LINDSAEACEAE [FIRST DRAFT]
鳞始蕨科 lin shi jue ke
Dr. Dong Shiyong
Terrestrial or rarely climbing. Rhizome short- to long-creeping, protostelic, covered with narrow scales and/or hairs; scales glabrous, entire, consisting of 2--5 rows of cells with thick wall, basally attached, and bristle-like at apex. Fronds approximate or distant; stipes not articulated to rhizome, with a single vascular bundle. Lamina 1-pinnate to decompound, rarely simple, imparipinnate or not, herbaceous, papyraceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous; pinnae or pinnules symmetric or dimidiate, anadromous or rarely catadromous. Veins free or anastomosing without included veinlets. Sori marginal or submarginal, terminal on a single veinlet or uniting two to many veinlets, linear or oblong. Indusia present, attached at the base or sometimes attached at two sides as well as base, opening towards the margin. Spores tetrahedral-globose, globose or ellipsoidal, trilete or monolete.
Five genera and about 200 species, pantropical distribution; three genera and seventeen species in China.
1. Sori terminal on 3 or more veinlets, rarely on a single veinlet; indusia linear or oblong, only with the base attached to lamina; spores mostly trilete---------------------------------------------------1. lindsaea
1. Sori terminal on a single vein or no more than 3 veinlets; indusia cup-shaped, with the base and the whole or part of two sides attached to lamina; spores mostly monolete.(2)
2. Lamina 3--4-pinnate; sori on 1--3 veinlet ends---------2. Odontosoria
2. Lamina usually 1--2-pinnate; sori on a single veinlet end----------------------------------------------------3. Tapeinidium
1. LINDSAEA Dryand.in Sm., Mém. Acad. Turin 5: 413. 1793.
鳞始蕨属 lin shi jue shu
Terrestrial or climbing ferns. Rhizome short- to long-creeping, protostelic, covered with subulate scales or acicular hairs, or with both. Fronds approximate or distant; stipes stramineous or castaneous, shallowly grooved on adaxial surface, glabrous. Lamina 1--2-pinnated, pinnatifid and gradually narrowed towards apex, rarely with a terminal pinna, herbaceous to papyraceous; ultimate pinnules or segments usually dimidiate or flabellate; veins free, or anastomosing in a few species. Sori marginal or submarginal, linear and uniting two to many veinlet ends, or rarely orbicular and terminal on a single veinlet; annulus consisting of 9--17 thickened cells; indusia linear or oblong, attached only at the base. Spores usually tetrahedral-globose and trilete, rarely ellipsoidal and monolete.
About 150 species, in tropical and subtropical areas, extending north to Japan and south to South Brazil, Australia and New Zealand; fourteen species in China.
1a. Rhizome long-creeping, epiphytic; scales on rachis lanceolate, with 6--12 rows of cells at base---------------1. L. merrillii ssp. yaeyamensis
1b. Rhizome short-creeping, rarely long-creeping, terrestrial; scales on rachis very narrow, with 1--6(8) rows of cells at base.(2)
2a. Lamina oblong or deltoid-lanceolate, 1- to 2-pinnate, if lamina 2-pinnate, only 1--3(5) pairs of basal pinnae 1-pinnate and the middle and upper pinnae not lobed.(3)
2b. Lamina linear and 1-pinnate, or, lamina ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or deltoid-lanceolate, 2--3-pinnate, all lateral pinnae 1--2-pinnate. (5)
3a. Veins free; sori discontinuous----------------------2. L. javanensis
3b. Veins anastomosing; sori continuous.(4)
4a. Lamina 1-pinnate, terminal pinna conforming to the lateral ones ------------------------------------------------------3. L. ensifolia
4b. Lamina 1--2-pinnate, without a terminal pinna, upper pinnae gradually becoming smaller towards apex----------------------4. L. heterophylla
5a. Veins anastomosing. (6)
5b. Veins free. (8)
6a. Scales on rhizome very narrow, 1--2 cells wide at base; pinnules lobed at upper margin, reaching to 1/3-1/2 pinnule width, incisions 1--1.5 mm deep; lobes rounded at apex----------5. L. lobata var. hainaniana
6b. Scales on rhizome lanceolate or triangular, 4--8 cells wide at base; pinnules shallowly lobed at upper margin, incisions usually less than 1 mm deep; lobes or pinnules straight or nearly so at upper margin. (7)
7a. Pinnules obtusely acuminate at apex, fertile lobes entire at upper margin; sori continuous or nearly so-------------------6. L. cultrata
7b. Pinnules rounded or nearly truncate at apex, fertile lobes erose at upper margin; sori distinctly interrupted by incisions-------7. L. obtusa
