plants more or less bearing aciular hairs; pinnae pinnatipartite reached near rachilla; segments falcato-lanceolate, basel one pair of lateral veins reached to near translucent membrane or margin abobe sinu; sori closed to costa-------------------------------11. Glaphylopteridopsis

                       6b. Plant throughout glabrous; pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/2 of the distance to costa; segments triangular, lower 3 pairs of lateral veins reached to margin of line of translucent membrane below sinus but unjoining; sori unclosed to costa-----------------------------------------------13. Mesopteris

4b. Lamiae ovato-traiangular, 3-pinnate; lateral veins forked, veinlets unreached to margin; throughout bearing multicellular long hairs---------5. Macrothelypteris

3b. Sori thick and shortlinear, or oblong.

7a. Sorithick and short linear; veins single; segments entire..

                    8a. Fronds brown or brwinish-green after green, full spreading acicular hairs on both surfaces; lower1-2 pairs of pinnaefree, up ones combined with rachillae; inexpanded at the ends of veins and reached to margn; sori attached at middle of veinlets; sporangia bearing 2-6 acicular hairs at top------------------------------------------------------------------10. Leptogramma

                    8b. Fronds green after dry, subsmoothon both surfaces; pinnae completely free from rachies; veinlets expended at ends and unreached to margin, Sori attached near part of tops of lateral veins------------------------------------7. Craspedosorus 

                 7b. Sorioblong or subrounded; lateral veins more or less forked; segments or ultimate pinnules pinnatifid.

                    9a. Plants small, stipes stramineousish, inpolished; laminae ovato-triangular or narrow-lanceolate; lateral pinnae decurrent along both lateral sides of rachies and conncted to each other; rachies and rachillae bearing more lanceolate scales, the scales ciliate along margin; veinlets reached to margin------------------------------------------------------------6. Phegopteris

                   9b. Plants usually higher and biger, stipesreddish-bown or brownish-stramineous, polished; laminae oblong, rearely broado-lanceolate, lateral pinnae  indecurrent and free to each other; rachies and rachillae without scales; veinlets unreached to margin---------------------------------------------8. Pseudophegopteris

2b. Sori indusiate.

10a. Helophyte; lateral veins biforked-----------------------------------------------1. Thelypteris 

10b. Terresterial plants; lateral veins usually single ( occasionally biforked).

    11a. Rachillae glabrous on upper sides ( or occasionally bearing loose caducousbhairs); stipes bearing many scales on lower parts-------------------------------------2. Lastrea 

       11b. Rachillae densely bearing persistent acicular hairs on upper sides; stipes less bearing loose scales on lower parts. .

        12a. Rachillae roundo-raised on upper sides; ends of veinlets unreached to margin;indusia small, or indeveloped sometime..

                  13a. Laminae oblong or broado-lanceolate, 2-3pinnate, basel one pair of pinnae same shape and size or smaller with above ones, throughout baring unicellular hairs-------------------------------------4. Metethelypteris

            13b. Lamiane triangular-ovate, pinnae 3-4 pinnate, basel one pair biggest,  throughout bearing unicellular hairs--------------------5. Macrothelypteris

        12b. Rachillae depressed one longitudinal vallecula on under side; veins reached to margin; indusia big, brown.

            14a. Rachis without tubercle aerophore at bases of pinnae on under sides, segmental basal one pairs of veins reached to margin above sinus; fronds herbaceous, usually bearing reddish-orange globular glands-------------------------------------------------------3. Parathelypteris

           14b.Rachis presented tubercle aerophore at bases of pinnae on under sides, segmental basel one pair of lateral veins or acroscopic one veinlet reached to cartilaginous bottom of the sinus; fronds paperaceous or coriaceous, without globular gland under surface---------------------------------------------------12.Pseudocyclosorus

1b. Veins partly reticulate or all reticulate.

   15a. Veins partly reticulated into venitio goniopteridis or venitio meniscoidis,  this two typical areolae all without included veinlet; sori rounded or thick - short linear.

     16a. Veins reticulated into venitio-goniopteris; i.e. basel one pair of lateral veins on adjacent segments or one pair of veinlets of between lateral veins of pinnae joining into a triangular areola and spreading a excurrent veinlet from joining point; the excurrent veinlet or a line of translucent membrane on its end connected with the sinus or immediately reached to the sinus, the others’ several pairs of lateral veins connected with the excurrent veinlet or the line of translucent membrane; pinnae small, narrow-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate. 

          17a. Pinnae parted; one long or short translucent membranous line of bottom of the sinus on segments connected with excurrent veinlet, veins except basel one pair from the second to the fifth pairs of lateral veins connected with the excurrent veinlets or the translucent membranous line and formed rhombic areola, the other lateral veins reached to margins above the sinus; laminae usually bearing orange or reddish-orange globular or clab-shape glands on under surfaces; sori indusiate--------------------------------------------------------------------14. Cyclosorus

         17b. Pinnae pinnatilobete or subentire, without translucent membranous line below the sinus; except basel one pair of veins, the other several pairs of lateral veins connected with the excurrent veinlet or reached to margins above the sinus; laminae without gland on under surfaces; sori exindusiate.

              18a. Plants inlimited growth, i.e. gemma in axile of pinna produced new plant; hair-covering except single hair also with stolked stellate hairs; sori rounded or subrounded; sporangia glabrous-----------------------------16. Ampelopteris

              18b. Plants limited growth; laminae only with single hairs; sori thick and short linear; sporangia bearing several seta at tops-----------------15. Stenogramma

     16b. Veins joining into venitio meniscoidis; i.e. except less veins near margin, all lateral veins joining into square or rectangular areolae; pinnae big, broado-lanceolate; sori rounded when young and usually double combined into venitio meniscoidis when matured----------------------------------------------------------------------------17. Pronephriun

  15b. Veins all connected into reticulaton, with or without single or forked included veinlets in areolae; sori scattered-attaced along reticulate veins---------------------------18. Dictyocline

                             key to genera 2 ( artificially)

1a. Veins free.

2a. Tubercle aerophores presented at pinanl bases on under sides of rachies .              

3a. Basel one pair of lateral veins on segments or acroscopic one veinlet reached to sinus, the other ones reached to margin above sinus; laminae bearing acicular hairs only on both surfaces-----------------------------------------------------------------------2. Pseudocyclosorus 

3b. Lateral veins on segments all reached to margins above the sinus; laminae more or less  mixed curved long hairs , except bearing acicular hairs-----------------------9. Cyclogramma

2b. Without tubercle aerophore at pinnal base on under sides of rachies.                                           

     4a. Without cartilaginous hump in bottom of the sinus on segments, also no traslucent membranous line downwards.                                                            

        5a. Laminae oveto-triangular or triangular, 3- 4-pinnate, basel one pair of pinnae biggest; veinlets unreached to margins; throughout bearing multicellular acicular hairs-------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Macrothelypteris 

        5b. Laminae oblong or broado-lanceolate; bipinnatifid to 3-pinnate; basel one pair of pinnae same in size or smaller with above ones; throughout with unicellular acicular hairs.

           6a. Rachillae without unicellular acicular hair on upper sides ( Occasionally with sparse caduceus pubescens).

              7a. Rachies and rachillae without scale.

                 8a. Marsh plants; segmental lateral veins biforked; sori indusiate; sopores bearing several short seta at tops near annulus------------------1. Thelypteris

                 8b. Terrestrial plants; segmental lateral veins single; sori exindusiate; sporagia bearing several acicular hairs or hairs.

                    9a. Sori rounded, veinlets unreached to margins; sporangia bearing acicular hairs-------------------------------------------8. Psudophegopteris

                   9b. Sori oblong or thick-short linear, veinlets reached to margins; sporngia bearing 2-6 seta at tops-----------------------------------10. Leptogramma

      7b. Rachies and rachillae bearing more small scales.

         10a. Scales on rachies and rachillae with glands at apexes, no cilia; pinnae exstalked base incombined with rachies-----------------------------------------------------2. Lastrea

         10b. Scales on rachies and rachillae no glad at apexes but ciliate below apexes; pinnal bases combined with rachies and decurrent-------------------------------6. Phegopteris

   6b. Rachillae densely covered with persistent grayish-white acicular hairs on upper sides.

         11a. Rachilla roundo-raised on upper sides; sporagia sometime bearing one maulticellular hair that expanded at top on upper part of gametangiophore------------4. Metathelypteris

      11b. Rachillae longitudinal-valleculate on upper sides; gametangiophore sometime decorated with one exstalked globular gland on upper part or sori bearing one seta on upper part on body of sorus.

          12a. Veins inexpanded at ends and reached to margins; sori rounded, indusiate; gametangiophore sometime decorated with 1-3 exstalked globular glads on upper parts---------------------------------------------------------------3. Parathelypteris

          12b. A minute expanded hydathodes at ends of veins and unreached to margins; sori oblong or thick-short linear, exindusiate; usually bearing one seta at tops----------

               -----------------------------------------------------------------------------7. Craspedosorus

4b. A cartiloginous hump presented at bottom of segmental sinus and with one transparent membranous line downwards.

     13a. Plants more or less bearing acicular hairs; pinnae pinnatiparted reached near rachillae; segments falcato-lanceolate, basel one pair lateral veins only reached nearby line of  transparent membrane below the sinus or to margins above the sinus; sori closed to costa------------------------------------------------------------------------11. Glaphylopteriopsis 

     13b. Plants without hair throughout; pinnae pinnatifid up to 1/2 of the distance to costule; segments triangular; lower 3 pairs of lateral veins reached to transparent membranous mrgins below  the sinus but inconnected; sori unclosed to costa ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13. Mesopteris

1b. Veins partly connected; basel one pair of veins on adjacent segments joining into triangular areola, from joining point prodruding one membranous line, the scond to the fifth pairs of lateral veins joining with excurrent veinlet and formed or with transparent membranes to forming into rhombic areolae, the other lateral veins reached to margins above sinus (venitio goniopteridis), or except few lateral veins near margins, all lateral veins joining into square or rhombic areolae (venitio meniscoidis), above two tyical areolaees all without  included veinlet; or all veinlets between lateral veins joining into multiangular areolae, with or without single or forked included veinlets ( venitio Dictyoclineoidis).

