PARKERIACEAE [Draft]
水蕨科 hui jue ke
Lin You-xin (林尤興); Shigeo Masuyama
Annual juicy aquatic plant. Rhizome short and erect with thick roots, dictyostele, with scales at apex; scale broadly ovate to cordate to peltate, entire, thin, brownish-hyaline. Frond clustered; stipe green, more or less expanding, semi-cylindrical, carnose, smooth, with sparse scales, with many longitudinal ridges on surface and many small vascular bundles inside. Frond dimorphic. Sterile frond ovately to lanceolately triangular, green, thin herbaceous, simple or pinnate; ultimate lobe broadly lanceolate or loriform, entire, acute at apex; veins anastomosing; occasional gemma formed in axil of pinnae, small, ovate, brownish, resulting in juveniles through asexual propagation. Fertile frond similar in morph with sterile one, but normally taller, divided deeper and finer; ultimate lobe reflexed toward costa to enclose sori, linear to siliquiform, green when young and brownish when old; rachis green, with longitudinal ridges, deplanete when dry. Sori attached along costa, long linear, covered with reflexed margin of lobe. Sporangium big, subsessile; annulus broad, vertical, consisting of 0--70 incrassate cells; lete mark obvious or no. Spores 16 or 32 per sporangium, big, tetrahedral, trilete, with fine, parallel ridge-like ornamentations.
One genus. Distributed in tropics and subtropics of the world.
1. CERATOPTERIS Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 3, 8: 186. 1821.
水蕨属 shui jue shu
Parkeria Hooker, Exot. Fl. 2: 147. 1825.
Characters same as the family. x = 13(39).
About 4--7 species world wide; 2 species in China. In China rhizomes and fronds are used as medicine for fetal toxins and accumulation of phlegm. Young fronds are used as a vegetable.
1a. Rooting in silt. Sterile frond varied in morph, pinnate to 3-pinnate, tall and short depending on aquatic habitat condition; stipe 3--30 cm, below 1 cm in diam., base unexpanded. Fertile frond taller than sterile one, ovate to lanceolate to oblong. 1. C. thalictroides
1b. Usually floating. Sterile frond simple to pinnatifid to pinnate, broadly triangular; stipe 5--8 cm, 1--3 cm in diam., base much expanded. Fertile frond untaller than sterile one, broadly triangular. 2. C. pteridoides
1. Ceratopteris thalictroides (Linnaeus) Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 3, 8: 186. 1821.
水蕨 shui jue
Acrostichum thalictroides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1070. 1753; Acrostichum siliquosum Linnaeus; Ceratopteris siliquosa (Linnaeus) Copeland; Ellobocarpus oleraceous Kaulf.; Furcaria thalictroides (Linnaeus) Desvaux; Pteris thalictroides (Linnaeus) Swartz; Pteris siliquosa (Linnaeus) Pal. de Beauv.; Teleozoma thalictroides (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex H. Richards.
Plant green, juicy and soft, 5--70 cm tall. Rhizome short and erect. Frond clustered and dimorphic. Sterile stipe 3--30 cm, below 1 cm in diam., green, semi-cylindrical, carnose, unexpanded, glabrous, with sparse scales; frond erect or floating when young, ovate to lanceolate, 6--30 × 3--15 cm, apex acuminate, base roundly cuneate, 2--4 pinnate; pinna 5--8 pairs, alternate; lower 1--2 pairs bigger, up to 10 × 7 cm, ovate to oblong, apex acute to acuminate, base subround to subtruncate, 1--3 pinnate; pinnule 2--5 pairs, alternate, broadly ovate or ovate triangular, up to 4 × 3 cm, apex obtuse to acuminate, base roundly truncate, stalk short and with narrow wings on both sides, deeply divided; ultimate lobe linearly oblong or linearly lanceolate, up to 2 × 0.5 cm, apex obtuse to acute, base decurrent along rachis forming broad wing, entire; upper pair of pinnae similar in shape with basel pair of pinnae, but gradually smaller. Fertile stipe same with sterile one; frond oblong or ovate-triangular, 15--40 × 10--22 cm, apex acuminate, base roundly cuneate or roundly truncate, 2--3 pinnate; pinna 3--8 pairs, alternate, lower 1--2 pairs of pinnae bigger, up to 14 × 6 cm, ovate or longly triangular, stalked; ultimate lobe linear to siliquiform, apex acuminate, 1--4 × 0.2 cm, margin thin, strongly reflexed toward costa, like false inducium. Veins anastomosing, unveinlet in areole. Lamina soft-herbaceous, green when young and brownish when old, glabrous; rachis and costa same in color with stipe, smooth. Sporangia attached veinlets on both sides of main vein, covered with reflexed margin of lobe, brown, with 30--70 annulus cells, with 32 spores inside. Spore tetrahedral, above ca.100 μm in diam., with glanulate perine and thick exine forming rich parallel ridges on surface. 2n = 154,156; tetraploid.