8a. Lamina 1-pinnate and linear, less than 3 cm wide. (9)
8b. Lamina 2--3-pinnate, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or deltoid-lanceolate, over 10 cm wide. (12)
9a. Rachis terete; spore monolete. (10)
9b. Rachis tetragonal; spore trilete. (11)
10a. Pinnae 15--30 pairs; sori discontinuous ---8a. L. odorata var. odorata
10b. Pinnae 6--15 pairs; sori continuous or nearly so-----------------------------------------8b. L. odorata var. japonica
11a. Stipes usually stramineous; pinnae rhomboid or semi-ovate, apex obtuse or acute; sori discontinuous-------------------------9. L. lucida
11b. Stipes usually castaneous; pinnae flabellate or semi-orbicular; sori continuous------------------------------------------10. L. orbiculata
12a. Sori usually on one veinlet end, subrounded, rarely two sori closed or connected, shortly linear when mature.(13)
12b. Sori on over two veinlet ends, short- to long-linear. (14)
13a. Lamina 1--2-pinnate with a large terminal pinna; ultimate pinnules rhomboid or cuneate------------------------------------11. L. chingii
13b. Lamina 3--4-pinnate, pinnatifid and gradually narrowed towards apex; ultimate pinnules linear----------------------------12. L. eberhardtii
14a. Terminal pinnae conforming to lateral pinnae; lateral pinnae obviously petiolate, petioles 0.5-1.5 cm long; pinnules all or partly catadromous----------------------------------------13. L. austrosinica
14b. Terminal pinnae wanting or presenting, if presenting, much larger than the lateral ones; lateral pinnae sessile or shortly petiolate (less than 0.2 cm long); pinnules usually anadromous. (15)
15a. Distal part of lamina abruptly narrowed and caudate, or lamina with a large terminal pinna; terminal pinnules usually entire; sori continuous or nearly so------------------------------------------10. L. orbiculata
15b. Distal part of lamina gradually narrowed and acuminate, terminal pinnae wanting; terminal pinnules distinctly lobed; sori discontinuous-------------------------------------------14. L. chienii
1. Lindsaea merrillii ssp. yaeyamensis (Tagawa) K. U. Kramer in Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1): 46. 1972.
攀缘鳞始蕨 pan yuan lin shi jue
Lindsaea yaeyamensis Tagawa in Acta Phytotax. Geob. 6: 31, figs. 2C, 2D, 1937.
Rhizome long-creeping, scandent, castaneous, sparsely covered with lanceolate scales; scales lanceolate, reddish brown, 6--12 cells wide at base; entire, spreading. Fronds distant, 2--3 cm apart; stipes 1--8 cm long, quadrangular except the cylindrical basal part, castaneous at base and stramineous upwards; lamina 20--40 X 2--3 cm, linear, 1-pinnate, caudate and acuminate at apex, membranaceous; pinnae dimidiate, elongated triangular or oblong, 35--50 pairs, alternate, crenate or shallowly lobed at upper and out margin, cuneate at base, obtuse at apex; veins free, dichotomal, distinct on both surfaces. Sori submarginal, one on each lobe, terminal on a single veinlet, sometimes uniting two veinlet ends, orbicular to oblong; indusia oblong, one in each lobe. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete. 2n = 94.
On tree trunk in forests; near sea level to 500 m. Taiwan [Japan].
2. Lindsaea javanensis Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav. 219. 1828.
爪哇鳞始蕨 zhao wa lin shi jue
L. liankwangensis Ching; L. longipetiolata Ching; L. yunnanensis Ching.
Rhizome short-creeping, sparsely covered with narrow scales; scales castaneous, (2)3--5 cells wide at base and acicular at apex, appressed or slightly spreading. Fronds approximate; stipes 10--30 cm long, quadrangular, castaneous; lamina 7--20 X 6—15 cm, deltoid-lanceolate, 2-pinnate at basal part and 1-pinnate upwards, pinnatifid and gradually reduced towards apex, firm herbaceous to papyraceous; pinnae morphologically variable, large pinnae in middle and lower part lanceolate, upper smaller pinnae rhombic, elongated triangular or oblong, pinnae 5--12 pairs, alternate, very unequal at base, basiscopically much more cut away, acuminate at apex, basal 1--3 pinnae 1-pinnate with pinnules rhombic; veins free, mostly twice forked, immersed but ± evident. Sori submarginal, uniting two to many veinlet ends, linear, usually continuous, or interrupted in larger pinnae or pinnules; indusia linear, continuous or interrupted. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete. 2n = ca. 130@.