   14a. Veins partely joining, sori rounded or thick-short linear.

       15a. Veins joining into venitio goniopteridis.

           16a. Plants limited growth; laminae bearing only single hairs.

               17a. A longitudinal line of translucent membrae downwards from the bottom of the sinus on segment; laminae usually decorated with orange or reddish-orange rounded or clab-shpe glands on under surfaces, sori rounded, indusiate--------------------------------------------------14. Cyclosorus   

               17b. Segmental bottom of the sinus without longitudinal line of the translucent membrane; laminae without gland on under surfaces; sori thick-short linear, exindusiate-------------------------------------------------------15. Stenogramma

                16b. Plants inlimited growth; usually a gamma in pinnal axil and may growing new plant;laminae usually mixed stellate hairs except single ones---------------------------------------------------------------------16. Ampelopteris

          15b. Veins joining into venitio meniscoidis---------------------------------17. Pronephrium

      14b. Veins all reticulated into reticulate; sori scattred attached along reticulalate veins---------------------------------------------------------------------------18. Dictyocline

1. THELYPTERIS Schnidel, Ic. Pl. (ed. Keller) 1: 45. t. 11 (Oct. ) 1762. sen. str., nom cons.

沼澤蕨屬 zhao ze jue shu

Thelypteris Subgen. Thelypteris R. & F. Tryon; Dryopteris Sect. Phegopteris C. Chr.; Thelypteris Sungen. Euthelypteris Ching; Lastrea Cop.

              Mid and small marsh and meodow plants. Rhizomes long and creeping, black, smooth, slightly covered with scales at apexes; the scales ovato-lanceolate, acicular hairy and unisellular glandular hairs on surfaces and along margins. Fronds remote or approached, stiped; stipes subblack at bases and slightly bearing acicular hairs, up stramineous, smooth; laminae oblong-lanceolate, short-acuminate at apexes, intapering or slightly tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae meijority, lanceolate, nearly flat-spreading, acute or short-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, symmetry, pinnatipartite; segments ovato-triangular or oblong, short-point at apexes, thinning along margins, particular on fertile ones, entire or shallow-undulate; Veins free, pinnate on segments, veinlets biforked or usually single on fertile ones, reached to margins. Fronds thick-herbaceous or subcoriaceous, slightly bearing acicular hairs on bother surfsced wheng young and naked when old, rachillae with one longitudinal vallecula on upper siders, under sides raised, sometime bearing one or two membranous small scales. Sori rounded, dorsiflexed at lateral veins, located between costa and margins, in one line on each side of the costa, often more or less covered by reflexed margins; indusia membranous, roundo-reniform, greenish, easy deciduous; sporangia bearing one or two short-capitate glandular hairs on closed to annuli of tops; spores bilateral, reniform, perispores transparent and with spinate ornamentations, smooth on exines. Chromosome x = 35.

              Typical species of genus: Thelypteris palustris (L.) Schott. (Polypodium palustre Salisb. 1796) = Polypodium thelypteris (L.) F. G. Weiss ( Acrostichum thelypteris L. 1753.).

              4 species, 2 and 1 varenty in China.

              The genus nearly contained most species of Thelypteridaceae in the past. According to  recent research showed that their morphs (particular on veinations) more or less alike, but in microcosmic, they took separately developing lines by each own. Here we take conception of narrow sense for classifying.

1a. plants 35-65 cm tall; frond approached, stipes 2-2.5 mm in diam. on bases; rachillae without scale under siders----------------------------------------------------------1. T. palustris

1b. Plants smaller, 14-26 cm tall; fronds remote, stipes slender, ca. 0.5 mm in diam. in base; rachillae sparsely covered with easy deciduous braodo-ovate, brownish membranous scales-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. T. sqaumulos

1. Thelypteris palustris (L.) Schott, Gen. Fil. anot. t. 10. 1834.

沼澤蕨 zhao ze jue

Acrostichum thelypteris L. Sp. Pl. 1071. 1753; Poltpodium thelypteris (L.) F.G. Weiss; Polystichum thelypteris (L.) Roth; Aspidium thelypteris (L.) Sw.; Athyrium thelypteris (L.) Spr.; Nephrodium thelypteris (L.) Strempel; Lastrea thelypteris (L.) Bory; Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) A. Gray; Thelypteris thelypteris Nieuw-land; Polypodium palustre Salisb.; Aspidium palustre S. G. Gray; Polypodium pterioides Lam.

           Plants 35-65 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, black, smooth or sparsely covered with reddish-brown, ovato-lanceolate scales. Fronds approached; stipes 20-40 cm long, bases black, up darkish-stramineous, polished, usually glabrous, or bearing white pubescens when young; laminae 22-28 x 6-9 cm or minuto-wider sometime, lanceolate, short-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases almostly tapering, bipinnatiprtite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, subopposite, flat- or oblique-spreading, often slightly bended downwards when matured; basel one pair slightly shortened, mid pinnae 4-5 x 1-1.2 cm, lanceolate, short-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments 5-7 x 3-5 mm, round-obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apexes, fertile segments usually recurled to forming pointed along margin. Veins pinnate in segments, lateral veins 4-6 pairs, single or forked and reached to margins, basel one pair coming out from bases of costa. Fronds chartaceous, grass-green or yellowish-green after dry, glabrous on both surfaces, rachies and rachillae longtidinal-valleculate on upper sides, raised on under sides and all glabrous. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at middles of veinlets, located between costa and magins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, membranous, deciduous when matured. Spores  smooth on surfaces of exine, perispores transparent and with spinate ornamentations. Chromosome 2n = 70.

           In meadow and reed marsh or wet and shady places under forest; 200-800 m.; Hebei, Helongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Sichuan and Xinjiang [Widely distributing the other temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere].

       1a. Rachies, Rachillae and veins all glabrous------------------------------------1a. var. palustris

    1b. Rachies, rachillae and veins all covered with multicellular acicular long hairs on under sides----------------------------------------------------------------------------1b. var. pubescens

1a. Thelypteris palustris var. palustris

沼澤蕨　zhao ze jue

              Rachies, rachillae and veins all glabrous.

              In meadow and reed marsh or on wet and shady places under forest; 200-800m.; Hebei, Helongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Sichuan and Xinjinag [ widely distributing in temperate regions of the Northen Hemisphere].

1b. var. pubescens ( Lawson) Fernald in Rhodora 31: 34. pl. 180. f. 7-10. 1929.

毛叶沼泽蕨　mao ye zhao ze jue

                   Rachies, rachillae and veins all covered with multicellular needle-shaped long hairs on under sides. Chromosome 2n = 70.

              In wet meadow and marsh; reached to 800 m.; N. Jiangsu, N-E China and Shandong [ also in other temperate regions of E. Asia and N. Ameirican].

2. Thelypteris squamulosa (Schlecht.) Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 329. 1936.

鱗片沼澤蕨 lin pian zhao ze jue

Aspidium thelypteris Gray var. squamulosum Schlcht., Adumbr. 23. pl. 11. 1825; Nephrodium squamulosum Hook. f.; N. thelypteris Strempel var. squamulosum Hook.; Lastrea thelypteris Bory var. squamulosa C. Chr.; L. farbankii Bedd.

       Outline of this species same with the former one, but plants short and small, 14-26 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping towards every side, black, apexes including bases of stipes sparsely covere with membranous, brownish ovato-lanceolate scales.Fronds remote; stipes slender, 6-18 cm long, black at bases, up stramineous, gabrous; laminae 8-10 x 3-5 cm, oblong-lanceolate or longly triangular-lanceolate, short-acuminate and pinnatfid at apexes, sometime slightly tapering at bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae 10-12 pairs, alternate or subopposite, mid ones 2-3 x 0.5-0.8 cm, linear-lanceolate, short-pointed at apexes, bases truncate, pinnatipartite; segments oblong or triangular-lanceolate, obtuse at apexes, margins usually reflexed, entire. Veins pinnate in segments, lateral veins forked, veinlets reached to margins. Fronds subcoriaceous, glabrous, along rachies and rachillae sparsely bearing pubescens on upper sides, rachillae sparsely covered with brownish, membranous, easy deciduoud ovato-lanceolate scales. Sori unseen.

       In marsh; S. Yunnan [S. India, New Zealand and S. Africa].

2. LASTREA Bory in Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 6: 508. 1824.

假鱗毛蕨屬 jia lin mao jue shu

 Thelypteris subg. Lastrea (Hook.) Alston; Thelypteris subgen. Lastrea sect. Lastrea Morton; Oreopteris Holub.

        Mid size, terrestrial plants. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending. Fronds clustered; stipes darkish--stramineous, densely covered with big and thin brown lanceolate scales, up gradually sparsely; laminae oblong-lanceolate, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; lower pinnae gradually shortened, basel ones triangular-auricules, mid ones lanceolate, pinnatipartite reached to narrow-wings on both sides of rachillae. Veins pinnate, free, reached to margins. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins, far from costa; indusia roundo-reniform, usually bearing glands along margins. Sporangia usually bearing stalked glands on places near annuli joining with gametangiophores. Spores bilateral, reniform, perispores uiobvious and easy deciduous, with granulate ornamentations on surfaces. Chromosome x = 17.

            Tyical species of genus: Lastrea limbospermum (All.) Holub & Pouzar (Polypodium limbospermum All. 1785) = Lastrea oreopteris (Ehrh.) Bory (Polypodium oreopteris Ehrh. ex Wild. 1787).

              3 species, 2 in China.