Ponds, ditches, rice fields, taro patches; usually rooting. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang. Widely distributed in Asia (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam), Africa, Australia, North America, Pacific Islands, South America.
2. Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hooker) Hieronymous, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 561. 1905.
粗梗水蕨 cu geng shui jue
Pakeria pteridoides Hooker, Exot. Fl. 2: 147. 1825; Ceratopteris pakeria J. Smith
Usually floating. Plant 20--30 cm tall. Stipe, rachis and costa of lower pinnae all obviously expanded in lower parts, base of stipe longly cuneate, covered with roots. Frond dimorphic. Sterile frond simple and deeply divided, sometimes oppositely pinnate, green, smooth; stipe 5--8 cm, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., semi-cylindrical; blade ovate-triangular, lobe triangular to broadly loriform. Fertile frond green when young and brownish when old, smooth; stipe 5--8 cm, 1--3 cm in diam.; blade 15--25 cm, broadly triangular, 2--4 pinnate; ultimate lobe linear or siliquiform, apex acuminate, 2–6 × ca. 0.2 cm, margin thin, strongly reflexed toward main vein to cover sori. Sporangia attached veinlets on both sides of main vein, covered with reflexed margin of lobe, brown, with 0--40 annulus cells, with 32 spores inside. Spore tetrahedral, below ca.100 μm in diam., with few parallel ridges. 2n = 78; diploid.
Marshes, ponds, ditches; usually floating on water. Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shangdon. Distributed in Asia (Bangladesh, China, India, Vietnam), Central America, North America, South America, West Indies.
PARKERIACEAE
水蕨科 hui jue ke
Lin You-xin (林尤興); Shigeo Masuyama
Annual (multi-)juicy aquatic plant. Rhizome short and erect (and) with thick roots, dictyostele, (and covered) with scales at apex; (the) scale(s) broadly ovate(, more or less) to cordate to peltate (at base), entire, thin, brownish-hyaline. Frond(s) clustered; stipe(s) green, more or less expanding, semi-cylindrical, carnose, smooth, with sparse scales, (round and) with many longitudinal ridges on surface and (with many stomate inside, around side with) many small vascular bundles inside. Frond(s) dimorphic. Sterile frond(s) lanceolately (triangular) to ovately triangular, green, thin herbaceous, simple or pinnate; ultimate lobe(s) broadly lanceolate or loriform, entire, acute at apex; veins anastomosing; occasional gemma formed in (basel) axil of pinnae, small, (with one roundly) ovate, brownish, resulting in juveniles through asexual propagation. Fertile frond(s) similar in morph with sterile one(s), but normally taller, divided deeper and finer; ultimate lobe(s) reflexed toward costa to enclose sori, linear to siliquiform, green when young and brownish when old; rachis green, with longitudinal ridge, deplanete when dry. Sori attached along costa, long linear, (all) covered with reflexed margin of lobe. Sporangium big (size), subsessile; annulus broad, vertical, consisting of 0–70 incrassate cells; lete mark obvious or no. Spores 16 or 32 per sporangium, big, tetrahedral, trilete,(each side) with fine, parallel ridge-like ornamentations.
One genus. Distributed in tropics and subtropics of the world.
1. CERATOPTERIS Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 3, 8: 186. 1821.
水蕨属 shui jue shu
Parkeria Hooker, Exot. Fl. 2: 147. 1825.
Characters same as the family. x = 13(39).
About 4–7 species world wide; 2 species in China. In China rhizomes and fronds are used as medicine for fetal toxins and accumulation of phlegm. Young fronds are used as a vegetable.
1a. Rooting in silt(ation). Sterile frond(s) varied in morph, pinnate to 3-pinnate, tall and short depending on aquatic habitat condition ; stipe (and rachis) 3--30 cm, below 1 cm in diam., base unexpanded. Fertile frond taller than sterile one, ovate to lanceolate to oblong.