Terrestrial, in forests; 900--1300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
3. Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 2: 77. 1801.
剑叶鳞始蕨 jian ye lin shi jue
Schizoloma ensifolia (Sw.) J. Sm.
Rhizome long-creeping, densely covered with narrow scales; scales reddish brown, 2--6 cells wide at base and acicular at apex, appressed. Fronds approximate or distant, 0.5--1 cm apart; stipes 10--30 cm long, quadrangular, castaneous; lamina 15--40 X 10—25 cm, oblong, 1-pinnate, terminal pinnae conforming to the lateral ones, herbaceous to papyraceous; pinnae narrowly lanceolate, 1--8 pairs, subopposite at base and alternate upwards, shortly stalked or sessile, broadly cuneate at base, acuminate at apex, entire or serrate in sterile pinnae; veins anastomosing, veinlets uniting to two rows of areoles along each side of costae, other veinlets free, visible on both surfaces. Sori marginal, terminal on veinlets, linear, continuous; indusia linear, continuous. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete. 2n = ca. 176@.
Terrestrial, roadsides or in forests; 600--700 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim, Sri Lank, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia, Australia, Pacific Island].
4. Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 3: 41, pl. 8, fig. 1. 1797.
异叶鳞始蕨 yi ye lin shi jue
Schizoloma heterophyllum (Dryand.) J. Sm.
Rhizome short-creeping, densely covered with narrow scales; scales brown to castaneous, 2--6 cells wide at base and acicular at apex, appressed or spreading. Fronds approximate; stipes 15--25 cm long, subterete at base and quadrangular upwards, castaneous; lamina 15--30 X 6--20 cm, lanceolate to ovate-triangular, 1-pinnate or sometimes 2-pinnate at base, upper pinnae gradually becoming smaller towards apex, without terminal pinnae, herbaceous; pinnae morphologically variable, ovate, rhomboid, flabellate, or deltoid-lanceolate, 10--25 pairs, subopposite at base and alternate upwards, usually sessile, broadly cuneate at base, obtuse or acuminate at apex, subentire or erose at margin; veins irregularly anastomosing or most often free on upper pinnae, one irregular areoles presenting beside either of costae, other veinlets free, visible on both surfaces. Sori marginal, terminal on veinlets, linear, continuous or rarely interrupted; indusia linear, continuous or rarely interrupted. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete. 2n = ca. 130@.
Terrestrial, roadsides, on rocks along stream banks or in forest; 300—900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa].
5. Lindsaea lobata Poir. in Lamarck, Encycl. Suppl. 3: 448. 1813.
深裂鳞始蕨 shen lie lin shi jue
Lindsaea davallioides Blume
var. lobata
Distributed in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Pacific Islands, not in China.
var. hainaniana K. U. Kramer in Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1): 37, fig. 1. 1972.
海南深裂鳞始蕨 hai nan shen lie lin shi jue
Rhizome short-creeping, sparsely covered with very narrow scales; scales brown, 2--3 cells wide at base and acicular at apex, slightly spreading. Fronds approximate; stipes 10--25 cm long, quadrangular, stramineous or sometimes brown; lamina 20--30 X 10--15 cm, 2-pinnate, consisting of a long terminal pinna and 1--2 (3) pairs of short lateral pinnae, or sometimes without lateral pinnae, linear when 1-pinnate or trifurcate to ovate when 2-pinnate, herbaceous; pinnae linear, lateral pinnae 0--2(3) pairs, 35--40 pairs of pinnules present in terminal or central pinnae and 15--25 (35) pairs in lateral pinnae, pinnules not reduced towards base but gradually becoming smaller towards apex; pinnules dimidiate and oblong, lobed at upper margin, incisions reaching to 1/3--1/2 pinnule width, apex rounded, ultimate lobes convex at apex. veins anastomosing, evident on both surfaces. Sori marginal, uniting two to many veinlet ends, linear, interrupted by incisions; indusia linear, interrupted. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete. 2n = 94@.