   1a. Rachies stramineous, sparsely covered with bright-brown or brownish membranous scales; lamiane 20-30 cm wide, lower 3-4 pairs of pinnae slihtly shortened, basel one pair of pinnae triangular-lanceolate----------------------------------------------------1. L. quelpaertensis

   1b. Rachies bright brownish-stramineous, slightly bearing spars brownish short hairs; laminae 6-7 cm wide at middle or bit upper part, lower 8-10 pairs of pinnae gradually shortened, basel one pair of pinnae roundo-auricles or triangular-auricles--------------------2. L. elwesii

1. Latrea quelpaertensis (Christ) Cop., Gen. Fil. 139. 1947.

亞州假鱗毛蕨 ya zhou jia lin mao jue

Dryopteris quelpaertensis Christ in Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. Mans. 7. 1910; Athyrium quelpaertensis (Christ) Ching & Thelypteris quelpaertensis; Ctenitis quelpaertnsis H. Ito.; Oreopteris quelpaertensis Holub; Nephrodium montanum Bak. var. fauriei Christ; Dryopteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) Maxon var. fauriei (Christ) Miyabe & Kudo; D. christiana Kodama ex Koidz.; D. yaku-montana Masam; D. kamtshatica Kom.; Ctenitis quelpaertensis H. Ito var. yaku-montana H. Ito; Lastrea quelpaertensis var. yaku-montana Tagawa; 

  Plants (40-) 70-105 cm tall. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, densely covered with scales; the scales bright-brown, ovato-oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and with small-clab-shape glands, at apexes, entire along margin. Fronds clustered; stipes 10 (20)- 30 cm long, bases darkish-brown, up darkish--stramineous, including rachies covered with denser scales; the scales bright-brown or brownish, ovate, lanceolate or linear, glandular at apexes; laminae (13) 50-70 x (10-) 20-30 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, long-acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 20-35 pairs, opposite or alternate on upper parts, lower 3-4 pairs gradually shortened, basel one pairs of pinnae triangular-lanceolate; mid ones (5-) 10-15 x 1-2.5 cm, long-acuminat at apexes, bases truncate, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments meijority, basel one pair of pinnae longest, triangular-oblong, round-obtuse at apexes, entire or shallowly undulate along margins and often recurled dowanwards. Veins free, lateral veins single or forked on above middle and reached to margins. Fronds herbaceous, grayish-green, covered with brownish linear scales and mixed with grayish-white pubescens, the other glabrous. Sori rounded, attached at above middle of lateral veins and closed to margins; indusia roundo-reniform, brown, membranous, usually with glandular hair–shape projections along margins. Spores with fine granulate. Chromosome 2n = 68.

         Under forest; 1000-1800 m.; Jilin (Chang-bai mountain) [ N and S Japan, Korea and far east region of Russia].

         Outline of this species is similar to Lastrea limbosperma (All.) Ching which distributing W. Asia, Europe and N. Ameirican, but under surfaces of pinna without gland, glabrous above middle of rachillae and under sides of costa, fronds slight thick in texture. It may be geographical subspicies on the two places.

2. Lastrea  elwesii ( Hook. & Bak.) Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. Suppl. 18. t. 376. 1876.

錫金假鱗毛蕨 xi jin jia lin mao jue

Nephrodium elwesii Hook. & Bak.., Syn. Fil. 497. 1867; Dryopteris elwesii O. Ktze.; Thelypteris elwesii Ching; Oreopteris elwesii Holtt.

Plants 35-45 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping including bases of stipes covered with brown ovate thin scales. Fronds sparse; stipes 30-32 cm long, blackish-brown at bases, up reached to rachies bright-brownish-stramineous, nearly glabrous on under sides, along longitudinal vellecula pubescent on upper sides; laminae 30-32 x 5-7 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate at apexes, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatifid; pinnae ca. 10 pairs, pinnae gradually reduced from middle downwards, opposite or alternate, basel one pair of pinnae roundo-auriculate, ca. 5-8 x 5-8 mm, mid ones alternate, flatly spreading or slightly bended upward, 3-4.5 x 0.0-1 cm, pinnatifid up to 2/3 of the distance to costule; segments ca. 5 x 4 mm ( basel acroscopic one piec minute longer), ligulate, roundo-obtuse at apexes. Veins depressed on upper sides, under sides minute raised, lateral veins single or forked, 3-4 pairs on per segment, all reached to margins above sinuses. Fronds papyraceous, after dry brownish-green on upper surfaces, grayish-green on under surfaces, glabrous on both surfaces, bearing more orange-yellow glands on under surfaces. Sori attached at ends of single veinlet or acroscopic one veinlet on forked veins; indusia membranous, brown, glabrous and persistent.

         On stream sides under subalpine needle-forest; ca. 3100 m.; Yunnan [ Sikkim].  

3.PARATHELYPTERIS (H. Ito) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 300. 1963.

金星蕨屬 jin xing jue shu

Thelypteris Sect. Parathelypteris H. Ito in Nakai & Honda, Nov. Fl. Jap. 4: 127. 1939; Thelypteris Subgen. Euthelypters Ching; Thelypteris Subgen. Thelypteri s Sect. Thelypteeris K. Iwats.; Coryphoteris Holtt.; Amphineuron Holtt.; Wangneriopteris Lo”ve & Lo”ve; Thelypteris Subgen. Parathelypteris R. & A. Tryon.

        Mid or small terrestrial plants. Rearly in marsh or meadow. Rhizomes long and creeping or short and decumbent, ascending or erect, smooth or covered with scales or rusty-yellow hairs. Fronds remote, approached or clusterd; stipes stramineous or castaneous, more or less polished, bases subblack sometime and smooth or bearing spereading grayish-white, multicellular acicular hairs, up smooth or pubescent; laminae ovato-oblong, oblong-lanceolate or laceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, tapering or intapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; lateral pinnae meijority, narrow-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical, truncate or broad-cuneate, uncombinated with rachies, sessile or occasionally short stalked, lower pinnae inshortened or one to several pairs of pinnae obviosly shortened, even reduced to small auricles, pinnatipartite; segments meijority, oblong, rectangular or subsquare, apexes round-obtuse , less pointed or sinus-like angles, margins entire or more or less serrate. Veins pinnate, free, lateral veins single and all reached to margins. Fronds herbaceous or papyraceous, after dry yellowish—green, less brownish-green or subblack, both surfaces more or less with pubescens or acicular hairs, rearly glabrous after dry, sometime with orange-yellow or reddish-purpl glands on under surfaces; rachillae longitudinal valleculate on upper sides and densely covered with short seta,  roundo-raised on under side and usually more or less bearing acicular hairs or pubescens, rarely glabrous. Sori rounded, mid size, dorsiflxed at middles or near ends of lateral veins, located between main veins and margins or minutelt closed to margins; indusia biger, round-reniform, less horse-shoe-shaped, after dry brown, membranous, smooth or hairy, usually persistent. Spores bilateral, roundo-reniform, perispors thin and transparent, corrugate, more or less fine-reticulate on surfaces. Chromosome x = 8, 9 and 31.

        Typical species of genus: Parathelypteris glanduligera (Kze.) Ching ( Aspidium glanduligerum Kze.).

        About 60 species, 24 species and 6 varieties in China.

          The genus is very similar to Metathelypteris Ching in shape, but rachilla longitudinal valleculate on upper side, lateral veins usually single and unforked and reached to margin; indusia biger and easy distinguished. 

1a. Stipes stramineousish, smooth or bearing sparse short hairy near bases; sori usually attached at near ends of lateral veins and closed to margins.

  2a. Several pairs of pinnae on lamianel lower parts clearly shortened.

     3a. Plants short and small, usually no more than 40 cm; rhizomes long and creeping; mid pinnae no more than 3.5 cm long; pinnal bearing more multcellular (usually 3-7 cells) acucular hairs on under surface along rachillae---------------1. P. beddomei

     3b. Plants more than 40 cm tall; rhizomes stronger, creeping or ascending; mid pinnae usually over 4 cm long; pinnae usually bearing unicellular acicular hairs on under surface along rachillae, less bearing with 2-3 cells multicellular hairs.

        4a. 3-4 piars of pinnae on laminal lower parts gradually shortened, basel one pair of pinnae 1-2 cm long, inauriculate--------------------------2. P. Changbaishanensis

        4b. 5-8 pairs of pinnae on laminal lower parts gradually shortened, basel one pair of pinnae reduced to small auricles or lacking.

                5a. Laminae no gland or occasionally with few orange-yellow rounded glads on under surfaces; rhizomes long and creeping and subsmooth-----------         --------------------------------------------------------------------------3. P. nipponica

          5b. Laminae with more orange-yellow rounded glads on under surfaces; rhizomes ascending or creeping, densely covered with rusty-yellow pubescens.

             6a. Rhizomes ascending; rachies with glaucous fine cicular hairs on under sides; indusia bearing dense seta at the back------------------4. P. qinlingensis

           6b. Rhizomes long and creeping, densely covered with rusty-yellow hairs; rachies subentire on under sides; indusia smooth or occasionally with one or two stae at the back-----------------------------------------------------5. P. boreali

      2b. Basel pinnae on laminae inshortened or at least minutely shortened.

         7a. Small plants, usually no more than 20 cm tall; mid pinnae 1.5-2 x 4-8 cm; segments 2-5 pairs; indusia horse-shoe-shaped.

            8a. Pinnae subglabrous on under surfaces; nearly glandless; indusia biger and subsmooth at the back; occasionally bearing few grayish-white seta-----------------------------------------------------------6. P. cystopterioides

            8b. Along rachillae and costa on under surfaces of laminae sparsely bearing

               grayish-white fine acicular hairs and orange-yellow round glands; indusia small and bearing more seta at the back-------------------7. P. granunitoides

         7b. Mid or big plants.

            9a. Mid plants, 25-60 cm tall; mid pinnae 2-6 x ca. 1 cm; segments 6-20 pairs; pinnae glands scattred on under surfaces.