1. C. thalictroides
1b. Usually floating (plant). Sterile frond simple to pinnatifid to pinnate, broadly triangular; (Stipe and rachis) Stipe 5--8 cm, 1--3 cm in diam., base much expanded. Fertile frond untaller than sterile one, broadly triangular. 2. C. pteridoides
1. Ceratopteris(a) thalictroides (Linnaeus) Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 3, 8: 186. 1821.
水蕨 shui jue
Acrostichum thalictroides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1070. 1753; Acrostichum siliquosum Linnaeus; Ceratopteris siliquosa (Linnaeus) Copeland; Ellobocarpus oleraceous Kaulf.; Furcaria thalictroides (Linnaeus) Desvaux; Pteris thalictroides (Linnaeus) Swartz; Pteris siliquosa (Linnaeus) Pal. de Beauv.; Teleozoma thalictroides (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex H. Richards.
Plant green (when young), (multi-)juicy and soft, 5–70 cm tall. Rhizome short and erect. Frond clustered and dimorphic. Sterile stipe 3–30 cm, below 1 cm in diam., green, semi-cylindrical, carnose, unexpanded, glabrous, with sparse scales; frond erect or floating when young, ovate to lanceorate, 6–30 × 3–15 cm, apex acuminate, base roundly cuneate, 2–4 pinnate; pinna (lobed) 5–8 pairs, alternate; lower 1–2 pairs bigger, up to 10 × 7 cm (wide), ovate to oblong, apex acute to acuminate, base subround to subtruncate, 1–3 pinnate; pinnule 2–5 pairs, alternate, broadly ovate or ovate triangular, up to 4 × 3 cm, apex obtuse to acuminate, (acute or obtuse), base roundly truncate, stalk short and with narrow wings on both sides, deeply divided; ultimate lobe linearly oblong or linearly lanceolate, up to 2 × 0.5 cm, apex obtuse to acute (or obtuse), base decurrent along rachis forming broad wing, entire; upper pair of pinnae (to upper ones all same) similar in shape with basel pair of pinnae, but gradually (becomed smaller and) smaller. Fertile stipe same with sterile one; frond oblong or ovate-triangular, 15–40 × 10–22 cm, apex acuminate, base roundly cuneate or roundly truncate, 2–3 pinnate; pinna(e) 3–8 pairs, alternate, (stalked,) lower 1–2 pairs of pinnae bigger, up to 14 × 6 cm, ovate or longly triangular, stalked; ultimate lobe(d) linear to siliquiform, apex acuminate, 1–4 ((6))× 0.2 cm, margin thin (and hyaline), strongly reflexed toward costa, like(d) false inducium. Veins anastomosing, unveinlet in areole. Lamina soft-herbaceous, green when young and brownish when old, glabrous; rachis and costa(e) same in color with stipe, smooth. Sporangia attached veinlets on both sides of (along) main vein (of lobed), covered with reflexed margin of lobe (when young), brown, with 30–70 annulus cells, with 32 spores inside. Spore(s) tetrahedral, above ca.100 μm in diam., with glanulate perine and thick exine forming rich parallel ridges on surface. 2n = 154, 156; tetraploid.
Ponds, ditches, rice fields, taro patches; usually rooting. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang ([also widely distributed tropic and subtropic regions]). Widely distributed in Asia (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam), Africa, Australia, North America, Pacific Islands, South America.
2. Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hooker) Hieronymous, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 561. 1905.
粗梗水蕨 cu geng shui jue
Pakeria pteridoides Hooker, Exot. Fl. 2: 147. 1825; Ceratopteris pakeria J. Smith, (nom. illeg.??.)
Usually floating. Plant 20–30 cm tall. Stipe, rachis and costa of lower pinnae all obviously expanded (into cylinder) in lower parts, base of stipe longly cuneate, covered with roots. Frond dimorphic. Sterile frond simple and deeply divided, sometimes oppositely pinnate, green, smooth; stipe 5–8 cm, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; blade ovate-triangular, lobe(d) triangular to broadly loriform. Fertile frond green when young and brownish when old, smooth; stipe 5–8 cm, (thick) 1–3 cm in diam.; blade 15–25 cm, broadly triangular, 2–4 pinnate; ultimate lobe linear or siliquiform, apex acuminate, 2–6 (cm long, wide) × ca. 0.2 cm, margin (of ultimate segment) thin (and hyline), strongly reflexed toward main vein to cover(ed) sori. Sporangia attached veinlets on both sides of main vein, covered with reflexed margin of lobe (when young), brown, with 0–40 annulus cells, with 32 spores inside. Spore tetrahedral, below ca.100 μm in diam., with few parallel ridges. 2n = 78; diploid.
Marshes, ponds and ditches, usually floating on water(s surface). Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shangdon. ([SE Asia; America]). Distributed in Asia (Bangladesh, China, India, Vietnam), Central America, North America, South America, West Indies.