*Terrestrial, in forests; 700—1200 m. Hainan (Baisha, Changjiang, Lingshui, Qiongzhong).
This variety is close to L. cultrata (Willd.) Sw. They are can be distinguished by the width of rhizome scales and the morphology of pinnules mentioned in the key. It is also very close to L. obtusa J. Sm. Based on the available specimens, L. lobata var. hainaniana can be distinguished from the latter by stipes usually stramineous, pinnae with more pinnules. Further evidences are needed to show they are two separated taxa or not.
6. Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw., Syn. Fil. 119. 1806.
网脉鳞始蕨 wang mai lin shi jue
Rhizome short-creeping, sparsely covered with narrowly triangular scales; scales reddish brown, ca. 8 cells wide at base and acicular at apex, appressed. Fronds approximate; stipes 10--30 cm long, quadrangular at least in the upper part, stramineous; lamina 10--30 X 2--4 cm, or much wider when lateral pinnae presenting, 1-pinnate or 2-pinnate with 1--2 pairs of lateral pinnae like the terminal one, herbaceous; pinnae linear, lateral pinnae 0--2 pairs, not or slightly narrowed towards base, ± abruptly narrowed at apex; pinnules 12--25 pairs, dimidiate, rhomboid, upper margin with 1--3 narrow incisions to 1 mm depth, upper margin or lobes apex straight or slightly convex. veins anastomosing, evident or not. Sori marginal or submarginal, uniting 2--5 veinlet ends, linear, interrupted by incisions; indusia linear, interrupted. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete. n = 150.
Terrestrial, in forests; 100 to 400 m. Taiwan [India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Pacific Islands]
7. Lindsaea obtusa J. Sm. in Hooker, Sp. Fil. 1: 224. 1846.
钝齿鳞始蕨 dun chi lin shi jue
Rhizome short-creeping, covered with narrowly triangular scales; scales brown, ca. 4 cells wide at base and acicular at apex, appressed. Fronds approximate; stipes 10--30 cm long, quadrangular, castaneous; lamina 10--30 X 10--20 cm, 2-pinnate with 1--2 lateral pinnae, sometimes lacking lateral pinnae and then 1-pinnate, herbaceous to papyraceous; pinnae linear, lateral pinnae 0--2 (3) pairs, not narrowed towards base, distal part gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex; pinnules 20--25 pairs, dimidiate, rhomboid, lobed at upper margin, incisions reaching at most to 1/3 pinnule width, apex rounded or truncate, ultimate lobes straight or ± convex at apex. veins anastomosing, evident or not. Sori marginal or submarginal, uniting 2--5 veinlet ends, linear, interrupted by incisions; indusia linear, interrupted. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete.
Terrestrial in forests. Taiwan [Malaysia, Thailand; Australia, Pacific Islands].
8. Lindsaea odorata Roxb. in Calc. Journ. Hist. 4: 511. 1844.
鳞始蕨 lin shi jue
L. neocultrata Ching & Chu H. Wang
Rhizome short- or long-creeping, densely covered with very narrow scales; scales reddish brown, 1--3 cells wide, just like acicular hairs, appressed or spreading. Fronds approximate, or distant and 0.5--1 cm apart; stipes 2--10(16) cm long, terete, stramineous or castaneous; lamina 5--30 X 1.5--2.5 cm, 1-pinnate, linear, herbaceous; pinnae 6--30 pairs, dimidiate, rhomboid or cuneate, shallowly lobed or entire at upper margin, incisions reaching to or slightly beyond the level of the receptacle, apex obtusely acuate, straight at upper margin. Veins free, evident. Sori marginal, uniting 2--3 veinlet ends, oblong or linear, continuous or interrupted by incisions; indusia oblong, continuous or interrupted. Spores ellipsoidal, monolete.
8a. var. odorata
鳞始蕨 lin shi jue
Stipes 3--10 cm long, stramineous to castaneous; lamina 8--26 X 1—2.5 cm; pinnae 15--40 pairs, shallowly lobed at upper margin. Sori uniting 2--3 veinlet ends, oblong or linear, interrupted by incisions; indusia interrupted. n = 150.