               10a. Rachillae glabrous on under surfaces; segments of fertile fronds crenate along margins---------------------------------------8. P. serrutula 

               10b. Rachillae more or less bearing aicular hairs; segments of fertile fronds entire along margns.

                   11a. Mid pinnae 2-3 cm long, acute at apexes; segments 6-10 pairs; lower several pairs of pinnae minutely shortened; rachillae only bearing few acicular hairs on under sides------9. P. angustifrons

                   11b. Mid pinnae 4.5 cm long, acuminate at apexes, segments over 15 pairs; basel pinnae inshortened; rachillae bearing more acicular hairs on under siders-----------------------------10. P. glanduligera

              9a. Big plants, 2-3 m. tall, lateral pinnae 25-30 x 2-2.5 cm; segments 60-70 pairs, pinnal glands decorated lateral veins only--------11. P. subimmersa

   1b. Stipes at pars or whole ( often till rachies) castaneous or castanousish-brown, rarely stramineous, bases smooth or bearing spreading grayish-white acicular hairs; sori usually dorsiflexd on middles of lateral veins, located beteen osta and margins.

      12a. Pinnae decorated with reddish-purpl globular big glands on under surfaces.

          13a. Stipes bearing spreading and consisting of 2-3 cells grayish-white acicular hairs on bases.

             14a. Laminal under surfaces bearing long acicular hairs along rachillae.

                 15a. Rachies usually hairy on under sides; lateral pinnae 12-15 pairs; segments more or less with angular at apexes, 3-6 lateral veins on per segment; laminae decorated with reddish-purpl glands on under surfaces----------------------------------------------12. P. chingii

                 15b. Rachies usually smooth on under sides, lateral pinnae 18-30 pairs; segments round-obtuse or roundo-truncate at apexes and unangular, 7-8 pairs of lateral veins on per segment; laminae decorated with denser reddish-purpl glands on under surfaces.

       16a. Indusia densely covered bearing grayish-white acicular long hairs--------------------------------------------------------13. P. petelotii

       16b. Indusia glabrous or occasionally  bearing few short seta-------------------------------------------------------14. P. hirsutipes

           14a. Lamiane bearing short hairs or subsmooth on under surfaces along rachies.

                       17a. Lamiane glabrous or bearing few short acicular hairs on under surfaces; indusia glabrous or occasionally bearing short seta at the back-------------------------------------------------------------15. P. caudate

                       17b. Laminae densely bearing short acicular hairs on under surfaces; indusia hairy at the back also.

                           18a. Indusia big, closed from each other, dense short setaceous at the back-----------------------------------------------------16. P. trichochlamys

                      18b. Indusia mid size, separated from each other, sparse pubescent at the back--------------------------------------------17. P. caoshanensis

            13b. Stipes glabrous on bases.

                     19a. Lamiane lanceolate, mid pinnae narrower, 0.8-1.2 cm wide, glabrous or occasionally bearing very few grayish-white pubesces on under surfaces; indusia glabrous or sparsely bearing short hairs at the back; stipes castaneousish-brown, never stramineous----------------------------18. P. chinensis

                     19b. Lamiae ovato-oblong; mid pinnae 1.3-1.6 cm wide, usually bearing grayish-white pubescences on under surfaces, rarely glabrous; stipes usually castaneous, occasionally stramineous---------------------------------19. P. japonica

               12b, Laminae no reddish-purpl globular gland on under surfaces.

                   20a. Stipes densely bearing unicellular grayish-white short acicular hairs; laminae also densely bearing same hairs on both surfaces----------------------------20. P. casanea

                   20b. Stipes bearing spreading multicellualr acicular long hairs on bases.

                       21a. Segments rounded or roundo-truncate and with 2-4 sinus-like angular at apexes.

                          22a. Rhizomes short and erect; bases of stipes except bearing few spreading multicellular long acicular hairs, including above base bearing grayish-white unicellular short seta, indusia sparse pubescent at the back----------------------------------------------------------------21. P. pauciloba 

                          22b. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending; stipes densely bearing spreading multicellular acicular long hairs, up near glabrous; indusia densely short setaceous at the back------------------------22. P. angulariloba

                       21b. Segments rounded or roundo-truncate and without sinus-like angular at apexes.

                           23a. Lamiane darkish-green or subblack after dry; pinnae on under surfaces densely pubescent along rachillae, veins and intervel sparsely short hairy; indusia glabrous or occasionally very few pubescent at the back

                                after dry-------------------------------------------------------23. P. nigrescens

                           23b. Laminae greyish-green after dry; pinnae densely bearing multicellular beard-like long acicular hairs; indusia densely pubescent at the back-------------------------------------------------------24. P. indo-chinensis

1. Parathelypteris beddomei (Bak.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8; 302. 1963.

长根金星蕨 chang gen jin xing jue

Lastrea beddomei Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind. Corr. 2. 1870; Aspidium beddomei Parantl; Dryopteris beddomei O. Ktze; Thelypteris beddomei Ching.

       Plants 2—0 (-40) cm tall. Rhizomes extremely long and creeping, sparsely covered with brawn ovate small scales and densely brownish long hairs when young. Fronds remote or approached; stipes slender, 4-10 cm long, stramineous and smooth; laminae 15-25(-30) x 3-4 (-6) cm, oblanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 20-24 (-30) pairs, alternate, sessile, obliquely or subflatly spreading, lower 7-9 pairs gradually shortened into small auricles, basel one pair of pinnae 1-2 mm long only, mid pinnae 1.5-3.5 x 0.4-0.5 cm, lanceolate, short acuminate at apexes, bases minutely broadened, symmetrical, roundo-truncate, pinnatipartite reached to narrow-wing on both sides of rachillae; segments 10-14 pairs, oblong, rounded at apexes, entire. Veins visible on both sides, lateral veins pinnately free, veinlets single, reached to margins, 3 - 4 pairs on per segment, basel one pair comed out from bases of costa. Fronds herbaceous, yellowish-brown after dry, on under surfaces except bearing few orage-yellow globular glands, more grayish-white and cossisting of 3-7 cells fine long hairs along rachillar and veins, upper surfaces beaing unicellular short acicular hairs along rachillae and veins. Sori small, 2-3 pairs on per segment, attached at near ends of lateral veins, closed to margins; indusia roundo-reniform, small, brown, thick-membranous, glabrous and persistent. Chromosome 2n = 62.

                          In mountain meadow, by stream sides or wet land; 650-2500 m.; N. Taiwan and Zhejinag [ S. India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia and Philippines]. Typical of specimen collected from India.

                        This species is similar to Parathelypteris niponica (Franch. & Sav.) Ching in outline, but more thiner, rhizome extremely slender, pinnae covered with more multicellular long acicular hairs, growth in madid habitat.

2. Parathelpteris changbaishanensis Ching ex Shing, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 33-35. t :. 5, f.: 1-3. 1999; 

长白山金星蕨 chang bai shan jin xing jue

       Plants 45-60 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, subblack and smooth. Fronds approached; stipes 15-25 cm long, bases subblack, occasionally covered with few darkish-brown ovate scales, up stramineous, glabrous or sometime sparsely bearing grayish-white fine and long hairy; laminae 25-35 x 8-12 cm, oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, clearly patering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 20-25 pairs, alternate, olique-spreading, sessile, lower 3-4 pairs gradually shortened, basel one pair of pinnae 1-2 cm long, lanceolate and oblique downwards, mid pinnae 4-6 x 0.9 x 1.3 cm, linear-lnceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases minutely broadened, symentrical, subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 15 pairs,  basel one pair minute longer, mid ones 4-6 x 0.2-0.3 cm, oblong, round-obtuse at apexes, sparse sharrow and thick serrate along margins.Veins visible, lateral veins oblique up, 5 (-6) pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costa. Fronds thin-herbaceous, grass-green after dry, decorated with orage-yellow globular glads on under surfaces, along rachillae bearing dense grayish-white villoses, spars villous along costa; upper sides covered with denser appressed short acicular hairs along longitudinal vallecula and veins. Sori small, rounded, 3-4 pairs on per segment, dorsiflxed at above middles of lateral veins, minute closed to margins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, grayish-yellow, membranous, hairy at the back, persistent.

       In Meadow; 590-1400 m.; endemic in Jilin (chang bai mountain).

   This species is similar to next one in outline, but lower 2-4 pairs of pinnae shortened but unchanged form, pinnae densely bearing orange-yellow globular glands and willoses on under surfaces, growing in meadow.       

3.Paratheplteris nipponica (Franch. & Sav. ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 302. 1963.

中日金星蕨  zhong ri jin sing jue

Aspidium nipponicum Franch. & Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 242, 636. 1879; Dryopteris nipponicum C. Chr.; Thelypteris nipponica Ching; Lastrea nipponica Cop.; Wagneriopteris nipponica Lo”ve & Lo”ve.

        Plants 40-60 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, subsmooth. Fronds approached; stipes 10-20 cm long, bases darkish-brown, more or less covered with reddish-brown broad-ovate scales, up bright-stramineous, smooth; laminae 30-40 x 7-10 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 25-33 pairs, lower 5-7 pairs subopposite, downwards gradually reduced into small auricles, lowest ones tubercles, mid pinnae alternate, sessile, subflatly spreading, 4-5 x 7-12 cm, lanceolate, auminate at apexes, bases minute broadended, symmetrical, truncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 18 pairs, slightly oblique spreading, 3-5 x ca. 2 mm, oblong, round-obtuse at apexes, entire or shallow-thick serrate. Veins clerar, lateral veins single, 4-5 pairs on per segment. Fronds herbaceous, grass-green after dry, under surfaces bearin grayish-white, spreading unicellular and mixed few multicellular acicular hairs along rachillae, costa and margins, interstitial region densely bearing micro-glandular hairs and few orage –yellow globular glads; upper surfaces subglabrous except rachillae and veins covered with short acicular hairs. Sori rounded, mid size, 3-4 pairs on per segment, dorsiflxed at above middles of lateral veins, far from costa; indusia mid size, round-reniform, brown, membranous, bearing few grayish-white long acicular hairs at the back. Spores bilateral, round-reniform, perispores corrugate, exine regular fine reticulate.Chromosome 2n = 124.

        On soil under open forest on hilly region; 400-2500 m. commen; Fujian, Gangsu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, N. Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang [ Japan, S. Korea and Nepal]. Typical specimen collected from Nepal.

        Outline of this species is similar to Parathelypteris novoboracensis (L.) Ching which growing along the bank of the atlantic coast, different points only in later one’ segments acute at apexes, indusia glabrous at the back.      

4.Parathelypteris qinlingensis Ching ex Shing, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 36-37. 1999.

秦岭金星蕨 qin ling jin xing jue

       Plants 45-60 cm tall. Rhizomes ascending. Fronds subclusterd; stipes 10- 20 cm long, bases darkish-brown, sparsely bearing brown broad-ovate scales, up stramineous, smooth; laminae 35-45 x 8-11 cm, oblanceolate,  acuminae and pinnatifid at apexes, gradually tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 25 pairs, dowanwards gradually shortened into small auricle, lowest ones tubercle, mid pinnae alternate, flatly spreading, sessile, 4-6 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical and minute broader, subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments ca. 18 pairs, subflatly spreading, 4-6 x ca. 2 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at apexes, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 5-6 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costa. Fronds thick-herbaceous, grass-green after dry, under surfaces bearing more orange-yellow globulr glads, along rachillae, costa and margins densely bearing grayish-white, spreading,fine acicular hairs, upper surfaces along longitudinal vallecula and veins bearing appressed short seta, along rachies sparely bearing long hairs. Sori rounded, 3-5 pairs dorsiflexed at near ends of lateral veins on per segment and closed to margins; indusia mid size, round-reniform, brown, membranous, covered with more seta at the back, persistent. Spores bilateral, round-reniform, perispores corrugate and obvious fine-reticulate on surfaces, exine fine retculate.

       Under forest of Pinus armandii Pranch.; ca. 1800m.; common; Gansu and Shaanxi. Typical specimen collected from Shaanxi.

    This species is different with Parathelypteris nipponica (Franch, & Sav.) Ching in rhizomes ascending, fronds subclustered, pinnae covered with more orange-yellow globular glands and fine acicular long hairs on under sirfaces; indusia densely covered with setae at the back.

5. Parathelypteris borealis (Hara) Shing, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): t. 5, f.: 19-21. 1999.

狭脚金星蕨 xia jiao jin xing jue

Parathelypteris nipponica var. borealis Nakaike, New Fl. Jap. Pterid. 842. 1992; Dryopteris nipponica var. borealis Hara; Parathelypteris subnipponica Ching.   

    Plants 45-65cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, densely bearing rustyish-yellow hairs.Fronds approached; stipes 13 cm long, stramineous, smooth, bases sparsely bearing brown ovate scles; laminae 25-50 x 5-11 cm, alternate, flatly spreading, sessile, lower 7-8 pairs abruptly tapering into auricules, lowerst ones tubercle, mid pinnae 3-6 x 0.6-0.9 cm, lanceolate, acuminat at apexes, bases minute broadened, symmetrical, subtruncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments 12-18 pairs, 3-4.5 x 1.5 –2 mm, oblong, obtuse at pexes, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 4-5 pairs on per segmen, basel one pair come out from above bases of costa. Fronds herbaceous, after dry yellowish-dark-green, densely bearing orage-yellow globular glads on under surfaces, sparsely bearing grayish-white fine acicular hairs along rachillae, costae and margins, upper surfaces along longitudinal vallecula of rachilla bearing short hairs, the other smooth. Sori rounded, dorsiflexed at neat ends of lateral veins and closed to margins, 1-4 pairs on per segmen; indusia small, roundo-reniform, brown, membranous, nearly glabrous at the back. Spores bilateral, roundo-reniform, perispores few corrugate and fine reticulate on corrugations.

       In thickets on valley or shady wet places under forest; 400-1850 m.; commoner N. Anwei, N. Fujinag, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan [Japan]. Typical specimen collected from Japan.

      This species is extremely similar to Parathelypteris nippinica (Franch, & Sav.) Ching in outline, but laminae densely bearing orange-yellow globular gland on under surfaces; indusia subsmooth at the back.. Also is similar to Parathelypteris qinlingensis Ching, but later’ rhizomes ascending , rachillae bearing denser long acicular hairs on under sides; indusia bearing more seata at the back.

6. Parathelypteris cystopteroides (Eaton) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 302. 1963. 

马蹄金星蕨 ma ti jin xing jue

 Athyrium cystopteroides Eaton in Proc. Amer. Acad. 4: 110. 1858; Dryopteris cystptroides Kodama ex Tagaw; Thelypteris cystoptroides Ching; Lastrea cystoptroides Cop.; Dryopteris gracilescens Subsp. glanduligera var. abbreviate Kodama; Dryopteris abbreviatipinna Mikino & Ogata ex Makino.

       Plants 7-20 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, franching mixed to forming felt-like, sparsely bearing darhish-brown lanceolate small scales. Fronds approached; stiped 3-5 (-13 ) cm long, slender, darkish-stramineous, subsmooth; laminae 4-7 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, inpatering to base, bipinnapartite; pinnae 7-10 pairs, alternate, flatly spreading, stalks short, basel one pair same shape with above ones, 7-10 x 6-7 mm, obtuse at apexes, bases subtruncate, pinnatipartite near reached to rachillae; segments 2-3 pairs, ca. 3 x ca. 1’5 mm, oblong, basel one pair often inregularly bilobete. Veins clear, lateral veins single, ca. 3 pairs on per segment. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, near smooth on under surfaces, upper surfsces sparsely bearing appressed short hairs along longitudinal vallecula on rachillae, rachillae sparsely pubescent. Sori rounded or oblong, mid size, 2-4 on per segment, dorsiflexed at minute above middle of lateral veins; indusia big, round-reniform, brown, thick-membranous, occationally bearing few grayish-white seta at the back, persistent.

       On rocks under forest; Along the coast offshore islands of Fujiang and Taiwan [ Japan and Korea]. Typical specimen collected from Fujiang. 

7. Parathelypteris grammitoides (Christ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin.: 302. 1963.

矮小金星蕨 ai xiao jin xing jue

Aspidium grammitoides Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 193. 1898; Dryopteris grammitoides C. Chr.; Thelypteris grammitoides Ching; Lastrea grammitoides Cop.; Athyrium hylostegium Cop.; Dryopteris cystoptroides C. Chr.

       Plants 10-18 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, apexes including bases of stipes bearing reddish-brown narrow-lanceolae small scales. Fronds approached; stipes 3-10 cm long, darkish-stramineous, covered with grayish-white fine acicular hairs; laminae 5-8 x 2-3.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, intapering or binute tapering to bases, bipinnatpartite; pinnae 6-8 pairs, alternate, nearly flatly spreading, lanceolate, obtuse or acute at apexes, bases symmetrical and intapering, round-truncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segments 3-5 pairs, oblique spreading, basel one pair 2-3 x 1.5-2 mm, oblong, rounded at pexes, entire, up segments gradually shortened. Veins visible on under sides, lateral veins single, 3-4 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out above bases of costae. Fronds thick-coriaceous, after dry darkish-green, bearing orange-yellow globular glands on under surfaces, along rachillae and costae sparsely covered with glaucous needle-shaped long hairs, upper surfaces along longitudinal vallecula on rachillae bearing more acicular hairs. Sori small, rounded, 1-6 on per segment, dorsiflexed at near ends of lateral veins, closed to margins; indusia horse-shoe shaped, mid size, brown, thick-membrnous, bearing more fine and long seta at the back, persistent. Spores bilateral, round-reniform, perispores corrugate, with fine reticulate on corrugations.

       On rocks under forest; 1000-1350 m.; Taiwan [M and S. Japan, Korea and Philippens]. Typical specimen collected from Philippens.

8. Parathelypteris serrulata (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303 1963.

有齿金星蕨 you chi jin xing jue

Thelypteris serrulata Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 6: 319. 1936; Parathelypteris serrulata Y. Z. Zhang & al. nom. nud.

       Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, smooth, apexes sparsely covered with darkish-brown lanceolate scales. Fronds approached or remote; stipes ca. 25 cm long, darkish-stramineous, subsmoothl laminae ca. 25 x ca. 13 cm, broad-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, flatly spreading, alternate or subopposite on lower ones, near sessile, 5-7 x ca. 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical, subtruncate, lower pinnae minute tapering to bases, pinnatipartite near reached to rachillae; segments ca. 18 pairs, subflatly spreading, ca. 7 x ca. 0.2 cm, lanceolate, acute at apexes, segments on fortile fronds crenate along margins, sterile ones sharply lobete along margins. Veins clear, lateral single, 6-7 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae, sparsely bearing globular glands on under sides, glabrous, upper sides densely bearing short hairs along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae and costae. Sori mid size, rounded, 5-6 on per segment, dorsiflxed at near ends of lateral veins, closed to margins; indusia small, roundo-reniform, brown, membranous, smooth or occasionally spars hairy and deciduous when old. Spores bilateral, roundo-reniform, perispores few corrugate.

       By stream sides under forest; ca. 100 m.; Guizhou, S. W. Sichuan and Zhejinag. Less common. Typical specimen collected from Sichuan.

9. Parathelypteris angustifrons (Miq.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 302. 1963.

狭叶金星蕨 xia ye jin xing jue

Aspidium angustifrons Miq. In Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot. 3: 178. 1867; Thelypteris angustifrons Ching; Athyrium cystopteriodes var. elatus Eaton; Lasrea miqueliana Tagawa; Dryopteris glacilescens var. hyalostegia H.Ito.