Terrestrial or on rocks beside stream, in forests; 400--1100 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam [Africa, Pacifica Islands].
8b. var. japonica (Baker) K. U. Kramer in Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1): 42. 1972.
日本鳞始蕨 ri ben lin shi jue
L. cultrata (Willd.) Sw. var. japonica Baker; L. japonica (Baker) Diels.
Scales on rhizome with 1—2(3) cells wide at base. Fronds distant, 1 cm apart; stipes 2--6 cm long, castaneous; lamina 5--6 X 1.5—2.2 cm; pinnae 6--15 pairs, entire or occasionally incised at upper margin, serrate at sterile part. Sori uniting 2 to all veinlet ends, linear, continuous or rarely interrupted by incisions; indusia usually continuous. 2n = ca. 150.
Terrestrial or on rocks beside streams, in forests; 200--900 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangxi, Taiwan [Japan, Korea]
9. Lindsaea lucida Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav. 216. 1828.
亮叶鳞始蕨 liang ye lin shi jue
L. changii C. Chr.; L. concinna J. Sm.; L. kusukusensis Hayata.
Rhizome short-creeping, densely covered with narrow scales; scales castaneous, 2—3(4) cells wide at base and acicular at apex, ± spreading. Fronds approximate; stipes 5--10 cm long, quadrangular, stramineous; lamina 20--30 X (0.7)1.5--2 cm, 1-pinnate, linear, herbaceous; pinnae 40--50 pairs, dimidiate, rhomboid or cuneate towards apex, crenate or shallowly lobed at upper margin, incisions reaching just beyond the level of the receptacle, apex rounded or obtusely acuate, straight at upper margin. Veins free, evident. Sori marginal, uniting 2--4 veinlet ends, oblong or linear, interrupted by incisions; indusia linear, interrupted. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete. 2n = 94@.
On rocks beside stream in forests; 600 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangxi [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Malaysia, Myanmar, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam [Pacific Islands].
10. Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4: 297. 1869.
团叶鳞始蕨 tuan ye lin shi jue
Adiantum orbiculatum Lam., Encycl. Bot. 1: 41. 1873; L. commixta Tagawa ; L. hainanensis Ching; L. orbiculata var. commixta (Tagawa) K. U. Kramer; L. simulans Ching; L. taiwaniana Ching; L. tenera var. commixta (Tagawa) K. Iwats.; Schizoloma intertextum Ching.
Rhizome short-creeping, sparsely covered with narrow scales; scales castaneous, 2—4 cells wide at base and acicular at apex, appressed or spreading. Fronds approximate; stipes 4--35 cm long, quadrangular, castaneous; lamina 9--25 X 1.5--15 cm, 1- or 2-pinnate, herbaceous to papyraceous; if 1-pinnate, lamina linear, pinnae 10--22 pairs, dimidiate, rhomboid, flabellate or orbicular, upper margin entire or erose at fertile pinnae or dentate at sterile pinnae, upper pinnae gradually reduced or hardly reduced towards apex; if 2-pinnate, lamina with 1--5 pairs lateral pinna, terminal pinnae conforming to, or usually much larger than the lateral ones, basal pinnae very small or fully developed; in 2-pinnate lamina, pinnules just like those pinnae in 1-pinnate lamina but with fewer pinnules, usually with 1--9 pinnules to one side of costae. Veins free, evident. Sori marginal or submarginal, generally uniting all veinlet ends, linear, continuous; indusia linear, continuous, or rarely interrupted by incisions. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete. 2n = 88@, ca. 300.
Terrestrial, in forests; near sea level to 1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Macao, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
This taxon could be a complex. One extreme is the typical form: stipes as short as 5--10 cm long, 1-pinnate, pinnae orbicular or flabellate. The other extreme is the form of L. hainanensis Ching: stipes as long as to 28 cm, fully 2-pinnate, pinnules rhomboid. The two forms are very distinct, but there are series transitions between them. Two cytotypes, diploid and tetraploid, were reported in L. orbiculata. Further taxonomy of this taxon is needed.