       Plants 25-35 cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, apexes including bases of stipes slightly bearing darkish-brown lanceolate thick scales. Fronds approached; stipes 10-15 cm long, stramineous, subsmooth, upper parts including rachies bearing more grayish-white pubscens; laminae 15-20 x 3-4 cm, lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases minute tapering, bipinnatipartite or subbipinnate; pinnae 10-15 pairs, alternate, subflatly spreading, sessile or very short stalked, basel one pair same shape but minute shorter with above ones, mid pinnae 2-3 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, obtuse or acute at apexex, bases subsymemtrical,truncate; pinnaetipartite near reached to rachillae or subpinnate; segments or pinnules 6-20 pairs, lower 2-3 pairs, usually free, basel one pair of pinnae biger, 4-5 x ca. 2 mm, oblong, obtuse at apexes, bases cuneate, minute conbined with rachillae, entire or thick serrate along margin, up every pair gradually  reduced. Veins clear on under sides, lateral veins single, 3-4 pairs on per segment. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, bearing orangr-yellow globular glands on under surfaces, bearing few acicular hairs along rachillae and costae, upper sides bearing sparser acicular short hairs along longitudinal valleculae. Sori rounded, mid size, 3-4 on per segment, dorsiflexed at upper parts of lateral veins, closed to margins; indusia roundo-reniform, mid size, brown, membranous, bearing more seta at the back, persistent.

       On racks under forest; Fujiang and Taiwan [ Japan]. Typical specimen collected from Japan. 

10. Parathelypteris glanduligera (Kze.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303. 1963.

金星蕨 jin xing jue

Aspidium glanduligera Kze., Anal. Pterid. 44. 1837; Lastrea glanduligera Moore; Dryopteris glanduligera Christ; Christella glanduligera Ching; Nephrodium gracilescens var. gladuligera Bak.; Aspidium gracilescens var. glanduligerum Franch. & Sav.; Lastrea gracilescens var. glanduligera Bedd.; Dryopteris graciiscens var. glanduligera C. Chr.; Nephrodium gracilescens Hook. Dryopteris gracilescens Subsp. glanduligera C. Chr.

       Plants 35-50 (-60) cm tall. Rhizomes long and creeping, smooth, apexes slightly bearing lanceolate scales. Fronds approached; stipes 15-20 (-30) cm long, stramineous, more or less bearing short hairs or smooth sometime; laminae 18-30 x 7-13 cm, lanceolate or broado-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, intapering to bases, bipinnatipatite; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, flat or oblique spreading, alternate or subopposite on lower ones, sessile, 4-7 x 1-1.5 cm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical and minute broadened, or basel one pair minute tapering to bases, truncate, pinnatifid nearly reached to rachillae; segmemts 15-20 pairs or more, speading, 5-6 x ca. 2 mm, oblong-lanceolate, roundo-obtuse or obtuse-pointed at apexes, entire, basel one pair, particular acroscopic one piec of segment longer. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 5-7 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from above bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry grss-green or darkish-green sometime, pinnae except bearing orange-yellow globular glands, smooth or short pubescent on under surfaces, upper surfaces densely bearing acicular hairs along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae, along veins occasionally bearing few short acicular hairs, along rachies more or less grayish-white pubescent. Sori small, rounded, 4-5 pairs on per segment, dorsiflexed at near ends of lateral veins, closed to margins; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform, brown, thick-membranous, sparsely bearing grayish-white seta at the back, persistent. Spores bilateral, roundo-reniform, perispores corrugate with regular fine-reticulate. Chromosome 2n = 144.

       On places under open forest; 50-1500 m.; Widely distributed provinces and area in South of changjiang river, the north reached to Henan, N. Anhui, the east to Taiwan, the south to Hainan, the west reached to Sichuan and Yunnan [ N. India, Japan, S. Korea, Sikkim and Vietnan]. Typical specimen collected from Guangzhou.

1a. Under surfaces of pinnae except sparsely bearing grayish-white acicular hairs along rachillae and costae, the other subsmooth, upper surfaces bearing short acicular along rachillae, occasionally bearing few appressed short acicular hairs along veins-------------------------------------------------------------------------10a. var. glanduligera    

1b. Under surfaces of pinnae bearing denser pubescens, along rachillae bearing more acicular fine hairs, upper surfaces except bearing acicular hairs along longitudinal valleculae on rhachillae, also bearing sparse appressed fine acicular hairs along veins and in intercostals area---------------------------------------------------------10b.var. puberula

10a. Parathelypteris glanduligera var. glanduligera

金星蕨 jin xing jue

       Under surfaces of pinnae except sparsely bearing grayish-white acicular along rachillar and main veins, the othes subsmooth, upper urfaces bearing short acucular hairs along rachillae, occasionally bearing few appressed short acicular hairs along veins. 

        On places under forest; 50-1500 m.; Widely distributed provinces and area in south of changjiang, the north reached to Henan, N. Anhui, the east rached Taiwan, the south to Hainan, the west to Sichuan and Yunnan [ N. India, Japan, S. Korea, Sikkim and Vitnan].

10b. Parathelypteris glanduligera var. puberula ( Ching) Ching ex Shing, Fl, Jiangxi 1: 199. 1993. 

微毛金星蕨 wei mao jin xing jue

Thelypteris subimmersa Ching in Bull. Fan mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 6: 306. 1936; Amphineurom immersum Holtt.

       Under surfaces of pinnae bearing dense pubescens, along rachillae bearing more acicular fine hairs, upper surfaces except bearing acicular hairs along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae, also bearing sparse appressed fine acicular hairs along veins and in intercostals area.

       On wet shady places under Phyllostchys pubescens; 250-1000 m.; Anhui, Jiangsu and Jiangxi. Typical specimen collected from Jiangxi.

11. Parathelypteris subimmersa (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303. 1963.

海南金星蕨 bai nan jin xing jue  

Thelypteris subimmersa Ching in Bull. Fan mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. Ser. 6: 306. 1936; Amphimeuron immersum Holtt. pro parte.

Plants 2.6-3 m. tall. Rhizomes strong, woody and ascending.Fronds approached; stipes near reached to 1 m long, thick ca. 1 cm in diam., bases bearing thick and form lanceolate scales, up sparsely bearing short seta, darkish-stramineous; laminae big, 160-200 x 50-60 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminae and pinnatifid at apexes, bases nearly tapering or sometime basel one pair of pinnae minute shortened, bipinnatipatite; pinnae meijority, subopposite, flatly spreading, sessile, mid pinnae 25-30 x 2-2.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, caudato-acuminate at apexes, bases symmetrical, truncate, pinnatipartite reached to both narrow-wings of rachillae; segments 60-70 pairs, flatly spreading, pectnately arranged, 8-10 x 2.2 –2.5 mm, linear, rounded or acute at apexes, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 12-14 on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae, all reached to margins above sinuses or basel acroscopic one veinlet closed to the sinus. Fronds paperaceous, after dry grass-green, under surfaces of pinnae more or less bearing yellow globular small glands along veins, the other smooth, upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae densely bearing grayish-white fine and long acicular hairs and along veins sparse short hairy. Sori rounded, mid size, dorsiflexed at middles of lateral veins, 8-10 pairs on per segment; indusia roundo-reniform, subcoriaceous glabrous, sulphureous glands along margins, persistent. Spores round-reniform, perispores inregular spinate and spars small spinete.

       On moist sand soil of slope under forest; endemic W. Hainan.

This species is similar to Amphiineuron immersum (Bl.) Holtt., which produced in Malaysia. But latter’ pinnae broader (3-3.3 cm), segments densely bearing  grayish-white fine and long acicular hairs on under surfaces. Owing to more complex characters on Amphineuron Holttu., except the plant of this species particular big and strong, the others characters do not different, so listed here.

12. Parathelypteris chingii Shing & J.F. Cheng in Jaingxi Sci. 8(3): 44. 1990.      

秦氏金星蕨 qin shi jin xing jue

Plants 35-60 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 15-30 cm long, bases occasionally bearing lanceolate scales and sparsely greish-white multi-cellular spreading acicular hairy, darkish-brown on lower parts, up brownish-stramineous; sparsely short hairy or subsmooth; laminae 20-30 x 10-13 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 12-15 pairs, sessile, spreading, basel one inshortened, oblique-dowanwards, pinnae from middle dowanwards 5-8 x 1.4-1.7 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases minute broadened, round-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatiprtite reached to both narrow-wings of rachillae; segments 8-15 pairs, lower ones 4-8 x 3-4 mm, oblong, minute tapering to and roundo-truncate at apexes, sometime angular and entire on both lateral sides. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 3-5 pairs on per segment, basel one pair came out from high places above bases of costae. Fronds thick-herbaceous, after dry grass-green or darkish-green, under surfaces sparsely bearing reddish-purpl globular glads, along rachillae and veins bearing more grayish-white spreading acucular hairs, upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae densely bearing acucular hairs and appressed short seta, also mexed multicellular spreading acicular hairs. Sori rounded, dorsiflexd at middles of lateral veins, located between costae and margins, 2-5 pairs on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, brown, thick-membranous and separated from each other and bearing grayish-white acicular hairs at the back.

On wet places under dense forest on valley; 300-500 m.; N. Fujian and S. Jiangxi. Typical specimen collectd from Fujiang, wuuyi mountain.

This species is similar to Parathelypteris japonica (Bak.) Chng, but shorter and smaller, stipes bearing spreading acicular hairs on bases, pinnae bearing spreading fine and long acicular hairs on under surfaces; indusia separated from each other.

1a. Plants 35-60 cm tall, pinnae sessile, under surfaces of frond along rachillae and veins bearing grayish-white acicular hairs and upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae of rachillae bearing appressed short seta and multicellular acicular hairs, rachies bearing denser  acicular hairs--------------------------12a. var. chingii

1b. Plant reached to 75 cm tall, lower pinnae stalked, along rachillae and veins densely bearing short hairs except long acicular hairs on under sides; rachies densely bearing seta on upper sides, sparsely bearing grayish-white fine and long acicular hairs on under sides--------------------------------------------------------12b. var. major

 12a. Parathelypteris chingii var. chingii

秦氏金星蕨 qin shi xing jue

              Plants 35-60 cm tall. pinnae sissile, under surfaces of fronds along rachillae and veins bearing grayish-white acicular hairs on under sides and upper upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae of rachillae bearing appressed short seta and multicellular acicular hairs.

        On wet places under denser forest on valley; 300-500 m.; N. Fujian and S. Jiangxi.

12b. Parathelypteris chingii Shing var. major (Ching) Shing, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 46. 1999.

大羽金星蕨 da yu jin xing jue

Thelypteris angulaliloba var. major Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 325. 1936.

Plants reached to 75 cm tall. lower pinnae stalked, along rachillae and veins densely bearing short hairs except long acicular hairs on under sides; rachies densely bearing seta on upper sides, sparsely bearin grayish-white fine and long acicular hairs on under sides.

           On wet and shady places under forest on mountain feet; endemic Guangdong. 

13. Parathelypteris petilotii (Ching) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303. 1963. 

长毛金星蕨 cahng amo jin xing jue

Thelypteris petelotii Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. ser. 6: 326. 1963; Lastrea petelotii Tagawa; Coryphopteris petelotii Holtt.

        Plants reached to 70 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and erect, subtrunk-like. Fronds clustered; stipes ca. 30 cm long, slightly bearing scales on bases and densely bearing grayish-white multicellular acicular hairs, up castaneousish-brown and subentire; laminae ca. 40 x ca. 15 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to bases, bipinnatipatite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, alternate, sessile, lower ones nearly inshortened, oblique dowanwards, basel pinnae ca. 10 x 2-2.5 cm, lanceolate, long-acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, symmentrical, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments 20-4 pairs, flatly spreading, segments on below middle ca. 1 x ca. 0.3 cm, narrow-rectangular, slightly bend upward, rounded at apexes, shallow-undulate or usually sparsely blunt serrate along margins. Veins clear on both sides, lateral veins single, 6-8 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, bearing denser reddish-purple globular glands on under surfaces, along rachillae and veins densely bearing grayish-white multicellular acicular hairs; upper surfaces spreading all over with appressed pubescent; rachies darkish-stramineous, pubescent on upper sides, smooth on under sides. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at middles of lateral veins, 3-6 on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, thick-membranous, brown, spreading all over with grayish-white long acicular hairs at the back, persistent.

Under evergreen forest; ca. 1500 m.; S. Guangxi [N. Vietnan]. Typical specimen collected from Vietnan.

 14. Parathelypteris hirsutipes (Clarke) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303. 1963.

毛脚金星蕨 mao jiao jin xing jue

Nephrodium gracilescens var. hirsutpes Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2, Bot. 1: 514. t. 67. f. 1. 1880; Lastera hirsutipes Bedd.; Dryopteris hirsutipes C. Chr.; Thelypteris hirsutipes Ching; Dryopteris gracilescens var. chinensis Christ; Coryphopteris hirsutipes Holtt.;

        Plants 5-60 cm tall. Rhizomes strong, cylindraceous, erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 10-20 (-30 ) cm long, lower parts darkish-brown, bases densely bearing grayish-brown, multicellular spreading acicular long hairs ( after dry easy fallen) and few darkish-brown lanceolate scales, up darkish-stramineous and subentire; laminae 25-30 x 9-14 cm, narrow-oblong, acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to bases, bippintpartite; pinnae 20-25 pairs, alternate, flatly spreading, lower 3-4 pairs inshortened, more or less downwards, mid pinnae 5-8 x 1-1.5 cm, lanceolate, caudato-acumiate at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatipartite nearly reached to rachillae; segments 15-18 pairs, flatly spreading, 4.5-6.5 x 2-3 mm, rectangular, rounded at apexes, margins entire or slightly undulate. Veins visible on both sides, lateral veins single, 5-8 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases or bit upper parts of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, under surfaces bearing denser reddish-purple, globular glands and along rachillae and veins bearing denser multicellular acicular hairs, upper surfaces spreading all over with appressed pubescens; rachies stramineous and sparsely pubescent on both sides. Sori rounded, dorsiflexed at middle of lateral veins, 1-5 pairs on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, thick-membranous, brown, smooth or occasionally few short setaceous at the back.

         Under mountain seasonal rain forest or mixed forest; 1400-1600 m.; S.E. Yunnan [ N. India, Myanmer and Sikkim]. Typical specimen collectd from Sikkim.

15. Parathelypteris caudate Ching ex Shng, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 49. 1999.

尾叶金星蕨 wei ye jin xing jue

       Plants 50-80 cm tall. Rhizomes thick and short, erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 20-40 cm long, bases subblack and bearing grayish-brown, spreading multicellular acicular hairs and few brown laceolate scales, up castaneousish-brown, subsmooth or along longitudinal vallecula bearing brownish acicular hairs; laminae 30-40 x 10-20 cm, oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate and pinnatifid at apexes, slightly tapering to base, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 20-25 pairs, alternate, spreading, sessile, lower ones inshortened, oblique-downwards, basel one pair 4.5-9 x 1.2-2 cm, lanceolate, caudate or acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, roundo-truncate, symmetrical, pinnatifid reached to narrow-wing on both of rachillae; segments 20-28 pairs, subflatly spreading, 5-9 x2.5-3 mm, linear-lanceolate to rectangular,  rounded or roundo-truncate at apexes, along margins undulate-crenate or thick-serate. Veins clear on under sides, lateral vein single, 6-9 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases or minute upper part of costae. Fronds papyraceous or thick-herbaceous, after dry darkish-green, under surfaces bearing reddish-purple globular glands, usually glabrous or along rachies, rachillae and veins bearing few grayish-brown pubescens; upper surfaces bearing appressed reddish-brown pubescens, along rachies and longitudinal valleculae and rachillae bearing grayish-brown acicular haies. Sori rounded, mid size, dorsiflexed at middle of lateral veins, 5-7 pairs on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, brown, thick-membranous, smooth or occasionally short setaceous at the back.

       Under Mossy forest or Bambusa forest on mountain subalpine; 1700-1900 m.; M. Guangxi, S. Yunnan and area of the E-China. Typical specimen collected from Yunnan.

16. Parathepteris trichochlamys Ching ex Shing, in Addenda on Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4(1): 320. 1999.

毛盖金星蕨 mao gai jin xing jue

       Plants reached to 50 cm. tall. Rhizomes short and erect. Fronds clustered; stipes 18-20 needle-shaped hairs and darkish-brown linear-lanceolate scales, up castaneousish-red and including rachies and rachillae densely bearing short acicular hairs; laminae 26-30 x ca. 6 cm, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, intapering to bases, mid pinnae 5-6 x ca. 1 cm, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering and truncate, symmetrical, sligly bended upwards, pinnatipartite reached to both narrow-wings; segments ca. 16 pairs, 4-4.5 x ca. 3 mm, oblongo-triangular, lightly tapering to apexes, obtuse at apexes, margins entire and often recurled after dry, Veins clear, lateral veins single, ca. 5 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bit upper parts on bases of costae. Fronds thick-herbaceous, after dry brownish-green, under surfaces sparsely covered reddish-purple globular glands, densely covered with short acicular hairs on both surfaces. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at middles of lateral veins; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform, closed to each other, brown, thick-membranous, densely bearing short seta at the back, persistent.

       On wet places in thickets; endemic W. Guangdong ( huai-ji, dang shan). Common.

17. Parathelypteris caoshanensis Ching ex Shing in Addenda on Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1); 50. 1999. 

草山金星蕨 cao shan jin xing jue

       Plants ca. 38 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, black. Fronds clustered; stipes 14-18 cm long, bases darkish-brown, densely bearing spreading acicular long hairs and few lanceolate scales, up castaneousish-red and till rachies densely bearing unicellular short acicular hairs; laminae 20-22 x ca. 9 cm, apexes acuminate and pinnatfid, nearly intapering to bases, bpinnatipartite; pinnae 11-15 pairs, alternate( lower ones subopposite), oblique-up, short stalked, basel pair inshortened or slighly shortened, mid ones ca. 6 x ca. 1 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases roundo-truncate, symmentrical, pinnatifid reached near rachillae; segments ca. 18 pairs, ones below middle ca. 5 x ca. 2.5 mm, oblong, rounded at apexes, entire along margins. Veins clear, lateral veins single, ca. 6 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from nearby bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry darkish-brown, under surfaces spreaded all over with short acicular hairs and including veins bearing reddish-purple globular glands, upper surfaces spreaded all over with shaprs pubescens. Sori rounded. dorsiflexed at minute high places on bases of lateral veins; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform, brown, thin-heraceous, separated from each other, sparsely bearing pubescens at the back, persistent.

       On wet soil under forest in valley; endemic Taiwan ( taibei, caoshan).

18. Parathelypteris chinensis (Ching ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 303. 1963.

中华金星蕨 zhong hua jin xing jue

Thelypteris chinensis Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst Biol. Bot. 6: 311. 1936; Dryopateris chinensis Ching; Aspidium parathelypteris C. Chr.; Dryopteris japonica var. elongata Rosenst. Parathelypteris mudipes Ching nom. nud.