11. Lindsaea chingii C. Chr., Ind. Fil. Suppl. 3: 121. 1934.
碎叶鳞始蕨 sui ye lin shi jue
L. chinensis Ching
Rhizome long-creeping, sparsely covered with narrow scales; scales reddish brown, 2--4 cells wide at base, appressed. Fronds approximate, or distant, 0.5--1.5 cm apart; stipes 3--13 cm long, terete or slightly quadrangular, castaneous; lamina 10--20 X 1.5--10 cm, 1-pinnate or 2-pinnate, herbaceous; if 1-pinnate, lamina linear, pinnae 18--25 pairs, dimidiate, rhomboid, flabellate or cuneate, deeply lobed to linear lobes, upper pinnae gradually reduced towards apex; if 2-pinnate, lamina triangular or deltoid-lanceolate, with 1--10 pairs lateral pinna, upper part ± abruptly narrowed and caudated, truncate at base; in 2-pinnate lamina, pinnules just like those pinnae in 1-pinnate lamina but smaller and with fewer pinnules, usually with 6--14 pinnules to one side of costae. Veins free, visible. Sori suborbicular, oblong or shortly linear, usually terminal on one veinlet, one in each lobe, or sometimes two sori connected to coenosori, sori rarely uniting 3--4 veinlet ends, interrupted; indusia nephroid or oblong, interrupted. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete.
Terrestrial, on sandy soil beside streams in forests; 500 m. Guangxi, Hainan [Vietnam].
12. Lindsaea eberhardtii (Christ) K. U. Kramer in Acta Bot. Neerl. 6: 135. 1957.
线片鳞始蕨 xian pian lin shi jue
Odontosoria eberhardtii Christ in Journ. de Bot. 21: 235. 1908; Lindsaea dissectiformis Ching; Stenoloma eberhardtii (Christ) Ching.
Rhizome short-creeping, sparsely covered with narrow scales; scales reddish brown, 2—4(6) cells wide at base and acicular at apex, appressed or nearly so. Fronds approximate; stipes (10)20--30 cm long, quadrangular or sometimes not distinctly quadrangular, castaneous; lamina 10--18 X 5--16 cm, triangular, 3--4-pinnate, finely dissected, upper pinnae gradually becoming smaller towards apex, without terminal pinnae, rounded or truncate at base, herbaceous; pinnae deltoid-lanceolate to lanceolate, 15--18 pairs, subopposite at base and alternate upwards, usually sessile, 2--3 pinnate, acuminate at apex, cuneate at basiscopic base and truncate at acroscopic base; ultimate pinnules linear. Veins free, one or rarely two in each lobe, visible. Sori marginal, terminal on one or rarely two veinlets, suborbicular, nephroid or oblong; indusia with the same shape as those of sori. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete. 2n = ca. 178@.
Terrestrial, in forests; 800--1200 m. Hainan [Vietnam].
13. Lindsaea austrosinica Ching in Bull. Fan Mem. Biol. n. s. 1: 297.
华南鳞始蕨 hua nan lin shi jue
Rhizome short-creeping, densely covered with narrowly lanceolate scales; scales reddish brown, 2--6 cells wide at base and acicular at apex, ± spreading. Fronds distant, 1--2.5 cm apart; stipes 30--45 cm long, quadrangular, castaneous; lamina 23--32 X 10--15 cm, 2-pinnate, ovate or oblong, terminal pinnae conforming to lateral ones, broadly cuneate to truncate at base, papyraceous; pinnae 3--5 pairs, linear, 1-pinnate, petiolate, petioles 0.5--1.5 cm long, pinnules usually catadromous and the exceptional case very rare, upper pinnules slightly reduced towards apex, truncate at base; pinnules 10--17 pairs, dimidiate, rectangle or nearly so, subentire or with 1--3 incisions at upper and out margin, incisions reaching hardly beyond the receptacle, rounded or rectangular at apex. Veins free, evident on abaxial surface and visible on adaxial surface. Sori marginal, uniting 4 to all veinlet ends, linear, continuous or interrupted by incisions; indusia linear, continuous or interrupted. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete.
Terrestrial, in forests; 900--1000 m. Guangxi, Hainan [Cambodia, Vietnam].
This species is very distinct. It is distinguished from any other species of Chinese Lindsaea by pinnae obviously stalked and pinnules catadromous in all or part lateral pinnae.
14. Lindsaea chienii Ching in Sinensia 1: 4. 1929.
钱氏鳞始蕨 qian shi lin shi jue
L. annamensis K. U. Kramer; L. conformis Ching; L. recedens Ching; L. fengkaiensis B. S. Wang & S. H. Shi.
Rhizome short-creeping, sparsely covered with narrow scales; scales reddish brown, 2--4 cells wide at base and acicular at apex, appressed. Fronds approximate; stipes 15--26 cm long, quadrangular or subterete at base, castaneous or at least castaneous at base and brown to stramineous upwards; lamina 10--18 X 5--12 cm, 2-pinnate or rarely 3-pinnate at base, ovate or deltoid-ovate, upper pinnae gradually reduced or sometimes the upper part abruptly narrowed to a caudate apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at base, herbaceous to papyraceous; 1-pinnate pinnae 4--6 pairs, linear or lanceolate, sessile or the basal pinna shortly petiolate, pinnules anadromous, upper pinnules gradually reduced towards apex, cuneate at base; pinnules 6--13 pairs, dimidiate, rhomboid or cuneate, lobed at upper margin or rarely entire at small cuneate pinnules, incisions reaching to 1/3 pinnule width, out margin straight or nearly so. Veins free, visible. Sori marginal, uniting 2--4 veinlet ends, linear or oblong, interrupted by incisions; indusia linear or oblong, interrupted. Spores tetrahedral-globose, trilete. 2n = 188@.
Terrestrial, in forests; 100--1300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan, Thailand, Vietnam].
This species is widely variable in morphology. Two cytotypes, diploid and tetraploid, were reported in this species. Further intraspecific study is needed.
2. ODONTOSORIA Fée, Mém. Foug. 5: 325. 1852.
乌蕨属 wu jue shu
Sphenomeris Maxon; Stenoloma Fée
Terrestrial ferns. Rhizome short-creeping, protostelic, covered with dark brown hairs or subulate scales. Fronds approximate; stipes stramineous or dark stramineous, shallowly grooved on adaxial surface, glabrous. Lamina 3--4-pinnate, pinnatifid and gradually narrowed towards apex; ultimate pinnules or segments usually cuneate or linear; veins free, simple or 1--2 time(s) forked on ultimate pinnules, firm herbaceous to subcoriaceous. Sori usually submarginal, ovate, terminal on a single veinlet, or uniting two to three veinlet ends; annulus consisting of 12--24 thickened cells; indusia ovate or cup-shaped, attached at the base and the whole or part sides. Spores ellipsoidal and monolete, or globose and trilete.
About Twenty species, pantropical distribution, extending north to Korea and to Florida; two in China.
1. Scales on rhizome of 1--2 cell(s) wide at base; lamina ovate to lanceolate, widest at middle, herbaceous to papyraceous; ultimate lobes ca. 1 mm wide---------------------------------------------O. chinensis
1. Scales on rhizome of 3--6 cells wide at base; lamina triangular-ovate, widest at base, subcoriaceous; ultimate lobes 2--4 mm wide------O. biflora
1. Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Sm. in Bot. Voy. Herald. 430. 1857.
乌蕨 wu jue
Trichomanes chinensis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1099. 1753; Adiantum chusanum L.; Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon; Sphenomeris chusana (L.) Copel.; Stenoloma chinensis (L.) Bedd.; Stenoloma chusanum (L.) Ching.
Rhizome short-creeping, densely covered with narrow scales; scales dark brown, ca. 2 mm long, 1--2 cell(s) wide at base and acicular at apex, stiff. Stipes 20--30 cm long, grooved on abaxial surface in upper part, stramineous to dark stramineous; lamina 20--50 X 5--15 cm, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 3--4 pinnate, widest at middle, acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate at base, firm herbaceous to papyraceous; pinnae ovate-lanceolate, 15--20 pairs, alternate, 3-pinnate at base, attenuately acuminate at apex, cuneate and shortly stalked at base, gradually becoming smaller upwards; ultimate pinnules or segments cuneate, ca. 1 mm wide, truncate and dentate at apex; veins visible on abaxial surface, dichotomal in ultimate lobes. Sori terminal on a veinlet or uniting 2--3 veinlet ends; indusia attached at base and basal part of both sides. Spores ellipsoidal, monolete. 2n = 96, 192.
Terrestrial, along roadsides or in edge of forests; 300--1100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Pacific Islands].
2. Odontosoria biflora (Kaulf.) C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 464. 1906.
阔片乌蕨 kuo pian yu jue
Davallia biflora Kaulf., Enum. Fil. 221. 1824; Sphenomeris biflora (Kaulf.) Tagawa; Stenoloma biflorum (Kaulf.) Ching.