Plants 57-80 cm tall. Rhizomes short and decumbent or ascending. Fronds approached; stipes 27-40 cm long, bases subblack, sparsely bearing lanceolate scales, up castaneousish-brown or reddish-brown, glabrous, polished; laminae 30-40 x 8-12 cm,  lanceolate, apexes acuminate and pinnatid, intapering to bases, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 18 pairs, opposite or alternate up, oblique spreading, sessile, basel one pair intapering, mid ones 5-7 x 0.8-1.2 cm, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate at apexes, bases truncate, symmetrical, pinnatipartite reached to both narrow-wings on rachillae, segments 18-24 pairs, flatly spreading, 3-5 x 2-3 mm, oblong or triangular-oblong, obtuse at apexes entire along margins. Veins clear, lateral single, 4-5 (- 6 )pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from minute high places on bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, brownish-green after dry, on surfaces glabrous except reddish-orange globular glands; upper surfaces pubscent along rachillae. Sori rounded, dorsiflexed atmiddles of lateral veins, ca. 3 pairs on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, brown, membranous, nearly contocted with each other, smooth at the back, persistent.

       On wet and shady places under ferest in valley; 700-1000 m.; S. Anhui, N. Fujiang, Guangdong, S. Guangxi, W. Hunan, Jiangxi, S. Sichuan and Zhejiang. Typical specimen collected from Anhui.

1a. Fronds glabrous except reddish-orange glands on under surfaces; sori nearly contacted with each other and indusia glabous at the back---------------------------18a. var. chinensis 

1b.Ssparsely bearing glands on under sides of rachillae and along rachillae  veins and intercostals area bearing sparse short bearing hairy; sori more or less separated from each other; indusia sparsely bearing short hairs at the back------------------------------------------------------------------------------18b.var. hirticarpa

18a. Parathelypteris chinensis var. chinensis

中华金星蕨 zhong hua jin xing jue     

Fronds glabrous except reddish-orange glands on under surfaces; sori nearly contacted with each other and indusia glabrous a the back.

          On wet shady places under ferest in valley; 700-1000 m.; S. Anhui, N. Fujiang, Guangdong, S. Guangxi, W. Hunan, Jiangxi, S. Sichuan and Zhejiang.

 18b. Parathelypteris chinensis var. hirticarpa Ching ex Shing & J. F. Cheng in Jaingxi Sci. 8 (3): 44. 1990. 

毛果金星蕨 mao guo jin xing jue

     Sparsely bearing glands on under sides of rachillae and along rachillae, veins and intercostals area bearing sparse short needle-shaped hairs; sori more or less separated from each other; indusia sparsely bearing short hairs at the backs.

       Under forest on valley or in thickets; 700-2100 m.; Guizhou, Jiangxi and Ynnan. Typical specimen collected from Guizhou.

19. Parathelypteris japonica (Bak.) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 304. 1963.

光脚金星蕨 guan jiao jin xing jue

Nephrodium japonicum Bak. in Ann. Bot. 5: 318. 1891; Dryopteris japonoca C. Chr.; Christella japonica Le’v.; Thelypteris japonoca Ching; Lastrea japonica Cop.; Wagneriopteris japonica Lo”ve & Lo”ve. Parathelypteris japonica var. musashiensis (Hiyama) Jiang in Fl. Anhui 1: 124. 1985.

      Plants 55-70 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending. Fronds approache or subclustered; stipes 25-35 cm long, bases subblack, slightly bearing reddish-brown lanceolate scales, up castaneousish-darkkish-brown or astaneousish-brown, glabrous; laminae 30-35 x 17-20 cm, ovato-oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intapering, bipinnatpartite; pinnae 15-20 pairs, flatly spreading, lower 3-4 pairs of pinnae longer, opposite or subopposite, sessile; mid pinnae 8-10 x 1.3-1.6 cm, lanceolate, apexes acuminate, bases subtruncate, symmetrical, pinnatfid reached to both narrow-wing on rachillae, segments 25-30 pairs, 5-7 x ca. 2.6 mm, lanceolate and bitly falcate, apexes obtuse or acute, entire. Veins clear, lateral veins single, 8-9 (10) pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from nearby bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, darkish-green after dry, under surfaces along rachillae, costae ( sometime including lateral veins) and margins bearing grayish-white sparse pubescens and more reddish-brown ,globose big glands, upper surfaces along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae densely bearing acicular hairs, along rachies bearing appressed short needle-shaped hairs. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed at bit high placese on middles of lateral veins, 3-4 pairs on per segment; indusia big, roundo-reniform, brownish, membranous, bearing more grayish-white pubescens at the back, persistent. Chromosome 2n = 124.

             On shady places under forest; ca. 1000 m.; Anhui, N. Fujiang, M. N. Guizhou, Mi Hunan, N. Jiangsu, Jiangxi, W. Sicuan and Taiwan, N. Yunnan and W. S. Zhenjiang (Japan and S. Korea). Typical specimen collected from Japan.

        1a. Stipes and rachies subblack on bases, up castaneousish-brown; indusia bearing more glaucous pubescens at the back----------------------------------------------19a. var. japonica

        1b. Stipes and rachies stramineous, under surfaces of pinnae and indusia all glabrous at the back------------------------------------------------------------------------------19b. var. glabrata

19a. Parathelypteris jaonica var. japonica

光脚金星蕨 guang jiao jin xing jue

             Stipes and rachies subblack on bases, up castaneousish-brown, under surfaces of pinnae and indusia bearing sparse pubescens, indusia bearing more glaucous pubescens at the back.

On shady under forest; ca. 1000 m.; N. Fujiang, M. N. Guizhou, N. Jiangsu, Jiangxi, W. Sichuan and Taiwan (Japan and S. Korea).

 19b. Parathelypteris japonica var. glabrata (Ching) Shing, Fl. Jiangxi 1: 201. 1993.

光叶金星蕨 guang ye jin xing jue

Thelypteris japonica var. glabrata Ching in Bull. Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 313. 1936;       Stipes and rachis stramineous, under surfaces of pinnae and indusia all glabrous at the back.

     Onder forest; Jiangxi [ Japan and S. Korea]. Typical specimen collected from Korea.

20. Parathelypteris castanea (Tagawa) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 304. 1963.

台湾金星蕨 tai wan jin xing jue

Dryopteris castanea Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 132. 1935; Thelypteris costanea Ching.

   Plants ca. 70 cm tall. Rhizomes short and ascending, black. Fronds clustered; bases black, up castaneousish-brown, polished, thorough body covered with dense glaucous short acicular hairs; laminae ca 30 x ca. 14 cm, narrow-oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intaperig, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 15-17 pairs, opposite or alternate up, spreading, sessile, lower several pairs inshortened, 7-8 x ca. 1.4 cm, lanceolate, more or less falcate, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, truncate, pinnatipartite reached to narrow –wings on both lateral sides; segments 15-18 pairs, ca. 6 x ca. 2.8 mm, apexes rounded, entire. Veins visible, lateral single, 6-7 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from bases of costae. Fronds herabaceous, after dry darkish-brown, pinnae densely bearing grayish-white short acicular hairs on both surfaces, the hairs along rchillae denser and longer; rachies brown, bearing grayish-white pubescens on under sides. Sori rounded, dorsiflxed above middles of lateral veins, minute closed to margins, 1 pair on per segment; indusia smaller, roundo-reniform, brown, membranous, densely bearing pubescens at the back. Persistent.

           On moist places under forst; Taiwan [ Japan]. Typical collected from Taiwan.

 21. parathelypteris pauciloba Ching in Addenda 321. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 4 (1): 55. 1999.

阔叶金星蕨 kuo ye jin xing jue

             plants 30-35 cm tall. Rhizomes short and erect, black. Frond clustered; stipes 12-14 cm long, slender, bases subblack, mixed with grayish-white seta and few spreadinf multcellular long hairs, up castaneousish-brown and bearing grayish-white seta; laminae 17-22 x 9-12 cm, oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae 10-12 pairs, alternate, sessle, lower pinnae inshortened, 5-6.5 x 1.2-1.6 cm, acuminate at apexes, bases slightly tapering, truncate, symmetrical, pinnatpartite reached to broad-wing on both lateral sides of rachillae; pinnae 5-8 pairs, approached, 5-7 x ca. 5 mm, rectangular, apexes rounded or roundo-truncate and with 2-4 angulars. Veins clear, lateral single, 3-4 pairs on per segment, basel one pair come out from higher places above bases of costae. Fronds herbaceous, after dry deep-green, under surfaces sparsely covered short setae along rachillae, upper surfaces sparsely bearing appressed short hairs, the hairs along longitudinal valleculae on rachillae denser; rachies stramineous, densely bearing short seta. Sori rounded, 1-2 on per segment, dorsiflxed at bit high places on middles of lateral veins, in one row on each side of rachillae; indusia mid size, roundo-reniform, brown, thick-membranous, slightly bearing pubescens at the back, persistent.

             On wet soil under forest by stram sides; ca. 800 m.; endemic N. Fujiang.

           The species is similar Parathelypteris angulariloba (Ching) Ching, different in the late’ s rhizomes short and erect, stipes thorough bearing grayish-white short seta, and mixed few spreading multicellular long acicular hairs; rachillae sparsely cbearing unicellular short setae on under sides; indusia slightly bearing pubescens at the back.

22. Parathelypteris angulariloba (Ching ) Ching in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 304. 1963.

钝角金星蕨 dun jiao jin xing jue

Thelypteris angulariloba Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 6: 323. 1963; Lastrea angulariloba Tagawa; Coryphopteris hirsutipes Holtt. pro parte.; Thelypteris simozawae Tagawa; Parathelypteris simozwae Ching. Parathelypteris subpinnatifida Ching nom. nud.

.    Plants 30-60 cm tall. Rhizomes short, decumbent or ascending, subblack. Fronds subclusterd; stipes 10-30 cm long, bases subblack, densely bearing spreading multicellular acicular hairs, up castaneousish-red or castaneousish-brown, nearly entire; laminae 17-30 x 6-12 cm, narrow-oblong, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid, bases intapering, bipinnatipartite; pinnae ca. 20 pairs, alternate basel one pair intapering, more or less oblique-downards, mid pinnae 5-6 x 7-15 cm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, apexes acuminate and pinnatifid or sometime entire, ba