Rhizome short-creeping, densely covered with narrow scales; scales dark brown, 2--3 mm long, 3--6 cells wide at base and acicular at apex, stiff. Stipes 15--30 cm long, grooved on abaxial surface in upper part, stramineous; lamina 10--20 X 10--15 cm, triangular-ovate, widest at base, 3--4 pinnate, acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate to rounded at base, subcoriaceous; pinnae lanceolate or elongated-triangular, 8--10 pairs, alternate, 2--3-pinnate at base, more or less abruptly acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate and stalked at base, gradually becoming smaller upwards; ultimate pinnules or segments cuneate, 2--4 mm wide, truncate and dentate at apex; veins invisible on both surfaces, dichotomal in ultimate lobes. Sori usually uniting 2 veinlet ends; indusia attached at base and basal part of both sides. Spores ellipsoidal, monolete. 2n = 96.
On rocks along seashore. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Macao, Taiwan [Japan, Philippines; Pacific Islands].
3. TAPEINIDIUM (C. Presl) C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 631. 1906.
达边蕨属 da bian jue shu
Terrestrial ferns. Rhizome short- to long-creeping, protostelic or rarely solenostelic, covered with brown narrow scales. Fronds approximate or distant; stipes dark stramineous, shallowly grooved on adaxial surface, glabrous. Lamina 1--2-pinnate, upper pinnae gradually becoming smaller, without a terminal pinna or sometimes an indistinct terminal pinna present, subcoriaceous; pinnae or ultimate pinnules or segments linear; veins free, 1--2 time(s) forked on ultimate segments. Sori submarginal, terminal on a single veinlet; annulus consisting of 13--16 thickened cells; indusia cup-shaped, attached at the base and the lower most part of the sides. Spores ellipsoidal to nearly globose, monolete.
Seventeen species in Asia and the western Pacific; one in China.
1. Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C. Chr., Ind. Fil. 631. 1906.
达边蕨 da bian jue
Rhizome short-creeping, 2--3 mm in diam., covered with narrow scales; scales linear or narrowly lanceolate, castaneous, 3--8 cells wide at base and acicular at apex. Fronds clustered or approximate; stipes 10--35 cm long, dark stramineous, glabrescent except near base, in the upper part narrowly grooved at adaxial surface and bi-angular at abaxial surface; lamina 15--60 X 9--30 cm, oblong, 1-pinnate, with 15--20 pinnae to a side, slightly narrowed at base and acuminate at apex, papyraceous to subcoriaceous; pinnae linear, 7--20 X 0.3--0.8 cm, sessile or subsessile, crenate at base, acuminate at apex, shallowly serrate or crenate at margin, or sometimes deeply lobed; rachis stramineous, glabrescent, narrowly grooved on adaxial surface; veins distinct on both surfaces, once or twice forked, oblique. Sori submarginal, terminal on veinlets; indusia half cup-shaped. 2n = ca. 300.
Terrestrial, in forests; near sea level to 2000 m. Taiwan [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand; Pacific Islands].
List of Chinese names in Lindsaeaceae
乌蕨 wu jue
乌蕨属 wu jue shu
日本鳞始蕨 ri ben lin shi jue
爪哇鳞始蕨 zhao wa lin shi jue
华南鳞始蕨 hua nan lin shi jue
团叶鳞始蕨 tuan ye lin shi jue
异叶鳞始蕨 yi ye lin shi jue
网脉鳞始蕨 wang mai lin shi jue
达边蕨 da bian jue
达边蕨属 da bian jue shu
线片鳞始蕨 xian pian lin shi jue
亮叶鳞始蕨 liang ye lin shi jue
剑叶鳞始蕨 jian ye lin shi jue
钝齿鳞始蕨 dun chi lin shi jue
海南深裂鳞始蕨 hai nan shen lie lin shi jue
钱氏鳞始蕨 qian shi lin shi jue
深裂鳞始蕨 shen lie lin shi jue
阔片乌蕨 kuo pian yu jue
碎叶鳞始蕨 sui ye lin shi jue
攀缘鳞始蕨 pan yuan lin shi jue
鳞始蕨 lin shi jue
鳞始蕨科 lin shi jue ke
鳞始蕨属 lin shi jue shu